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Real Numbers

The document provides notes on real numbers, including definitions and classifications such as integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, natural numbers, and whole numbers. It also discusses prime and composite numbers, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, and algorithms for finding the highest common factor (HCF) and least common multiple (LCM). Additionally, it includes theorems related to the irrationality of numbers.

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7 views3 pages

Real Numbers

The document provides notes on real numbers, including definitions and classifications such as integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, natural numbers, and whole numbers. It also discusses prime and composite numbers, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, and algorithms for finding the highest common factor (HCF) and least common multiple (LCM). Additionally, it includes theorems related to the irrationality of numbers.

Uploaded by

padma.yeswant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 3

LOYOLA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

DOHA – QATAR
˟ Academic Session: 2025 -2026
Mathematics Notes
NAME: ____________________________________________________________
CLASS: X Div. _____ DATE:
LESSON/TOPIC: Real Numbers

R = Real Numbers:
All rational and irrational numbers are called real numbers.

I = Integers:
All numbers from (…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…) are called integers.

Q = Rational Numbers:
𝑝
Real numbers of the form , q ≠ 0, p, q ∈ I are rational numbers.
𝑞

5
• All integers can be expressed as rational, for example, 5 =
1
• Decimal expansion of rational numbers terminating or non-
terminating recurring.

Q’ = Irrational Numbers:
𝑝
Real numbers which cannot be expressed in the form and whose decimal
𝑞
expansions are non-terminating and non-recurring.

• Roots of primes like √2, √3, √5 etc. are irrational

N = Natural Numbers:
Counting numbers are called natural numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, …}

W = Whole Numbers:
Zero along with all natural numbers are together called whole numbers. {0, 1,
2, 3,…}

Even Numbers:
Natural numbers of the form 2n are called even numbers. (2, 4, 6, …}

Odd Numbers:
Natural numbers of the form 2n -1 are called odd numbers. {1, 3, 5, …}

Page 1 of 3
Remember this!

• All Natural Numbers are whole numbers.


• All Whole Numbers are Integers.
• All Integers are Rational Numbers.
• All Rational Numbers are Real Numbers.

Prime Numbers:
The natural numbers greater than 1 which are divisible by 1 and the number
itself are called prime numbers, Prime numbers have two factors i.e., 1 and the
number itself for example, 2, 3, 5, 7 & 11 etc.

• 1 is not a prime number as it has only one factor.

Composite Numbers:
The natural numbers which are divisible by 1, itself and any other number or
numbers are called composite numbers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc.
Note: 1 is neither prime nor a composite number.

Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic


Every composite number can be expressed as a product of primes, and this
expression is unique, apart from the order in which they appear.

Remember This!

If any number ends with the digit zero, then it would be divisible by 5. That is,
the prime factorisation of that would contain the prime 5.

1. Algorithm to locate HCF and LCM of two or more positive integers:

Step I:
Factorize each of the given positive integers and express them as a product of
powers of primes in ascending order of magnitude of primes.
Step II:
To find HCF, identify common prime factor and find the least powers and
multiply them to get HCF.

Page 2 of 3
Step III:
To find LCM, multiply all the prime factors with the greatest powers

Product of Two Numbers = HCF X LCM of the Two Numbers

2. To prove Irrationality of numbers:

Remember this!

Theorem: Let p be a prime number. If p divides 𝑎2 , then p divides a, where a


is a positive integer.

• The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is


irrational.
• The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number and an
irrational number is irrational.

“The End”

Page 3 of 3

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