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Simplified Sampling Notes

Chapter 4 discusses the importance of sampling in research, highlighting the difference between sampling and census methods. It outlines various sampling techniques, both probability and non-probability, and provides steps for developing a sample plan. Additionally, it addresses potential errors in sampling and factors influencing sample size determination.

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11 views4 pages

Simplified Sampling Notes

Chapter 4 discusses the importance of sampling in research, highlighting the difference between sampling and census methods. It outlines various sampling techniques, both probability and non-probability, and provides steps for developing a sample plan. Additionally, it addresses potential errors in sampling and factors influencing sample size determination.

Uploaded by

dawitkidus111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4: Sample Design and

Procedure (Simplified Notes)


Learning Objectives
Understand the difference between a sample and a census.

Know when to use a sample versus a census.

Understand the steps in designing a sample.

Know different sampling techniques (probability and non-probability).

Choose the right sampling method for marketing research.

1. What is Sampling?
Sampling means selecting a small part of a population to learn about the whole group. This
allows researchers to estimate population characteristics without studying every member.

Key Terms:

- Population: The whole group you're studying.

- Sample: A part of the population used to represent the whole.

- Census: Data collected from every member of the population.

- Sampling Error: Mistakes that happen because a sample is used instead of the whole
population.

- Sample Frame: A list of items/people from which the sample is selected.

- Frame Error: The difference between the population and the list used.

2. Census vs. Sample


Census: Studies the entire population. More accurate but expensive and time-consuming.

Sample: Studies part of the population. Less costly, faster, and used when the population is
too large.

3. Why Use Sampling?


Saves time, money, and effort.
Still gives accurate results if done properly.

Must ensure sample represents the population.

A biased sample leads to wrong conclusions.

Limitations:

- Less accurate than a census.

- Can mislead if poorly selected.

- Requires skilled researchers.

4. When to Use Sampling


When population is very large.

When 100% accuracy is not needed.

When the population is infinite.

When a census is impossible.

When population units are similar.

5. Types of Sampling
A. Probability Sampling (random chance)

Everyone has a known chance of being selected.

1. Simple Random Sampling - Equal chance for all members. Example: Drawing names from
a hat.

2. Systematic Sampling - Choose every nth person from a list.

3. Stratified Sampling - Divide population into subgroups and sample each.

4. Cluster Sampling - Divide into clusters and randomly pick clusters.

5. Multistage Sampling - Uses multiple levels (e.g., region → zone → woreda → school).

B. Non-Probability Sampling (not random)

1. Convenience Sampling - Based on ease of access.

2. Judgment Sampling - Based on researcher's choice.

3. Snowball Sampling - Respondents refer others.


4. Quota Sampling - Researcher sets quotas (e.g., 50% male, 50% female).

6. Steps in Developing a Sample Plan


1. Define Target Population – Who are you studying?

2. Create Sample Frame – Get a list of the population.

3. Design Sampling Plan – Decide method and size.

4. Access the Population – Contact and approach respondents.

5. Draw the Sample – Select and collect data.

6. Validate the Sample – Check if sample is truly representative.

7. Resample if Needed – Adjust if the sample is not accurate.

7. Sampling and Non-Sampling Errors


Sampling Error: Natural differences between sample and population.

Non-Sampling Error: Caused by human mistakes or faulty tools.

Examples:

- Wrong sampling method.

- Biased survey questions.

- Non-response.

- Poor measurement tools.

8. Determining Sample Size


Accuracy depends on sample size. More people = better accuracy, but also higher cost.

Ways to Determine Size:

1. Arbitrary: Based on personal judgment.

2. Conventional: Based on norms or past studies.

3. Cost-Based: Based on available budget.

4. Statistical: Uses formulas for valid analysis.

5. Confidence Interval Method: Uses variability, confidence level, and standard error.
End of Simplified Notes

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