Subject: Physics

Topic: N.L.M.
Contact: 9503921809

❑ INTRODUCTION

Just Think : 1. What causes the motion of bodies?

2. Why do some objects accelerate at a higher rate
than others?
❑ Classical Mechanics:-
 Describes the relationship between motion of a body and force acting on that body.
 Valid for very large compared with the dimensions of atoms (10-10m) and move at speeds that are
much less than the speed of light (c = 3 × 108m/s).

❑ Some Important Basic Concepts:-

1. Mass: which is a tendency to resist an acceleration when a force acts on it.
• Scalar quantity.
• SI unit - kilogram (kg).
• Mass and weight are two different quantities.
• The weight of a body is equal to the magnitude of the force.
2. Point Mass:- If object covers distance much greater than its own size.
3. Inertia:- It opposes any change in its state of rest or uniform motion.
• Inertia is not a physical quantity, it is only a property of the body which depends on mass
of the body. i.e. Inertia α mass of a body,.
• No units & dimensions.
• Two bodies of equal mass, one in motion and another is at rest, possess same inertia
because it is a factor of mass only and does not depend upon the velocity.

a) Inertia of rest :- It is the inability of a body to change by itself, its state of rest.
Ex:
1) A person who is standing freely in bus, thrown backward, when bus starts suddenly.
2) If we place a coin on smooth piece of card board covering a glass and strike the card
board piece suddenly with a finger. The cardboard slips away and the coin falls into
the glass due to inertia of rest.
b) Inertia of motion :- It is the inability of a body to change itself its state of uniform motion
i.e., a body in uniform motion can neither accelerate nor retard by its own.
Ex:
1) A person jumping out of a moving train may fall forward.
2) When a bus or train stops suddenly, a passenger sitting inside tends to fall forward.

c) Inertia of direction :- It is the inability of a body to change by itself direction of motion.

Ex:
1) The rotating wheel of any vehicle throw out mud, if any, tangentially, due to
directional inertia.
2) When a car goes round a curve suddenly, the person sitting inside is thrown
outwards.

4. Linear momentum:- It is the force required to stop the body in unit time.
• It is measured as the product of the mass of the body and its velocity

85 | Newton’s Laws of Motion

 i.e., Momentum = mass × velocity. In Vector form → 𝑝 = 𝑚→ 𝑣.
• It is a vector quantity and it’s direction is the same as the direction of velocity of the
body.
• Units :- [S.I.]- kg-m/sec [C.G.S.] - g-cm/sec
• Dimension :- [𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 −1 ]

1) If two objects of different masses have same momentum, the lighter body v

possesses greater velocity.

p = constant
𝑝 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 = constant
𝑣1 𝑚2 1
 = i.e. 𝑣 ∝ If p is constant
𝑣2 𝑚1 𝑚

2) If m is constant i.e. For same body. m

p m = constant

3) If v is constant i.e. For different bodies at same velocities

p
v = constant

❑ Newton’s Ist Law Of Motion (Law of Inertia)

A body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in uniform motion unless an
unbalanced force acts on into change its state of rest of uniform motion.

Just Think : 1. Is it possible to have motion in

the absence of the force?

2. If the forces are balanced what is the

resulting acceleration?

Just Think : Imagine a place in the cosmos far

from all
gravitational and frictional influences.
Suppose that you visit that place (just
suppose) and throw a rock. What will the rock
do? Why?

❑ Applications of Law of Inertia :-

• When a horse suddenly starts moving, the rider falls backwards. Because the lower part of the body
of the rider comes in motion but because of inertia the upper part tends to be at rest. Hence the rider
falls backwards.
• We hit a carpet with a stick to remove the dust: On hitting with a stick, the carpet comes to motion;
but because of inertia, the dust particles remain at rest. Due to this, dust particles get removed from
the carpet.

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 ❑ Let’s Do IT
1. When a bus suddenly takes a turn, the passengers are thrown outwards because of
(a) Inertia of motion (b) Acceleration of motion
(c) Speed of motion (d) Both (b) and (c)
 (a)
2. A particle is moving with a constant speed along a straight line path. A force is not required to
(a) Increase its speed
(b) Decrease the momentum
(c) Change the direction
(d) Keep it moving with uniform velocity
 (d)
3. A person sitting in an open car moving at constant velocity throws a ball vertically up into air. The ball
fall
(a) Outside the car
(b) In the car ahead of the person
(c) In the car to the side of the person
(d) Exactly in the hand which threw it up
 (d)

❑ Newton’s IInd Law Of Motion

Rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the external force applied
on it and the change in momentum taken place in direction of force.
m - mass,
𝑣⃗ - velocity
linear momentum 𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ Just Think : What happen when object hits
→
𝐹 - force is applied on a body the water, if the forces are balanced ?
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ ∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹=𝐾
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ = (K = 1 in C.G.S. and S.I. units)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑣⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑚
𝐹⃗ = (𝑚𝑣⃗) = 𝑚 +𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣⃗⃗
• If mass constant 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎⃗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑𝑚
• If velocity constant 𝐹⃗ = (𝑚𝑣⃗) = 𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
• The direction of acceleration is same as that of force.
• ma is not a force in itself.
• The sum of all the forces acting on body equals ma.

Just Think : If the net force on an object is in a negative

direction, what will the direction of the resulting ?
acceleration be?

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. A train is moving with velocity 20 m/sec. on this, dust is falling at the rate of 50 kg/min. The extra
force required to move this train with constant velocity will be
(a) 16.66 N (b) 1000 N (c) 166.6 N (d) 1200 N
 (a)
2. A force of 100 dynes acts on mass of 5 gm for 10 sec. The velocity produced is
(a) 2 cm/sec (b) 20 cm/sec
(c) 200 cm/sec (d) 2000 cm/sec
 (c)

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 3. A force of 10 Newton acts on a body of mass 20 kg for 10 seconds. Change in its momentum is
(a) 5 kg m/s (b) 100 kg m/s
(c) 200 kg m/s (d) 1000 kg m/s
 (b)
1
4. A vehicle of 100 kg is moving with a velocity of 5 m/sec. To stop it in sec, the required force in
10
opposite direction is
(a) 5000 N (b) 500 N (c) 50 N (d) 1000 N
 (a)
5. Two forces 𝐹⃗1 and 𝐹⃗2 act on a 5.0 kg mass. If F1 = 20.0 N and F2 = 15.0 N, find the acceleration.
F2

90°
m F1

6. A force acts for 10 s on a body of mass 10 kg after which the force ceases and the body describes 50 m
in the next 5s. Find the magnitude of the force.

❑ Force

Body remains at rest.

u=0 v=0

F Body starts moving. Here force changes the state of rest.

u=0 v>0

Force increases the magnitude of speed and direction of motion

F remains same.
u0 v>u

F u Force decreases the magnitude of speed and direction of motion

v<u remains same.

v
F In uniform circular motion only direction of velocity changes,
F speed remains constant. Force is always perpendicular to
v velocity.
v
In non-uniform circular motion, elliptical, parabolic or
hyperbolic motion force acts at an angle to the direction of
F = mg
motion.
Both magnitude and direction of velocity changes.

 Dimension : [𝐹] = [𝑀][𝐿𝑇 −2 ] = [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −2 ]

 Units : newton (S.I.) dyne (C.G.S)
Kilogram-force (M.K.S.) Gram-force (C.G.S)
 newton : One Newton is that force which produces an acceleration of 1𝑚/𝑠 2 in a body of mass 1
Kilogram. ∴ 1newton = 1𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠 2
 dyne : One dyne is that force which produces an acceleration of 1𝑐𝑚/𝑠 2 in a body of mass 1
gram.  1 Dyne= 1𝑔𝑚𝑐𝑚/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
 Kilogram-force : It is that force which produces an acceleration of 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 in a body of
mass 1 kg.  1 kg-f = 9.81 Newton

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 ❑ Important Points
 If force and acceleration have three component along x, y and z axis,
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹𝑧 𝑘෠ and 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦 , 𝐹𝑧 = 𝑚𝑎𝑧
 No force is required to move a body uniformly along a straight line.
→ →
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ∴ 𝐹 = 0 (As 𝑎 = 0)
 When force is written without direction then positive force means repulsive while
negative force means attractive.
Ex : Positive force – Force between two similar charges
Negative force – Force between two opposite charges
 Out of so many natural forces, for distance 10−15 meter, nuclear force is strongest while
gravitational force weakest.
i.e. 𝐹nuclear > 𝐹electromagnetic > 𝐹gravitational
 Ratio of electric force and gravitational force between two electron 𝐹𝑒 /𝐹𝑔 = 1043 ∴ 𝐹𝑒 >>
𝐹𝑔

❑ Some Kind of Forces

1. Constant Force :- Direction and magnitude of a force is constant.
2. Variable Or Dependent Force :
a) Time dependent force :- In case of impulse or motion of a charged particle in an alternating
electric field force is time dependent.
b) Position Dependent Force :-
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
• Gravitational force between two bodies
𝑟2
𝑞1 𝑞2
• Force between two charged particles = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
c) Velocity Dependent Force :-
• Viscous force (6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣)
• Force on charged particle in a magnetic field (𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

3. Central Force : If a position dependent force is always directed towards or away from a fixed point it
a. Motion of earth around the sun.
Sun F
b. Motion of electron in an atom.
c. Scattering of -particles from a nucleus. Earth

–
Electron
F + -particle
F
+ +
Nucleus Nucleus

4. Conservative Or Non Conservative Force:-

• If under the action of a force the work done in a round trip is zero.
• The work is path independent.
A. Conservative Force :
a. Gravitational force b. Electric force c. Elastic force.
B. Non Conservative Force :
a. Frictional force b. viscous force.

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❑ Common Forces In Mechanics:-
1. Weight:-
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑔⃗
𝑊
• W = mg
• Directed towards the center of earth. mg
• Point of application is center of gravity of the block. 

mg
2. Reaction or Normal force:-
• When a body is placed on a rigid surface, the body experiences a force which is perpendicular to
the surfaces in contact.
R
R

mg sin 
mg cos
mg  mg
• Magnitude of normal reaction
(a) R = mg (b) R = mg cos 
• Point of application is on the surface of contact.
• Line of action is perpendicular to the contact surface.

3. Tension:-
• String tension is an elastic force.
• Whenever a body is connected with another body or ceiling
through a string, and string is in tension. String is in Tension T
• It acts in opposite direction to the applied force on the string; it T
means it pulls another body (in contact) to which it is connected.
• If string is inextensible bodies connected to its two ends move with
the same magnitude of acceleration. mg mg
• If string is massless tension at each point of the string will be same.
• In case of pulley and string, if pulley is massless and frictionless then tension on two sides of
pulley will be same.

4. Spring force:-
• Every spring resists any attempt to change its length.
• It increases with change in length.
• 𝐹 = −𝐾𝑥; F = – Kx
where x - change in length
K - spring constant (unit N/m).
x
5. Friction:-
• It is a reaction force
• Which oppose the relative motion or even any tendency of the relative motion between
surfaces.
a. Kinetic Friction : Friction acting on moving body.
𝑓𝑘 ≤ 𝐹 and 𝑓𝑘 = constant
b. Static Friction : Friction acting on rest body.
𝒇𝒔 = 𝑭 and 𝟎 ≤ 𝒇𝒔 ≤ 𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 (= 𝒇𝒍𝒊𝒎 )
c. Limiting Friction: The maximum value of static

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❑ Laws Of Friction
• The friction is independent of the area of contact.
• It is independent of the relative speed of motion of bodies in contact as long as heating effects are
negligible.
• The value of limiting force of friction is directly proportional to the normal force
i.e., 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∝ 𝑁 and 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 𝜇𝑠 - coefficient of static friction.
• Same for kinetic force of friction
i.e., 𝑓𝑘 ∝ 𝑁 and 𝑓𝑘 = 𝜇𝑘 𝑁 𝜇𝑘 - coefficient of kinetic friction.

Note: The coefficient of static friction between a pair of surfaces is slightly

greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction between that pair i.e., 𝜇𝑠 ≥ 𝜇𝑘

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. Two blocks of masses 6kg and 4kg are connected by a rope of mass
2kg are resting on frictionless floor as shown in figure. If a constant
force of 60N is applied to 6 kg block find the acceleration of the
system and tension in the rope at point, A, B and C.
2
2. With what minimum acceleration can a fireman slide down a rope whose breaking strength is of his
3
weight.
3. A block of mass 1kg lies on a horizontal surface in a truck, the coefficient of static friction between
the block and the surface is 0.6. What is the force of friction on the block if the
acceleration of truck is 5 m/s2.
4. A block mass m is at rest on a rough inclined plane of inclination .
(a) Find the force exerted by the inclined plane on the block
(b) What are the tangential and normal contact forces?
5. A block of mass m = 2 kg is kept on a rough horizontal surface. A horizontal forceF = 4.9 N is just
able to slide the block. Find the coefficient of static friction. If F
= 4 N, then what is the frictional force acting on the block?
6. A body sliding over a long rough incline of an angle 300, the
coefficient of friction between the body and the incline is 0.01 V where V stands for
velocity of sliding body on incline. What is the final velocity attained by the body?

Just Think : In principle, gravitational force acts between every two

particle/bodies of mater in this universe. So if we take Newton’s example of the
falling apple, the apple should attract the earth as much as the Earth attracts the
apple. So why doesn’t Earth go up to meet the apple instead of the apple falling of
meet the earth ?

❑ Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

• If all the forces working on a body are acting on the same point, then they are said to be
concurrent.
• A body, under the action of concurrent forces, is said to be in equilibrium.
• The necessary condition for the equilibrium of a body under the action of concurrent forces is that
the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body must be zero.
• Mathematically for equilibrium ∑ 𝐹net = 0 or ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0; , ∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
• Three concurrent forces will be in equilibrium, if they can be represented completely by three
sides of a triangle taken in order.

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 • Lami’s Theorem : For concurrent forces

F1 F F F1  F2
= 2 = 3 
sin  sin  sin  
F3

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. Three forces starts acting simultaneously on a particle moving with velocity 𝑣⃗. These
C
forces are represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle
ABC . The particle will now move with velocity
(a) →𝑣 remaining unchanged
(b) Less than →
𝑣
A B
(c) Greater than →𝑣
→
(d) 𝑣 in the direction of the largest force BC
 (a)
2. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18 N and their resultant is perpendicular to the
smaller force and magnitude of resultant is 12. Then the magnitudes of the forces are
(a) 12 N, 6 N (b) 13 N, 5N (c) 10 N, 8 N
(d) 16 N, 2 N
 (b)
3. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in magnitude, is perpendicular to the smaller of the two
forces. The angle between the two forces is
(a) 60𝑜 (b) 120𝑜 (c) 150𝑜 (d) 90𝑜
 (b)
4. A weightless ladder, 20 ft long rests against a frictionless wall at an angle of 60o with the
B
horizontal. A 150 pound man is 4 ft from the top of the ladder. A horizontal force is R2
D 4 ft
needed to prevent it from slipping. Choose the correct magnitude from the following Wall
16 ft
R1 W
(a) 175 lb (b) 100 lb o
60
(c) 70 lb (d) 150 lb F
A E C

 (c)
5. A mass M is suspended by a rope from a rigid support at P as shown in the figure. Another rope is tied at
the end Q, and it is pulled horizontally with a force F. If the rope PQ makes angle  with the vertical then
P
the tension in the string PQ is T T cos

(a)𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 (b) 𝐹/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 


(c) 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (d) 𝐹/ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 T sin F
F
 (b) Q
mg

6. A spring balance A shows a reading of 2 kg, when an aluminium block is suspended from it.
Another balance B shows a reading of 5 kg, when a beaker full of liquid is placed in its pan.
The two balances are arranged such that the Al – block is completely immersed inside the A

liquid as shown in the figure. Then

(a) The reading of the balance A will be more than 2 kg
(b) The reading of the balance B will be less than 5 kg
m
(c) The reading of the balance A will be less than 2 kg. and that of B will be
more than 5 kg B
(d) The reading of balance A will be 2 kg. and that of B will be 5 kg.
 (c)
7. In the following diagram, pulley 𝑃1 is movable and pulley 𝑃2 is fixed. The value of angle  will be

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 T1 sin
(a) 60o P1 T1 T2 sin T2
 P2
(b) 30o  
(c) 45o W T1 cos T2 cos
W
(d) 15o W
 (b)
8. In the following figure, the pulley is massless and frictionless. The relation between 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 and 𝑇3 will be
(a) 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 ≠ 𝑇3
T1 cos 
(b) 𝑇1 ≠ 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 T1 T2 P2
 
T1 T2 cos  T2
(c) 𝑇1 ≠ 𝑇2 ≠ 𝑇3 T3  
(d) 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 = 𝑇3 W2
W1
 (d)
W1

9. In the above Let’s Do IT (13), the relation between 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 will be

𝑊1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
(a) 𝑊2 = (b) 2𝑊1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 (c) 𝑊2 = 𝑊1 (d) 𝑊2 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑊1
 (a)
10. In the following figure the masses of the blocks A and B are same and each equal to m. The tensions in the
strings OA and AB are 𝑇2 and 𝑇1 respectively. The system is in equilibrium with a constant horizontal force
mg on B. The 𝑇1 is O T1 cos 1
T1
(a) mg
T2 1
(b) √2𝑚𝑔 2
(c) √3𝑚𝑔 m A B mg
T1 sin 1
(d) √5𝑚𝑔
T1
 (b) 1
B
m mg mg

11. In the above Problem (15), the angle 𝜃1 is

1
(a) 30o (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2
 (b)
12. In the above Problem (15) the tension 𝑇2 will be T2 cos 2
T2
(a) mg (b) √2𝑚𝑔
(c) √3𝑚𝑔 (d) √5𝑚𝑔 2
 (d) A
T2 sin 2 T1 sin 1
1
13. In the above Problem (15) the angle 𝜃2 will be mg
T1
(a) 30o (b) 45o
T1 cos 1
1
(c) 60o (d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2
 (d)
14. A man of mass m stands on a crate of mass M. He pulls on a light rope passing over a smooth light pulley.
The other end of the rope is attached to the crate. For the system to be in equilibrium, the force
exerted by the men on the rope will be
T T
(a) (M + m)g
1
(b) (𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑔
2 M
(c) Mg
m
(d) mg
(M + m)g
 (b)
𝐹
15. Two forces, with equal magnitude F, act on a body and the magnitude of the resultant force is . The angle
3
between the two forces is
17 1 2 8
(a) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) (c) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) (d) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
18 3 3 9
 (a)

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 16. A cricket ball of mass 150 gm is moving with a velocity of 12 m/s and is hit by a bat so that the ball is
turned back with a velocity of 20 m/s. The force of blow acts for 0.01s on the ball. The average force
exerted by the bat on the ball is
(a) 480 N (b) 600 N (c) 500 N (d) 40
 (a)
❑ Law Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum
• If no external force acts on a system of constant mass, the total momentum of the system remains
constant with time.
→ 𝑑→ 𝑝
• 𝐹 = = 0 then 𝑝⃗ = constant
𝑑𝑡
i.e., →
𝑝 =→ 𝑝 +→ 𝑝 +→ 𝑝 +. . . . = constant.
1 2 3
→ → →
Or 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 + 𝑚3 𝑣3 +. . . . = constant
• Law of conservation of linear momentum is independent of frame of reference though linear
momentum depends on frame of reference.

❑ Applications Of The Law Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum:-

 When a man jumps out of a boat on the shore, the boat is pushed slightly away from the shore.
 A person left on a frictionless surface can get away from it by blowing air out of his mouth or by
throwing some object in a direction opposite to the direction in which he wants to move.
 Recoiling of a gun : For bullet and gun system, the force exerted by trigger will be internal so the
momentum of the system remains unaffected.

❑ Recoil Velocity Of A Gun

𝑚𝐺 = mass of gun, 𝑚𝐵 = mass of bullet, 𝑣𝐺 = velocity of gun, 𝑣𝐵 = velocity of bullet
Initial momentum of system = 0
Final momentum of system = 𝑚𝐺 𝑣⃗𝐺 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣⃗𝐵  
By the law of conservation linear momentum
vG vB
𝑚𝐺 𝑣⃗𝐺 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣⃗𝐵 = 0
𝑚
• Recoil velocity 𝑣⃗𝐺 = − 𝐵 𝑣⃗𝐵
𝑚𝐺
• Negative sign indicates that the velocity of recoil 𝑣⃗𝐺 is opposite to
the velocity of the bullet.
1
• 𝑣𝐺 ∝ i.e. higher the mass of gun, lesser the velocity of recoil of gun.
𝑚𝐺
• Total mass become large and recoil velocity becomes too small.
1
𝑣𝐺 ∝
𝑚𝐺 +𝑚man

❑ Rocket Propulsion
• When it is fired the exhaust gases rush downward at a high speed and to conserve
v
momentum, the rocket moves upwards. m
• Let 𝑚0 = initial mass of rocket,
m = mass of rocket at any instant ‘t’
𝑚𝑟 = residual mass of empty container of the rocket
u = velocity of exhaust gases,
v = velocity of rocket at any instant ‘t’ u u
𝑑𝑚
= rate of change of mass of rocket = rate of fuel consumption = rate of
𝑑𝑡
ejection of the fuel.
𝑑𝑚
 Thrust on the rocket : 𝐹 = −𝑢 − 𝑚𝑔
𝑑𝑡
• Negative sign indicates that direction of thrust is opposite to the direction of escaping gases.
𝑑𝑚
𝐹 = −𝑢 (if effect of gravity is neglected)
𝑑𝑡
𝑢 𝑑𝑚 𝑢 𝑑𝑚
 Acceleration of the rocket : 𝑎= −𝑔 and if effect of gravity is neglected 𝑎 =
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑑𝑡

94 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

 𝑚0
 Instantaneous velocity of the rocket : 𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) − 𝑔𝑡
𝑚
𝑚0 𝑚0
• If effect of gravity is neglected 𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( ) = 2.303𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 ( )
𝑚 𝑚
𝑚0
 Burnt out speed of the rocket : 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣max = 𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ( )
𝑚𝑟

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. A jet plane flies in the air because
(a) The gravity does not act on bodies moving with high speeds
(b) The thrust of the jet compensates for the force of gravity
(c) The flow of air around the wings causes an upward force, which compensates for the force of
gravity
(d) The weight of air whose volume is equal to the volume of the plane is more than the weight of
the plane
 (b)
2. A rocket of mass 1000 kg exhausts gases at a rate of 4 kg/sec with a velocity 3000 m/s. The thrust
developed on the rocket is
(a) 12000 N (b) 120 N
(c) 800 N (d) 200 N
 (a)
3. A bullet mass 10 gm is fired from a gun of mass 1kg. If the recoil velocity is 5 m/s, the velocity of the
muzzle is
(a) 0.05 m/s (b) 5 m/s
(c) 50 m/s (d) 500 m/s
 (d)
4. A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is fired with a speed of 100 m/sec, the mass of gun is 50 kg. The velocity of recoil
is
(a) 0.2 m/sec (b) 0.1 m/sec
(c) 0.5 m/sec (d) 0.05 m/sec
 (a)
❑ Impulse
• The force which act on bodies for short time.
• An impulsive force does not remain constant, but changes first from zero to maximum and then
from maximum to zero.
• Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of force.
→ 𝑡 →
𝐼 = ∫𝑡 2 𝐹 𝑑𝑡.
1

• Impulse is a vector quantity and its direction is same as that of force.

• Dimension : [𝑀𝐿𝑇 −1 ]
• Units : Newton-second or Kg-m-𝑠 −1 (S.I.) & Dyne-second or gm-cm-𝑠 −1 (C.G.S.)
• Force-time graph : Impulse is equal to the area under F-t curve.
𝐼 = Area between curve and time axis
Force

1 F
= × Base × Height
2
1
= 𝐹𝑡 t Time
2
• If 𝐹𝑎𝑣 is the average magnitude of the force then
𝑡 𝑡 F
𝐼 = ∫𝑡 2 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎𝑣 ∫𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎𝑣 𝛥𝑡
1 1
→ 𝑑→
𝑝
• From Newton’s second law 𝐹 = Fav
𝑑𝑡
𝑡2 → 𝑝2 → Impulse
∫𝑡 𝐹 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑝 𝑑 𝑝 t
1 1
→ → → t1 t t2
𝐼⃗ = 𝑝 2 − 𝑝 1 = 𝛥𝑝
Ex: Hitting, kicking, catching, jumping, diving, collision etc.
In all these cases an impulse acts. 𝐼 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹𝑎𝑣 . 𝛥𝑡 = 𝛥𝑝 =constant

95 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

 ❑ Let’s Do IT
1. If a force of 250 N act on body, the momentum acquired is 125 kg-m/s. What is the period for which force
acts on the body
(a) 0.5 sec (b) 0.2 sec
(c) 0.4 sec (d) 0.25 sec
 (a)
2. A force of 50 dynes is acted on a body of mass 5 g which is at rest for an interval of 3 seconds, then
impulse is
(a) 0.15 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠 (b) 0.98 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠
(c) 1.5 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠 (d) 2.5 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠
 (c)
2
5. A ball of mass 150g moving with an acceleration 20𝑚/𝑠 is hit by a force, which acts on it for 0.1 sec. The
impulsive force is
(a) 0.5 N-s (b) 0.1 N-s (c) 0.3 N-s (d) 1.2 N-s
 (c)
6. The force-time (F – t) curve of a particle executing linear motion is as shown in the figure. The
momentum acquired by the particle in time interval from zero to 8 second will be
(a) – 2 N-s
+2

Force (N)
(b) + 4 N-s 2 4 6 8

(c) 6 N-s Time (s)

–2
(d) Zero
 (d)

❑ Newton’s IIIrd Law Of Motion

To every action, there is always an equal (in magnitude) and opposite (in direction) reaction.
• A single isolated force is not possible.
• Applied force is called ‘Action’ and the counter force is called ‘Reaction’.
• Action and reaction never act on the same body.
→ →
𝐹 𝐴𝐵 = − 𝐹 𝐵𝐴
Ex:
• A book lying on a table exerts a force on the table which is equal to the weight of the book.
• Swimming is possible due to third law of motion.
• When a gun is fired, the bullet moves forward (action). The gun recoils backward (reaction)
• Rebounding of rubber ball takes place due to third law of motion.
• Driving a nail into a wooden block without holding the block is difficult.

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. When we jump out of a boat standing in water it moves
(a) Forward (b) Backward
(c) Sideways (d) None of the above
 (b)
2. A man is standing on a balance and his weight is measured. If he takes a step in the left side, then weigh
(a) Will decrease (b) Will increase
(c) Remains same (d) First decreases then increases
 (c)
3. A cold soft drink is kept on the balance. When the cap is open, then the weight
(a) Increases
(b) Decreases
(c) First increases then decreases
(d) Remains same

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  (c)
4. A light spring balance hangs from the hook of the other light spring balance and a block of mass M kg
hangs from the former one. Then the true statement about the scale reading is
(a) Both the scales read M/2 kg each
(b) Both the scales read M kg each
(c) The scale of the lower one reads M kg and of the upper one zero
(d) The reading of the two scales can be anything but the sum of the reading will be M kg
 (b)
5. A rocket with a lift-off mass 3.5 × 104 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 10𝑚/𝑠 2 . Then
the initial thrust of the blast is
(a) 1.75 × 105 𝑁 (b) 3.5 × 105 𝑁 (c) 𝑇 ′ = 0 (d) 𝑇 ′ = 47.2𝑁
 (c)

❑ Frame of Reference
• A frame in which an observer is situated and makes his observations is known as his ‘Frame of
reference’.
• The reference frame is associated with a co-ordinate system and a clock to measure the position
and time of events happening in space.
• All the physical quantities like position, velocity, acceleration etc. of an object in this coordinate
system an be describe.

❑ Inertial Frame Of Reference

• A frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with a uniform velocity along a straight
line.
• In inertial frame of reference Newton’s laws of motion holds good.
• Inertial frame of reference are also called unaccelerated frame of reference or Newtonian or
Galilean frame of reference.
• Ideally, no inertial frame exists in universe.
• For practical purpose a frame of reference may be considered as inertial if it’s acceleration is
negligible with respect to the acceleration of the object to be observed.
• To measure the acceleration of a falling apple, earth can be considered as an inertial frame.
• To observe the motion of planets, earth can not be considered as an inertial frame but for this
purpose the sun may be assumed to be an inertial frame.
Ex : The lift at rest, lift moving (up or down) with constant velocity, car moving with constant
velocity on a straight road.

❑ Non Inertial Frame Of Reference

• It is accelerated frame of references.
• Newton’s laws of motion are not applicable in non-inertial frame of reference.
Ex : Car moving in uniform circular motion, lift which is moving upward or downward with
some acceleration, plane which is taking off.

❑ Pseudo Forces
• The man A in the accelerating elevator observes that the reading of weighing machine (Normal
reaction) is more than his weight.
• Thus there is a net upward force on him but his acceleration relative to himself is zero.
• This is because A is a non-inertial observer.
• N – mg = 0 (not true)
In the FOR attached to B
N – mg = ma  N = m (g + a) (true), because B is an inertial observer.
➢ Now if A wants to get correct result from Newton's second law he will have to apply a corrective term
(Pseudo force)

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 N

mg
→ →
𝐹𝑃 = −𝑚𝑎 Fp = ma
→
Here m is the mass of A and 𝑎 is the acceleration of the non-inertial.
Now for A, Newton's second law gives
N − mg – ma = 0

❑ Lift
Condition Figure(Lift) Velocity Acceleration Reaction Conclusion
Lift is at rest

R R – mg = 0 Apparent weight
v=0 a=0  R = mg = Actual weight
.S.B

mg

Lift moving
upward or
R
downward R – mg = 0 Apparent weight
with constant v = constant a=0  R = mg = Actual weight
S.B
velocity
mg
Lift
accelerating
upward at the R R – mg = ma Apparent weight
a
rate of 'a’ v = variable a<g R = m(g + a) > Actual weight
S.B

mg

Lift
accelerating
upward at the R
g
rate of ‘g’ v = variable a=g R – mg = mg Apparent weight
R = 2mg = 2 Actual
S.B.
weight
mg

Lift mg – R = ma Apparent weight

accelerating  R = m(g – a) < Actual weight
downward at R
a
the rate of ‘a’ v = variable a<g
S.B

mg

Lift
accelerating
downward at R Apparent weight
g
the rate of ‘g’ v = variable a=g mg – R = mg = Zero
S.B
R=0 (weightlessness)

mg

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 Lift Apparent weight
accelerating mg – R = ma negative means
downward at R v = variable a>g R = mg – ma the body will
a>g
the rate of a>g R = – ve rise from the
a(>g) S.B
floor of the lift
and stick to the
mg ceiling of the
lift.

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. A man weighs 80𝑘𝑔. He stands on a weighing scale in a lift which is moving upwards with a uniform
acceleration of 5𝑚/𝑠 2 . What would be the reading on the scale. (𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 )
(a) 400 N (b) 800 N (c) 1200 N (d) Zero
 (c)
2. A body of mass 2 kg is hung on a spring balance mounted vertically in a lift. If the lift descends with an
acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’, the reading on the spring balance will be
(a) 2 kg (b) (4  g) kg (c) (2  g) kg (d) Zero
 (d)
3. In the above Let’s Do IT, if the lift moves up with a constant velocity of 2 m/sec, the reading on the
balance will be
(a) 2 kg (b) 4 kg (c) Zero (d) 1 kg
 (a)
4. If the lift in Let’s Do IT, moves up with an acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity, the
reading on the spring balance will be
(a) 2 kg (b) (2  g) kg (c) (4  g) kg (d) 4 kg
 (d)
5. A man is standing on a weighing machine placed in a lift, when stationary, his weight is recorded as 40
kg. If the lift is accelerated upwards with an acceleration of 2𝑚/𝑠 2 , then the weight recorded in the
machine will be (𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 )
(a) 32 kg (b) 40 kg (c) 42 kg (d) 48 kg
 (d)
−2
6. An elevator weighing 6000 kg is pulled upward by a cable with an acceleration of 5𝑚𝑠 . Taking g to be
10𝑚𝑠 −2 , then the tension in the cable is
(a) 6000 N (b) 9000 N (c) 60000 N (d) 90000 N
 (d)
7. The ratio of the weight of a man in a stationary lift and when it is moving downward with uniform
acceleration ‘a’ is 3 : 2. The value of ‘a’ is (g- Acceleration due to gravity on the earth)
3 𝑔 2
(a) 𝑔 (b) (c) 𝑔 (d) g
2 3 3
 (b)
8. A 60 kg man stands on a spring scale in the lift. At some instant he finds, scale reading has changed from
60 kg to 50 kg for a while and then comes back to the original mark. What should we conclude
(a) The lift was in constant motion upwards
(b) The lift was in constant motion downwards
(c) The lift while in constant motion upwards, is stopped suddenly
(d) The lift while in constant motion downwards, is suddenly stopped
 (c)
9. A bird is sitting in a large closed cage which is placed on a spring balance. It records a weight placed on a
spring balance. It records a weight of 25 N. The bird (mass = 0.5kg) flies upward in the cage with an
acceleration of 2𝑚/𝑠 2 . The spring balance will now record a weight of
(a) 24 N (b) 25 N (c) 26 N (d) 27 N

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  (b)
10. A bird is sitting in a wire cage hanging from the spring balance. Let the reading of the spring balance be
𝑊1 . If the bird flies about inside the cage, the reading of the spring balance is 𝑊2 . Which of the following is
true
(a) 𝑊1 = 𝑊2 (b) 𝑊1 > 𝑊2
(c) 𝑊1 < 𝑊2 (d) Nothing definite can be predicted
 (b)
❑ Connected By Mass Less String

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

a
𝑭
T 𝒂=
B m1 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
A
T m2 F
m1
a
𝑭 − 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 𝑭
T F 𝑻=
m2 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

B
a 𝑭
A 𝑭 − 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂
F T m2 𝒂=
m1 F
m1
T 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

T 𝒎𝟐 𝑭
m2 𝑻=
𝑻 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

a
T1
𝑭
m1 𝒂=
𝑻 𝟏 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

C
A B a
T1 T2 F
𝒎𝟏 𝑭
m1 m2 m3 𝑻𝟏 =
T1
m2
T2 𝑻 𝟐 − 𝑻 𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝑭
𝑻𝟐 =
T2
m3
F 𝑭 − 𝑻 𝟐 = 𝒎𝟑 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

C a 𝑭
B 𝒂=
A F T1 𝑭 − 𝑻 𝟏 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑
F T1 T2 m3 m1
m1 m2

a
(𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 )𝑭
T1 T2 𝑻𝟏 =
m2 𝑻 𝟏 − 𝑻 𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

a
𝒎𝟑 𝑭
𝑻𝟐 =
T2
m3
𝑻 𝟐 = 𝒎𝟑 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

100 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

 ❑ Let’s Do IT
1. A monkey of mass 20 kg is holding a vertical rope. The rope will not break when a mass of 25 kg is
suspended from it but will break if the mass exceeds 25 kg. What is the maximum acceleration with
which the monkey can climb up along the rope (𝑔 = 10𝑚/𝑠 2 )
(a) 10𝑚/𝑠 2 (b) 25𝑚/𝑠 2 (c) 2.5𝑚/𝑠 2 (d) 5𝑚/𝑠 2
 (c)
2. Three blocks of masses 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg are connected to each other with light string and are then
placed on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure. The system is pulled by a force
𝐹 = 10𝑁, then tension 𝑇1 = 10N T1 T2
5kg
2kg 3kg
(a) 1N (b) 5 N (c) 8 N (d) 10 N
 (c)
3. Two blocks are connected by a string as shown in the diagram. The upper block is hung by
F
another string. A force F applied on the upper string produces an acceleration of 2𝑚/𝑠 2 in the T
upward direction in both the blocks. If T and 𝑇 ′ be the tensions in the two parts of the string,
2kg
then
T
(a) 𝑇 = 70.8𝑁 and 𝑇 ′ = 47.2𝑁 (b) 𝑇 = 58.8𝑁 and 𝑇 ′ = 47.2𝑁
4kg
(c) 𝑇 = 70.8𝑁 and 𝑇 ′ = 58.8𝑁 (d) 𝑇 = 70.8𝑁 and 𝑇 ′ = 0
 (a)
4. Three masses of 15 kg. 10 kg and 5 kg are suspended vertically as shown in the fig. If the
string attached to the support breaks and the system falls freely, what will be the tension in
15k
the string between 10 kg and 5 kg masses. Take 𝑔 = 10𝑚𝑠 −2 . It is assumed that the string
remains tight during the motion 10k

(a) 300 N (b) 250 N (c) 50 N (d) Zero 5kg

 (d)
5. A sphere is accelerated upwards with the help of a cord whose breaking strength is five times its weight.
The maximum acceleration with which the sphere can move up without cord breaking is
(a) 4g (b) 3g (c) 2g (d) g
Ans : (a)

❑ Motion of Connected Block Over A Pulley

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and acceleration

T1 𝒎 𝟏 𝒂 = 𝑻 𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
m1 a 𝑻𝟏 = 𝒈
T2 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
P m1g

T1
T1
T1
a m1 𝒎 𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝟏 𝟒𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
m2 a 𝑻𝟐 = 𝒈
A m2 a 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2g
B

T2

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝑻𝟏 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒂=[ ]𝒈
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐

T1 T1

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 T1
𝒎 𝟏 𝒂 = 𝑻 𝟏 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝟐𝒎𝟏 [𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 ]
m1 a 𝑻𝟏 = 𝒈
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑
m1g

T1
T3 m2 a 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 + 𝑻 𝟐 − 𝑻 𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟑
𝑻𝟐 = 𝒈
p 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑
m2g + T2
T1

m1 T1 T2
a 𝒎 𝟑 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟑 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝟐 𝟒𝒎𝟏 [𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 ]
m3 a 𝑻𝟑 = 𝒈
A
m2
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑
m3g
B T2
T3
m3 a [(𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑 ) − 𝒎𝟏 ]𝒈
𝒂=
C 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟐𝑻𝟏 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒎𝟑

T1 T1

When pulley have a 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐

T1 𝒂=
𝒎 𝟏 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝟏 𝑴
finite mass M and m1 a 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 +
𝟐
radius R then tension in
m1g
two segments of string
are different T2 𝑴
𝒎𝟏 [𝟐𝒎𝟐 + ]
m2 a 𝒎 𝟐 𝒂 = 𝑻 𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒈
𝑴
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 +
m2g 𝟐
T2
M R Torque = (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )𝑹 = 𝑰𝜶
 𝒂 𝑴
T2 (𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )𝑹 = 𝑰 𝒎𝟐 [𝟐𝒎𝟏 + ]
R

𝑹 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒈
𝟏 𝒂 𝑴
a m2 T1
(𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 )𝑹 = 𝑴𝑹𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 +
𝟐 𝑹 𝟐
B a 𝑴𝒂
m1 T2 T1
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 =
A 𝟐

a m1a
𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝒎𝟐
T P 𝒂= 𝒈
A m1 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m1 T

m2 a T 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
a 𝑻= 𝒈
B m2 𝒎 𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2g

T 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
a
𝒂=[ ]𝒈
m1 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 = 𝑻 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
P m1g sin
T 
a T
m1
A m2 a
102 | Ne w t o n ’ s B L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809
 T
a 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
m2 𝑻= 𝒈
𝒎 𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2g

T
a
m1 𝑻 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 (𝒎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 − 𝒎𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶)
a T T m1g sin 𝒂= 𝒈
a 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m1 
A m2
B
 
T a
m2 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷 − 𝑻 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜷)
𝑻= 𝒈
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2g sin


P T
T a
a
m1
m1 m1g sin 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 − 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒂=
A  𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2

B

𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
a 𝑻= 𝒈
T 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒂 𝟒𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m2

a1
A
m1 P a 𝑻 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒂 𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒈
𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂 =
T 𝟒𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
m1 T
T

𝒎𝟐 𝒈
𝒂𝟐 =
𝑑 2 (𝑥2 )
m2 a2 𝟒𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
As
𝑑𝑡 2 B
1 𝑑 2 (𝑥1 )
= 2T
2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝒈
𝒂𝟏 𝒂 𝑻=
∴ 𝒂𝟐 = m2 (a/2) 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 − 𝟐𝑻 𝟒𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝑎1 = acceleration of m2g
block A
𝑎2 = acceleration of
block B
a
C T1
T2 T1
M 𝒎 𝟏 𝒂 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒈 − 𝑻 𝟏 (𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )
m1 a 𝒂= 𝒈
[𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝑴]
T2 T1
m1g

a m2 m1 a

B A
103 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809
 T2 𝒎𝟏 (𝟐𝒎𝟐 + 𝑴)
𝑻𝟏 = 𝒈
𝒎 𝟐 𝒂 = 𝑻 𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒈 [𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝑴]
m2 a

m2g

Ma 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑴𝒂 𝒎𝟐 (𝟐𝒎𝟐 + 𝑴)
𝑻𝟐 = 𝒈
T2 M T1 [𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 + 𝑴]

❑ Let’s Do IT
1. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 (vertically). If
the acceleration of the system is g/8 then the ratio of the masses is
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 9 : 7 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 3
 (b)
2. A block A of mass 7 kg is placed on a frictionless table. A thread tied to it passes over a frictionless pulley
and carries a body B of mass 3 kg at the other end. The acceleration of the system is (given g = 10𝑚𝑠 −2 )
(a) 100𝑚𝑠 −2
A
(b) 3𝑚𝑠 −2
(c) 10𝑚𝑠 −2
(d) 30𝑚𝑠 −2
B
 (b)
3. Two masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 are attached to a string which passes over a frictionless smooth pulley. When 𝑚1 =
10𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 = 6𝑘𝑔, the acceleration of masses is
(a) 20𝑚/𝑠 2
(b) 5𝑚/𝑠 2
(c) 2.5𝑚/𝑠 2
m2 6 kg
(d) 10𝑚/𝑠 2
10 kg m1
 (c)
4. Two weights 𝑊1 and 𝑊2 are suspended from the ends of a light string passing over a smooth fixed pulley.
If the pulley is pulled up with an acceleration g, the tension in the string will be

4𝑊1 𝑊2 2𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊1 𝑊2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝑊1 +𝑊2 𝑊1 +𝑊2 𝑊1 +𝑊2 2(𝑊1 +𝑊2 )

 (a)
5. Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a string which passes over a pulley attached to the top
of an inclined plane. The angle of inclination of the plane in . Take g = 10 ms–2.
If M1 = 10 kg, M2 = 5 kg,  = 30o, what is the acceleration of mass M2
(a) 10𝑚𝑠 −2
(b) 5𝑚𝑠 −2 M1
2 M2
(c) 𝑚𝑠 −2
3

(d) Zero
 (d)
6. In the above Let’s Do IT, what is the tension in the string
(a) 100 N (b) 50 N (c) 25 N (d) Zero
 (b)

104 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

7. In the above Let’s Do IT, given that M2 = 2M1 and M2 moves vertically downwards with acceleration a. If
the position of the masses are reversed the acceleration of M2 down the inclined plane will be
(a) 2 a (b) a
(c) a/2 (d) None of the above
 (d)
8. In the above Let’s Do IT, given that M2 = 2M1 and the tension in the string is T. If the positions of the
masses are reversed, the tension in the string will be
(a) 4 T (b) 1 T (c) T (d) T/2
 (c)
9. In the above Let’s Do IT, given that M1 = M2 and 𝜃 = 30𝑜 . What will be the acceleration of the system
(a) 10𝑚𝑠 −2 (b) 5𝑚𝑠 −2 (c) 2.5𝑚𝑠 −2 (d) Zero
 (c)
10. In the above Let’s Do IT, given that M1 = M2 = 5 kg and 𝜃 = 30𝑜 . What is tension in the string
(a) 37.5 N (b) 25 N (c) 12.5 N (d) Zero
 (a)
11. Two blocks are attached to the two ends of a string passing over a smooth pulley as shown in the figure.
The acceleration of the block will be (in m/s2) (sin 37o = 0.60, sin 53o = 0.80)
(a) 0.33
(b) 0.133 100 kg
50 kg

(c) 1 37o 53o

(d) 0.066
 (b)
12. The two pulley arrangements shown in the figure are identical. The mass of
the rope is negligible. In (a) the mass m is lifted up by attaching a mass 2m
to the other end of the rope. In (b). m is lifted up by pulling the other end of (a) (b)

the rope with a constant downward force of 2mg. The ratio of accelerations
in two cases will be
(a) 1 : 1 m m

(b) 1 : 2
2m 2mg
(c) 1 : 3
(d) 1 : 4
 (c)
13. In the adjoining figure m1 = 4m2. The pulleys are smooth and light. At time t = 0, the
system is at rest. If the system is released and if the acceleration of mass m1 is a, then the
acceleration of m2 will be
(a) g
(b) a
𝑎 m1
(c)
2 20 cm
m2
(d) 2a
 (d)
14. In the above Let’s Do IT (64), the value of a will be
𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
(a) g (b) (c) (d)
2 4 8

 (c)
15. In the above Let’s Do IT, the tension T in the string will be
𝑚2 𝑔 2 3
(a) m2g (b) (c) 𝑚2 𝑔 (d) 𝑚2 𝑔
2 3 2
 (d)
16. In the above Let’s Do IT, the time taken by m1 in coming to rest position will be
(a) 0.2 s (b) 0.4 s (c) 0.6 s (d) 0.8 s

105 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

  (b)
17. In the above Let’s Do IT, the distance covered by m2 in 0.4 s will be
(a) 40 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 80 cm
 (a)
18. In the above Let’s Do IT, the velocity acquired by m2 in 0.4 second will be
(a) 100 cm/s (b) 200 cm/s (c) 300 cm/s (d) 400 cm/s
 (b)
19. In the above Let’s Do IT, the additional distance traversed by m2 in coming to rest position will be
(a) 20 cm (b) 40 cm (c) 60 cm (d) 80 cm
 (a)
20. The acceleration of block B in the figure will be
𝑚2 𝑔
(a)
(4𝑚1 +𝑚2 )
2𝑚2 𝑔
(b) m1(2a)
2T
(4𝑚1 +𝑚2 )
2𝑚1 𝑔 A m1
(c) m1 T m2 m2a
(𝑚1 +4𝑚2 )
2𝑚1 𝑔
(d)
(𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) m2g
 (a)
m2 B

❑ Motion of massive string

Condition Free body diagram Equation Tension and

acceleration

a a
𝑭
m 𝒂=
M 𝑭 = (𝑴 + 𝒎)𝒂 𝑴+𝒎
F M T1

𝑻𝟏 = 𝑴𝒂 𝑭
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑴
(𝑴 + 𝒎)
𝑇1 = force applied by the
string on the block

m/2
M T2 (𝟐𝑴 + 𝒎)
𝒎 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑭
𝑻𝟐 = (𝑴 + )𝒂 𝟐(𝑴 + 𝒎)
𝟐
𝑇2 = Tension at mid point
of the rope

L m 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 𝒂 = 𝑭/𝒎
T F F
x a

m = Mass of string m [(L – x)/L] 𝑳−𝒙

𝑻=( )𝑭
T = Tension in string at T 𝑳−𝒙 𝑳
a 𝑻 = 𝒎( )𝒂
a distance x from the 𝑳
end where the force is
applied

106 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809

 𝑴𝒙𝒂 𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐
𝑭𝟏 − 𝑻 = 𝒂=
𝑳 𝑴
A (M/L)x B
F2 L F1 T F1
A x B a

M = Mass of uniform M
F2 F1
𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑴𝒂 𝒙 𝒙
string 𝑻 = 𝑭𝟏 (𝟏 − ) + 𝑭𝟐 ( )
a 𝑳 𝑳
L = Length of string

T
𝑴 𝑻′ = 𝑭 + 𝑴𝒈
A
A 𝑻′ = (𝑳 − 𝒙)𝒈 + 𝑻
𝑳
L–x
L T
B T B
T
x
T
C
𝑴 𝑴
B 𝑻=𝑭+ 𝒙𝒈 𝑻=𝑭+ 𝒙𝒈
F 𝑳 𝑳
x
Mass of segment
𝑀 C
BC = ( ) 𝑥 F
𝐿

I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies but

“

not the madness of people.” - Isaac Newton

107 | N e w t o n ’ s L a w s o f M o t i o n DAYAL SIR 9503921809