3 LAWS OF MOTION

MIND MAP OF THE CHAPTER

1st law Inertia Types

If an object is at rest or in uniform The property of an object by a) rest
motion, then it will remain at rest or which it resists a change in its b) Motion
in uniform motion until an external state is called inertia. c) direction
force does not applied to it.

3rd law Equilibrium

2nd law of motion To every action, there is always
Concurrent force (minimum 3)
an equal and opposite reaction.
& Fnet = 0
Force = mass × acceleration  F = ma
𝐅𝟏𝟐 = – 𝐅𝟐𝟏
𝐅𝟏 + 𝐅𝟐 + 𝐅𝟑 = 0

Momentum (p)
Newton’s Three
p = mass (m) × velocity (v)
laws of motion
SI unit = kg m/s , p → vector
quantity,
Impulse = ∆p = f t

Conservation of Coefficient of
Momentum (p) Friction
Simple pulley m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
μ=
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐅
=𝐑
𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
(𝐦𝟏 −𝐦𝟐 )𝐠
a= 𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐

Tension (t)
𝟐𝐦𝟏𝐦𝟐.𝐠
t=
Friction
𝐦𝟏 + 𝐦𝟐

Types:

a) Static
b) Kinetic
c) rolling
 LAWS OF MOTION ❸

Marks weightage of this chapter according to previous year papers

Year of paper Marks

Oct 2024 1+1+2+5=9

April 2024 1+2+2+3=8
April 2023 1+2=3
Oct 2022 1
April 2022 2+6 = 8
Oct 2021 1 + 2+2+ 4 = 9
Jan 2021 ----
Oct 2019 1+1+4 = 6
April 2018 1+2 =3
Oct 2017 1+4 q= 5
April 2017 6
Oct 2016 ----

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IMPORTANT TOPICS (80-20 RULE)

CHAPTER TOPICS IMPORTANT TOPICS

According to 80-20 rule
1. Concept of Force and motion 1. Newton’s first law of motion
2. Newton’s first law of motion 2. Concept of momentum
3. Concept of momentum 3. Newton’s second law of motion
4. Newton’s second law of motion 4. Newton’s third law of motion
5. Newton’s third law of motion 5. Conservation of Momentum
6. Conservation of Momentum 6. Equilibrium of a particle
7. Equilibrium of a particle 7. Friction
8. Friction
9. The free body diagram
10. Elementary ideas of inertial and
non inertial frames

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1. Newton’s first law of motion

Subtopics - inertia, bus related

1. A passenger getting down from a moving bus, falls in the direction of motion
of the bus. This is an example of:
(a) Second law of motion (b) third law of motion
(c) inertia of rest (d) inertia of motion

OCT Set A 2019, OCT Set C 2019

Answer: (d) inertia of motion

2. A passenger in a moving bus is thrown forward when the bus is

suddenly stopped. This is explained
A. by Newton’s first law
B. by Newton’s second law
C. by Newton’s third law
D. by the principle of conservation of mass
Sample paper

Answer: A. by Newton’s first law

3. State Newton’s first law of motion. Define inertia. Which physical quantity is
a measure of the inertia of a body?
Is it correct to say that a body always moves in the direction of external force
acting on it? Give reasons therefore.

set A Oct 2021, set C oct 2021

Answer: Newton’s first law of motion: An object at rest remains at rest, or if in

motion, remains in motion until an external force does not applied on it.

Inertia: Everybody has a property that it always opposes its change in position ,
this property is called Inertia.

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Inertia is the measure of mass of the object.

It is not correct to say that a body always moves in the direction of external force
acting on it. The statement is true only for a body which was at rest before the
application of force.

4. In each of the following cases, mention the various forces acting on the
moving object and explain with reason why the net force is zero ?
(i) A rain drop falling down with a constant speed.
(ii) a cork of mass 10 g floating on water.
(iii) A kite skillfully held stationary in the sky.
(iv) A car moving with a constant velocity of 30 km h−1 on a rough road.
(v) A high speed electron in force free space.

SET A OCT 2024

Answer: (i) A rain drop falling down with a constant speed

Forces acting:

a) Gravity (mg) – Acts downward.

b) Air resistance (drag force) – Acts upward, opposing the motion.

Reason for zero net force: The rain drop reaches terminal velocity, where the
upward air resistance becomes equal and opposite to the downward gravitational
force. This balance of forces results in zero acceleration, so the drop falls at a
constant speed.

(ii) A cork of mass 10 g floating on water

Forces acting:

a) Gravitational force (mg) – Acts downward.

b) Buoyant force (upthrust by water) – Acts upward.

Reason for zero net force:

Since the cork is floating without sinking or rising, the buoyant force exactly
balances the gravitational force, leading to zero net force.

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(iii) A kite skillfully held stationary in the sky

Forces acting:

a) Tension in the string – Pulls the kite downward and slightly forward.
b) Lift force by wind – Acts upward due to air pressure.
c) Gravitational force (mg) – Acts downward.
d) Air resistance (drag force) – Acts opposite to any horizontal motion.

Reason for zero net force:

The forces are balanced in such a way that the kite remains stationary in the sky.
The tension, lift, gravity, and drag counteract each other, resulting in no
acceleration (net force = 0 N).

(iv) A car moving with a constant velocity of 30 km/h on a rough road

Forces acting:

a) Engine force (thrust by tires) – Acts forward, propelling the car.

b) Friction and air resistance – Act backward, opposing motion.

Reason for zero net force:

Since the car moves at constant velocity, the forward force by the engine is
exactly balanced by the backward resistive forces (friction + air resistance),
leading to zero net force.

(v) A high-speed electron in force-free space

Forces acting: No external forces, as it is in force-free space (vacuum).

Reason for zero net force:

Since there are no external forces acting on the electron, the net force is naturally
zero, and it continues moving at constant velocity due to Newton’s First Law.

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5. A constant force of magnitude 50 N is applied on a body of mass 10 kg

moving initially with a speed of 10 ms1 against the direction of motion. How
long will it take the body to come to rest?

SET A OCT 2016, SET B OCT 2016, SET C OCT 2016, Set A Oct 2015, Set B Oct
2015, Set C Oct 2015, Set A APRIL 2016, Set B APRIL 2016, Set C APRIL 2016

Answer: From Newton’s Second Law:

F = ma
F 50
a= = = 5 m/s2
m 10

Since the force is applied against the motion, the acceleration is negative:

a = −5 m/s2

Using the First Equation of Motion: v = u + at

0 = 10 + (-5)t

 t = 2 sec

The body will take 2 seconds to come to rest.

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2. Concept of momentum

Subtopics: p = mv, change in momentum

6. Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is kg ms-1. State whether it is a
scalar or a vector quantity.

SET C April 2023

Answer: The physical quantity with the S.I. unit of kg ms⁻¹ is momentum, and it
is a vector quantity.

7. A force F acts on a body of mass m for t seconds. The change in its linear
momentum will be:
(A) Ft (B) Fm
𝐹 F
(C) (D)
𝑡 m
SET A APRIL 2024
Answer: (A) Ft
Or
8. Charge in momentum of a body is:
(a) Force × displacement (b) mass × displacement
(c) force × time (d) force × velocity

set A Oct 2022, set B Oct 2022, set B Oct 2022

Answer: (c) force × time

9. A body of mass m is thrown vertically up with velocity v. it returns back to

the thrower with the same velocity. Calculate:
(i) Change in momentum.
(ii) Change in magnitude of momentum of the body.

set A April 2022, set C April 2022

Answer: (i) P = mv

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Pinitial = mv and Pfinal = mv

Change in momentum = Pinitial – Pfinal = mv – mv = 0

(ii) change in magnitude of momentum = 0

10. A boy throws a ball vertically upwards with a velocity v0 and catches it when
it returns. What will be the change in the linear momentum of the ball?

SET A APRIL 2024

Answer: In this case, the change in momentum is zero because the ball returns
to its original position with the same speed but in the opposite direction.

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3. Newton’s second law of motion

Subtopics: F = ma, acceleration, impulse, applications

11. When a constant net external force acts on an object, which of the following
may not change?
(A) Position (B) Speed (C) Velocity (D) Acceleration

ASS set A April 2023, set B April 2023, set C April 2023, set A April 2024, set A
April 2018
Answer: (B) Speed

12. In terms of fundamental unit 1 N can be expressed as-

A. 1 N = 1 kg ms-2
B. 1 N = 1 kg m-3
C. 1 N = 1 kg-1ms-2
D. 1 N = kgms2
sample paper

Answer: A. 1 N = 1 kg ms-2

13.Which of the following will always be in the direction of the net external
force acting on the body?
(A) Velocity
(B) Acceleration
(C) Change in the momentum
(D) Displacement

Answer: (C) Change in the momentum set A April 2018

14. A force of 5 N is applied on a body of mass 2 kg. The acceleration of the body
will be :

(A) 0.4 ms−2 (B) 0.0 ms−2 (C) 2.5 ms−2 (D) 10.0 ms−2

SET C OCT 2024

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Answer: (C) 2.5 ms−2

15. While catching a fast moving ball, the hands are drawn back. Explain.

set A APRIL 2018

Answer: It is known that the force is proportional to the rate of change in the
momentum. When a person catches the fast moving ball, he draws back his hand
so that the ball takes some time before coming into the rest. When the duration
increases, the force applied to the hand by the ball decreases. If the person
catches the fast moving ball without drawing back his hand, a large force could be
applied to the hand due to the ball and he could damage his hand.

16. State newton’s second law of motion. How does this law help to measure
force?

ESS Set A APRIL 2023, ESS Set C APRIL 2023

Or

17. State Newton's second law of motion. Use it to derive the relation 𝐅= 𝐦𝐚 .
Hence define SI unit of force.

OSS set A April 2023

Or

18. Derive an expression for the acceleration gained by a body under a force
acting on it, using Newton’s second law of motion. Hence define one newton
of force.

Set A Oct 2019, Set B Oct 2019, Set C Oct 2019

Answer: According to the second law, the applied force is proportional to the
rate of change of momentum of the body.

Force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change of Momentum of that body”.
Rate of change of momentum = change of momentum per unit time.
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Momentum = Mass × Velocity = mv

mv dv
F = Rate of change of momentum = d =m× = ma
dt dt

dv
(since = rate of change of velocity = acceleration).
dt

Thus, F = m a

Vectorial form: F= ma

SI unit of force = kg × m/s2 , which is defined as a Newton (N).

Definition of One newton (1 N): 1 N is the force needed to accelerate one

kilogram of mass by one meter per second squared in the direction of the applied
force.

19. Is it correct to say that a body always moves in the direction of external
force acting on it? Give reasons therefore.

Set A Oct 2021, Set B Oct 2021, Set C Oct 2021

Answer: No, a body does not always move in the direction of the external force
acting on it. If a body is at rest or has a non-zero velocity before the force is
applied, the resultant motion will be a combination of its initial motion and the
direction of the force.

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Impulse

20.The physical quantity which is equal to the change in momentum of a body is

known as:
(A) Force (B) Acceleration (C) Impulse (D) Work

OSS set A April 2023, OSS set B April 2023, OSS set C April 2023

Answer: (C) Impulse

21. Define the term impulse. Is it a scalar or vector quantity. Give its S.I. unit.

PYQ Oct 2022, ASS Set B April 2023, ESS set A April 2023, ESS set B April 2023,
ESS set C April 2023, Set A Oct 2014, Set B Oct 2014, Set C Oct 2014

Answer: The impulse is defined as “the product of force and time, which is
change in momentum of the body.”

I = F. Δt

Impulse is a vector quantity.

S.I. unit of impulse is Newton × sec.

22. A ball of mass ‘m’ strikes a rigid wall with the speed ‘u’ and
rebounds back with the same speed. The impulse imparted to the ball by the
wall is:
(a) 2mu (b) mu (c) 0 (d) -2mu

Oct 2019 set A, Oct 2019 set B, Oct 2019 set C, Oct 2021 set A, Oct 2021 set B,
Oct 2021 Set C

Answer: (d) -2mu

23. Explain how you will determine the impulse of a force, when the force is (a)
constant and (b) variable.

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SET A APRIL 2024

Answer: (a) When the Force is Constant:

If the force remains constant over the time interval Δt, the impulse can be
calculated using the simple formula:

J = F ⋅ Δt

Where: J = Impulse, F = constant force, Δt = the time duration for which the force
is applied.

Since impulse is the product of force and time, its SI unit is Newton-second (N·s),
which is also equivalent to kg·m/s.

(b) When the Force is Variable:

If the force varies with time, we must integrate the force over the given time
interval t1 to t2. The impulse is determined by:
𝑡2
J= 𝑡1
𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Where F(t) is the force as a function of time. This integral calculates the total
effect of the varying force over the time period.

Graphical Interpretation:

- If a force-time graph is plotted, the impulse is equal to the area under the
force-time curve. For a variable force, numerical or graphical methods (such as
approximation by small time intervals) may be used to estimate the impulse.
- Thus, the impulse can be directly calculated for a constant force, while for a
variable force, it requires integration or graphical methods to determine the
area under the force-time graph.

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4. Newton’s third law of motion

24. The law which implies that forces are shown found in pairs is, Newton’s:
A. 1ST law of motion
B. 2nd law of motion
C. 3rd law of motion
D. Law of gravitation

Set A OCT 2017

Answer: C. 3rd law of motion

25. The force of action and reactions aare equal and opposite despite this
objects move on applications of force because:
A. Both action an d reaction act on the same object in same direction
B. Both action and reaction act on the same object in opposite direcetion.
C. Both action and reaction act on two different objects.
D. None of these

Set A APRIL 2019, Set B APRIL 2019, Set C APRIL 2019

Answer: C. Both action and reaction act on two different objects.

26.What is vectorial form of Newton’s third law.

Set B Oct 2021

OR

27. State Newton’s third law of motion. What is the vectorial form of Newton’s
third law of motion?

Set A Oct 2021

Answer: Newton’s third law of motion –:

1. It states that “To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction”.
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2. When two objects interact with each other, the force exerted by the first
object on the second is referred to as action. The reaction force is the force
exerted by the second body on the first body. Therefore, the action and
reaction are opposite and equal in magnitude.

Vectorial form of third law –: 𝐅𝟏𝟐 = – 𝐅𝟐𝟏

Or

28. State Newton’s third law of motion. Illustrate it by decreasing through an

example of keeping a book placed on the table. Draw its diagram.

Set A Oct 2021

Answer: Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that for every action, there
is an equal and opposite reaction.

On keeping a book placed on the table

 The book exerts a downward force on the table due to its weight (the force of
gravity acting on it).
 In response, the table exerts an equal and opposite force upward on the book.

29. State Newton’s third law of motion. Using this law, show that total
momentum of the interacting bodies before collision is equal to the total
momentum after collision.

ESS set B APRIL 2023

Answer: Momentum of a body is the product of its mass and its velocity.

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Let F12 be the action force acting on a body and F21 be the reaction force acting on
the body. According to Newton's third law on every action, there is equal and
opposite reaction. Therefore:

F12= −F21
m 1 v 1 −m 1 u 1 m 2 v 2 −m 2 u 2
=
t t

m1 v1 − m1 u1 = m2 v2 − m2 u2

Pf = Pi

This is law of conservation of momentum.

30. Show that forces always exist in pairs.

Set A Oct 2019, Set B Oct 2019, Set C Oct 2019

Answer: Newton's 3rd Law: If an object A exerts a force on object B, then object
B must exert a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction back on object A.
This law signifies a particular symmetry in nature: forces always occur in pairs,
and one body cannot exert a force on another without experiencing a force itself.

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5. Conservation of momentum

31. A body of mass 1 kg initially at rest explodes and breaks into three
fragments of masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The two pieces of equal mass fly off
perpendicular to each other with a speed of 30 m s–1 each. Find the velocity
of the heavier fragment.

SET A APRIL 2024

Answer: The mass of the body M initially is M is 1 kg

1
Then the mass of the first fragment is m1= × 1= 0.2kg
5
1
The mass of the second fragment is m2= × 1= 0.2kg
5
3
The mass of the third fragment is m3 = × 1= 0.6kg
5

We are given the velocity of the two fragments m1 and m2 is v = 15 m/s

So the initial momentum becomes zero as the initial value of the velocity is zero
So now let's calculate the final momentum of the all the fragments
We get the value of the final fragments as below:
The momentum is defined as the product of mass time’s velocity and hence we
get the value of the momentum of the first particle as:
𝑝1 = 𝑚1 𝑣 = 0.2 × 15 = 3𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
The momentum of the second particle as:
𝑝2 = 𝑚2 𝑣 = 0.2 × 15 = 3𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠

Now the third particle flows in a direction perpendicular to the momentum of the
first and second particle so we get the value of the momentum of the third
particle as:
𝑝3 = 𝑝12 + 𝑝22
The value of the momentum of the third particle is obtained and hence the value

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of the speed of the third particle can be found as: 𝑝3 = 32 + 32 = 3 2𝑘𝑔𝑚/

𝑠 −1 .
𝑝3 3 2
Thus the velocity of the third piece 𝑣3 = = = 5 2𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑚3 0.6

32. State law of conservation of linear momentum. Using this law obtain the
expression for recoil velocity of a Gun of mass M, if a bullet of mass m and
velocity v is fired from it.

OSS set B April 2023

Answer: Consider a gun of mass m from which a bullet of mass m is fired with
velocity v.

Before firing, both the gun and bullet are at rest, so the total initial momentum of
the system is: Initial Momentum = 0

After firing, the bullet moves with velocity v in one direction, while the gun recoils
with velocity V in the opposite direction.

The final momentum of the system is:

Momentum of bullet + Momentum of gun = mv + M(−V)

Since momentum is conserved, 0 = mv – MV  mv = MV

 mv = MV
mv
Recoil velocity of gun = V =
M

This equation shows that the heavier the gun, the smaller the recoil velocity.

33. Starting from the third law of motion, derive the law of conservation of
linear momentum.

set A April 2022, set C April 2022

Or

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34.(a) State the law of conservation of momentum and derive it from Newton’s
third law of motion.

(b) Two trolleys of mass m each, coupled together and moving with a certain
velocity v, collide with an exactly similar pair of stationary trolleys. Considering
the collision to be elastic, use the law of conservation of momentum to find the
velocity of the combination of all the trolleys after collision.

April 2012

Answer:
(a) Newton’s third law states that for a force applied by an object A on object B,
object B exerts back an equal force in magnitude, but opposite in direction.
Consider two colliding particles A and B whose masses are m1 and m2 with initial
and final velocities as u1 and v1 of A and u2 and v2 of B. The time of contact
between two particles is given as t.

m1u1 + m2u2 is the momentum of A and B before collision and m1v2 + m2v2 is the
momentum of A and B after collision.

So we can say that momentum is conserved.

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6. Equilibrium

35.The net force on a kite held stationary in the sky is-

A. 1N
B. Increasing
C. 0 N
D. Decreasing
sample paper
Answer: C. 0 N

36. A body is to be kept in equilibrium under some forces. The minimum

number of coplanar forces required for this purpose is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

SET A OCT 2024, SET B OCT 2024, SET C OCT 2024

Answer: (B) 3

37. Draw a vector diagram for three concurrent force acting at a point in such a
way that these forces are in equilibrium.

Set B Oct 2021

Answer:
120°
120°

120°

38. Read the passage given below and answer any two of the four questions
that follow it : 1×2=2

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To find the net force acting on a body, we consider only the external forces.
Because, all internal forces between its molecules will add to zero as per the
Newton’s third law of motion. The same law also tells us that to find the various
external forces acting on the body, we will have to take into account the various
bodies in the surroundings of the body which interact with it.

The net force acting on the body is determined geometrically by applying the
law of polygon or algebraically by applying the method of resolution of vectors.

The body is in translational equilibrium if the net force acting on the body is
zero.

(a) While calculating the resultant force acting on a body, why do we not take
into account the interaction forces between its molecules?
(b) What is the condition under which a body stays in equilibrium under two
forces?
(c) What are the conditions under which a body stays in equilibrium under three
forces?
(d) A book is placed on a table. What are the various forces acting on the book?

SET A APRIL 2024

Answer: (a) We do not consider the interaction forces between the molecules of
a body because these forces are internal and cancel out each other due to
Newton’s Third Law of Motion. Only external forces contribute to the net force
acting on the body.

(b) A body remains in equilibrium under two forces if the two forces are equal in
magnitude, opposite in direction, and act along the same line.

(c) A body stays in equilibrium under three forces if:

- The three forces are concurrent (they meet at a single point).

- The vector sum of the three forces is zero (i.e., they form a closed triangle
when represented as vectors).

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(d) The forces acting on the book are:

- The gravitational force (weight) acting downward due to Earth's gravity.

- The normal reaction force exerted by the table acting upward, equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to the weight of the book, ensuring
equilibrium.

7. Friction

Subtopics: static , kinetic , rolling friction, simple pulley, coefficient of friction

39. A body of mass ‘m’ just starts sliding down an inclined plane when the plane
make an angle of 30° with the vertical. The coefficient of friction between
the surface of the plane and the block will be :
𝟏 𝐦𝐠
(A) (B) 𝟑 (C) (D) 𝟑 mg
𝟑 𝟑

SET A OCT 2024, SET B OCT 2024, SET C OCT 2024

Answer: (B) 3

40. A block of mass ‘m’ is held on a rough inclined surface of inclination θ. Show
in a diagram various forces acting on the block.

Set A Oct 2021, Set C Oct 2021

Answer:

41.Define:
(a) coefficient of friction and
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(b) coefficient of kinetic friction.

Oct 2021 Set A, Oct 2021 Set B, Oct 2021 Set C

Answer:

Coefficient of friction –: The coefficient of friction (μ) between two surfaces is

the ratio of their limiting frictional force to the normal force between them.
𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐅
μ= 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
=
𝐑

Coefficient of kinetic friction –: the coefficient of kinetic friction (μs) between

two surfaces is the ratio of force of kinetic friction to the normal force between
them.
𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐅𝐤
μs = 𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
=
𝐑

42. A block of mass 2 kg placed on an inclined plane just slides down when its
angle of inclination is 45°. Calculate the
(i) coefficient of friction between the surfaces of inclined plane and block
(ii) acceleration of the block when angle of inclination of the plane is 30°
(iii) magnitude of frictional force when angle of inclination is 30° (g=10 ms-2 )

Set A OCT 2017

Answer: Mass of block = 2 kg

Inclination of plane = 45°
(i) Coefficient of friction (μ)
As the block just starts moving we will take
Fs = F g
Where
Fs = Limiting friction

Fg = force of attraction of gravity

Now as
Fs = μN

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Fs = μ mass × g × cos 45°

Also,
Fg = mass × g × cos 45°

 Fs = μ × Fg

And as Fs = Fg
Fs Fs
μ= =
Fg Fs

μ=1
(ii) acceleration of the block when angle of inclination of the plane is 30°
First we will find out Limiting friction
As Fs = μN

Fs = μ × mass × g × sin 30°

 Fs = 1 × 2 × 9.8 × sin 30°

1
 Fs = 2 × 9.8 ×
2
 Fs = 9.8
Now As Fg = mass × g × cos 30°
3
 Fg = 2 × 9.8 ×
2

 Fg = 9.8 3
So total Force working
F = Fs – Fg

 F = 9.8 – 9.8 3

 F = 9.8 (1 – 3)

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total force 9.8 (1 – 3)

Now as acceleration, a = =
mass 2
9.8 (1 – 3)
So, it will have a acceleration of m/s2 or in the direction of gravitation
2
force of earth or opposite of the direction of friction .

(iii) Magnitude of Frictional Force at 30°

Since the block does not move, static friction adjusts to balance the force down
the plane.

F = m g sin 30°
1
 F = 2 × 9.8 × = 9.8 N
2

43.Give any two methods of reducing friction between two surfaces.

SET A APRIL 2024

Answer: Two methods of reducing friction between two surfaces are:

1. Lubrication:

Lubricants, such as oil or grease, are substances applied between surfaces to

reduce friction by creating a thin film that separates them, preventing direct
contact and reducing the forces of friction.

2. Surface Smoothing:

Making the surfaces in contact smoother by polishing or using techniques to

reduce surface roughness can also minimize friction.

44.Read the passage and answer the questions that follow it. 1 X 2

Friction between any two surfaces in contact is the force that opposes the
relative motion between them. The force of limiting friction (F) between any
two surfaces in contact is directly proportional to the normal reaction (R)
between them i .e . , F ∝ R or F= 𝜇 , where 𝜇 is coefficient of limiting friction ,
then 𝜇 = tan𝜃.

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Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv):

(i) The maximum force of static friction between a pair of surfaces is

independent of:
(a) mass of the body (b) coefficient of
friction (c) area of contact (d)
acceleration due to gravity
(ii) Unit of coefficient of limiting friction:
(a) N (b) Nm (c) N/m (d) unitless
(iii) Arrange in ascending order ; μr, μk, and μms (i.e. coefficient of rolling
friction, coefficient of kinetic friction, coefficient of maximum static friction
respectively.)
(a)μk ˂ μr ˂ μms (b)μr ˂ μk ˂ μms (c)μms ˂ μr ˂ μ (d)none of these

(iv) The value of static friction acting on the body at rest which is under the
influence of applied external force of 5 N is:
(a) 0 N (b) 5 N (c) 10 N (d) 2.5 N

Sample paper

Answer:
(i) (c) area of contact
(ii) (d) unitless
(iii) (b) μr< μk < μms
(iv) (b) 5 N

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 Questions from mixed topics

45. State Newton’s three laws of motion.

April set A 2022, April set C 2022, Set A Oct 2014, Set B Oct 2014, Set C Oct
2014

Or

46. State the three laws of motion. Use the first law to define force and inertia
and the second law to define acceleration.

April set A 2017

Answer:
1. First law of motion or law of inertia:

 A body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless
acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
 An object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction, unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

Definition of Inertia: Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist any change in its
state of motion or rest.

Definition of Force (using First Law): Force is an external influence that can
change the state of rest or motion of an object.

2. Second law of motion or law of acceleration:

The rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the

applied force and takes place in the direction of the force.
Mathematically,
F = ma

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Where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.

Definition of Acceleration (using Second Law): Acceleration is the rate at which

the velocity of an object changes due to an applied force.

3. Third law of motion or law of action to reaction:

 For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

 If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and
opposite force on object A.

47. (a) Why a passenger falls backward when a bus suddenly starts moving from
rest?

(b) Three forces 𝐅𝟏 , 𝐅𝟐 and 𝐅𝟑 act along the three sides of a triangle taken in
order, show that: 𝐅𝟏 , 𝐅𝟐 + 𝐅𝟑 = 0

OSS set C April 2023

Answer: (a) According to Newton’s First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia), an

object at rest tends to remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

 When the bus is at rest, the passenger’s body is also at rest.

 When the bus suddenly starts moving forward, the lower part of the
passenger’s body (in contact with the bus) moves with it.
 However, the upper part of the passenger’s body tends to remain at rest due
to inertia, causing the passenger to fall backward.

This effect happens because the body resists a change in its state of motion.

(b) According to the triangle law of vector addition, if two vectors A and B are
represented as two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their sum is equal to
the third side taken in the opposite direction.

Mathematically,

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F1 + F2 = −F3

Rearranging,

F1+ F2 + F3 = 0

Since the sum of the three vectors forming a closed triangle is zero,
Thus, the forces are in equilibrium, meaning no net force acts on the system

48.Match Column - I statement with the right option of Column - II. 2

Column - I Column - II
(i) Law of conservation of linear momentum (a) F = μR
(ii) Expression for friction force (b) F = ma
(c) Ptotal= Constant
SET A OCT 2024, SET B OCT 2024, SET C OCT 2024

Answer: (i) Law of conservation of linear momentum = (c) Ptotal= Constant

(ii) Expression for friction force = (a) F = μR

49. Complete the sentence using following words:

(Attempt any two parts from following questions (i to iv))
[more, force, linear momentum, inertia, isolated, less] 1X2
a) Total linear momentum of ______ system is conserved.
b) The rate of change of momentum is higher when force is _______.
c) The fielder lowers his hands to catch a ball, just to minimize the _______.
d) Recoil of the gun is based on law of conservation of ________.

Sample paper

Answer: a) isolated, b) more, c) force, d) lin

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