Drilling Hydraulics Notes

Basics: Flowrate and Pressures due to flowrates.

Total Pressure losses in the circulating system:

P surf friction pumping through the surface equipment

Pdp in friction pumping through the drillpipe
P Bit due to forcing the fluid through bit nozzles (want as much of this as possible)
Pan in friction pumping from the bit to surface in the annulus.

What do we want to do with the mud hydraulically?

-To clean the hole from drilled cuttings by good mud properties and annular velocity
-WENB E-5 (aim for 45 m/min)
-To assist the ROP by expending as much hydraulic energy at the bit as possible.
-To keep the well under primary control.

Coaching October 2015 1

 Drilling Hydraulics Notes

Basics: Flowrate and Pressures due to flowrates.

Considerations to bear in mind when deciding on Flowrate:

Hole cleaning
Equivalent Circulating Density.
Annulus flow regime.

Hole cleaning:
Typically Avs are in the range SOft/min (large hole) to 90-120ft/min (smaller holes)
Guidelines in DLP for minimum AV in terms of mud weight.

ECD:
Ideally like to keep this as low as practical, to avoid excess pressure on formation.

Annulus flow regime : LAMINAR

Minimum Annular velocity is to clean the hole.
Maximum annular velocity is the CRITICAL VELOCITY

Coaching October 2015 2

 Drilling Hydraulics Notes

Basics: Flowrate and Pressures due to flowrates.

Pressure Loss Calculations:

-See DENB Section E

-Basic formula : Ps = c QAN ( parasitic losses )

Pt = Ps + Pbit.

Pt = c.QAN + Pbit

Coaching October 2015 3

 Drilling Hydraulics Notes

Basics: Flowrate and Pressures due to flowrates.

Mud Carrying Capacity :

Depends on many factors but notable on annular velocity and mud properties.

Effective mud density:

In the annulus as a function of ROP. If have weak formations may need to slow ROP
(or increase flowrate) to maintain low effective annulus mud density.

Cuttings slip velocity:

Cuttings will settle in a static mud (depending on cuttings size and mud rheology),
and will slip through a moving fluid stream.

Transport velocity of cuttings: Vt=Van-Vs

Transport Ratio is defined TR= Vt/Van = 1- Vs/Van

TR should generally be ca 60-70%, i.e. Van should be 2 to 3 times the slip velocity.

Coaching October 2015 4

 Drilling Hydraulics Notes

Optimising Bit Hydraulics.

Means- Making optimum use of available power: Pump pressure/flowrate
Most often, surface pressure is the limitation.

Procedure:
1) Do 2 or 3-rate pump test before POOH.
2) Calc. P-Bit for each rate, and then Psys for each rate: Psys = Pt- PBit.
3) From Ps= c Q"N: calculate Nl,N2,N3 .. and N average
calculate cl,c2,c3 .. and c average

To calculate Q opt, and Nozzle opt, based on a max available surf pressure ,Pt

For Opt HHP: Psys = Pt/(N+l), gives Psys, which gives Q opt, and Pbit=Pt-Psys.
Qopt and Pbit give Area for nozzles.

For Opt JIF: Psys = 2 Pt/(N+2), gives Psys, which gives Q opt, and Pbit=Pt-Psys.
Qopt and Pbit give Area for nozzles

Coaching October 2015 5

 Derrick Load Calculations

Hook Load
=Weight of ev erything hanging from. the Crown.

HL =Weight of Block
+B-uoyant weight of the Drill String

Under Static conditions

HL
The Tension(static)in the block line, = N

2
Static Derrick Load= FLL + HL + DLL = (N + ) * HL

WE Rl Coaching March 2016 1

 Derrick Load Calculations

Under Dynamic conditions:

Tension in the f astline increases:

Dynam.ic Fast line Load (DFLL)

HL
= Dyna·m.ic Fastline Factor * -
N

HL
The Dead line Load is assu·med unchanged
N

HL)
The Dynam.ic Derrick Load= DFLF * ( N + HL + HL
N

WE Rl Coaching March 2016 2

 Block line Work

Block line Safety Factor: Breaking Strength of BL I Dynamic FLL

Block line Safety Factors Shell: Normal Drilling Ops: 5 or higher

Minimum Safety Factors Shell: Drilling 3.5
Casing 2.5

Minimum Safety Factors API: Drilling 3

Casing 2

Work Done Calculations: see DENB B-3 for formulae:

Tr -Round Trip
Tc- Running Casing
Td- Drilling.

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 Block line Work

Important Note:

Only drilling work-done, should be adjusted for the Relative Service

factor, corresponding to the safety factor at the 2nd depth. I. e. Work
out the safety factor at depth 2 and find out the relative safety factor
and divide the work-done calculated as above, to the RSF. This converts
the WD to an equivalent WD at SF of 5.

Allowed Work Done between Cuts:

To calculate length to be cut: DEN8, 8-4 derrick Height and drum diam,
gives Laps to cut .
Convert to length. (1}
DEN8 8-5 gives the WD per meter of 8L cut. {2}
Calculate the WD between cuts = 1 * 2

WE Rl Coaching March 2016 4

 Blockline Work

Slipping Programme:
The frequency of slips can vary between 2 or 3 slips to almost 7 slips
between cut-offs. Number of slips should be increased if drilling is
tough or a lot of jarring jobs occur.

Slipping in such a manner that too much line piles up on the drum
before cut-off should be avoided.

Slipping that causes an extra layer on the drum should particularly be

avoided. In slipping the line, the rope should be slipped an amount
such that no part of the rope will be located for a second time in a
position of severe wear.

The cumulative number of feet slipped between cut-offs should be

equal to the recommended number of feet for ton-mile cut-off For
example; if cutting of 80ft every BOO ton miles, 20ft should be slipped
every 200 ton miles and the 80ft of line cut off on the 4th slip.

WE Rl Coaching March 2016 5

 Power Calculations

Field Units 51 Units

HP =
Pull ( lbs ) x Speed ( ft I sec) kW = Pull(N) x (m l sec)
Hoisting Power 550 1000
Pull ( lbs ) x Speed ( ft I min
HP =
33 ,000

HP = Torque(lbs.ft) x (rpm) kW = Torque(Nm) x (rpm)

Rotary Power 5250
9549

HP = Pr ess(psi) x Q(gpm) kW = Press(kPa)x Q(m 3 lsec)

Hydraulic
1714
Power

NOTES
lHP = 746Watts
(Watts)= Volts x Amps
RotaryPowe r(Watts) =Volts x Amps= 2 x IT x T(Nm) x (revs I sec)
Drum Speed (ft I sec)= IT x D(ft) x (revs I sec)= Fast Line Speed
Hoisting Speed= Drum Speed I No Of Lines VA \1) \(( ~ f'l' ',
f. leci""'- Qv-vw- ~ ; ~ ~~" J f .J - J "" s----c:- 5
~
WE Rl Coaching March 2016 6
 Blockline Management Summary

1. 81ockline Safety Factor: Breaking Strength of BL I Dynamic FLL

2. Slip and Cut based on cumulative Workdone:

-Derrick height+ Drum diam gives cut off length.
- 81ockline type gives allowed WD (MJ) perm of line
-Then, from above, calculate MJ between cuts.

- Normally slip ca 3 times and cut on the third slip.

WE Rl Coaching March 2016 7

 Drill String Design

Part-1: The BHA for given WOB.

Use only DC's for WOB. Keep the DP in Tension.

Ldc * Wdc app * BF = 1.15 WOB. Gives Ldc

Include a jar on top of DCs and 2 extra DCs above the Jar (for jar operation).

BHA is then : Ldc +Jar+ 2xDC.

(DP may only be used in compression in deviated holes >45 deg, and hole size
of 8 ~or less. Then the maximum weight of DP that can be used in
compression is 90% of the critical buckling force)

Part-2: Transition from DC to DP.

Check the Stiffness Ratio: DC/DP
Stiffness Ratio= Z lower/Z upper.
Z= (pi / 32)* ( 00"4-10"4)/0D
Note: Z={I/C), see WENB C26 and DDHB 837 {*1/2)
For routine drilling SR must be less than 5.5
For severe drilling SR must be less than 3.5

Drill String Design Calculations 1

 Drill String Design

Part-2: continued: Transition from DC to DP

Checking the SR will almost always indicate that you need HWDP as a
transition. Common practice here is to anyway use 9 joints of HWDP as
transition.

So BHA becomes: Ldc-Jar-2xDC-9xHWDP.

Calculate the BHA weight (dry and buoyant)

Drill String Design Calculations 2

 Drill String Design

Part-3: Designing the Drillstring with which to run the BHA

Normally there are two DS Design Criteria:

1 Margin of Overpull (MOP)

Allow enough spare tensile capacity in the string, to be able to pull a certain
amount (MOP) in excess of the neutral string weight. (in case of drag I sticking
etc)

2 Slip crushing avoidance

Design out potential damage to the DS when it is landed in the slips due to
crushing by the slips. (Design factors are given on DENB C-24 for slip length
and friction factor. )

You may be asked to design for either one criterion, or for both together.

Drill String Design Calculations 3

 Drill String Design

Part-3: continued ..... Designing the Drillstring with which to run the BHA

Procedure: Design from the bottom up and weakest pipe at the bottom

For example: A Combination Drillstring of 5", 19.5 lb/ft premium E,G,S pipe :

*For theE pipe: Ts = 138,600 daN: Max Allowable pull= 138,600/1.18 = 117,458 daN

1. For MOP criterion: Pw1 (Working Load)= 117,458- MOP

2. For slip crushing criterion: Pw2 (Working Load)= 117,458/ DF (sc)

Design for the minimum of Pw1 and Pw2

When you design for the minimum, both criteria are satisfied.

Pw = Load hanging from top joint of the DP you are designing

Pw =Min (Pw1, Pw2) = ( BHA + LE of E-Pipe x App wt/m ] x BF

this gives LE, and then Weight of E pipe (dry) = LEx App wt/m of E pipe

Drill Stnng Design Calculations 4

 Drill String Design

Part-3: continued ..... Designing the Drillstring with which to run the BHA

**For the G pipe: Ts = 194,000 daN: Max Allowable pull= 194,000/1.18 = 164,407 daN

1. For MOP criterion: Pw1 (Working Load)= 164,407- MOP

2. For slip crushing criterion: Pw2 (Working Load)= 164,407I OF (sc)

Design for the minimum of Pw1 and Pw2

(When you design for the minimum, both criteria are satisfied)

Pw = Load hanging from top joint of the DP you are designing

Pw =Min (Pw1, Pw2) = [ BHA +Weight E(dry) + LG of G-Pipe x App wt/m ] x BF

this gives LG, and then Weight of G pipe (dry)= LG x App wt/m of G pipe

Drill String Design Calculations 5

 Drill String Design

Part-3: continued ..... Designing the Drillstring with which to run the BHA

***For the S pipe: Ts = 249,400 daN: Max Allowable pull= 249,400/1.18 = 211,356 daN

1. For MOP criterion: Pw1 (Working Load)= 211,356- MOP

2. For slip crushing criterion: Pw2 (Working Load)= 211,356 I DF (sc)

Design for the minimum of Pw1 and Pw2

(When you design for the minimum, both criteria are satisfied)

Pw = Load hanging from top joint of the DP you are designing

Pw =Min (Pw1, Pw2) = [ BHA + W of E(dry) +W of G(dry) + LS of S-Pipe x App wt/m ] x BF

this gives LS, and then Weight of S pipe (dry)= LS x App wt/m of S pipe

Drill String Design Calculations 6

 Dri II String Design

NOTE: Unless otherwise instructed in the drill string design question:

For DP Tensile Strengths- Use the values for Premium Pipe

For DP Weights per unit length- Use the values for New Pipe

If specifically instructed to use "New Pipe" Tensile strengths:

Use the vales from the Shell DENB- (Shell has discounted the theoretical values by 12.5%
to account for manufacturing tolerance)

Always state your assumptions clearly.

Always make neat labelled tables of data I calculated values.

Always make a clear drawing - otherwise- you are likely to make errors.

Drill String Design Calculations 7

 Drill String Design

NOTE: DRILL STRING DESIGN FACTORS

Maximum Allowable Tensile Load: Divide the Tensile Yield Strength (DENB) by 1.18

For Excess BHA weight: Multiply required WOB by 1.15

For DP MU Torque: None,- use the calculate values 1.0

For Collapse: Divide by 1.18

For Burst: Divide by 1.18

WDLP Page 6/1/50

Drill String Design Calculations 8

 Drill String Design

NOTE: DRILL STRING DESIGN FACTORS

Maximum Allowable Tensile Load: Divide the Tensile Yield Strength (DENB) by 1.18

For Excess BHA weight: Multiply required WOB by 1.15

For DP MU Torque: None,- use the calculate values 1.0

For Collapse: Divide by 1.18

For Burst: Divide by 1.18

WDLP Page 6/1/50

Drill String Design Calculations 9

 Drill String Design

NOTE : TORQUE

Maximum allowable Pipe Body Torque of pipe under Tension

us4- 1 * Jc];'}) 2 - c~l

Q = -----'-----
D

rr * (D4- d4)
Q = Torqu.e ( Nm), j =Polar moment of lne-rtia(m4 ) = ""' ,

YM =Minimum. Yield stress (Pa), DF = 1.15

P =Tensile Load(N), A= cross sectional area ofpipe(m 2 ) ,
D and din (rn) ~ = C ~l109 , see WENB C26 for values of f .see al.so DDHB B37

Torque applied to the Drill String should never exceed the lowest Tooljoint MU Torque.
And also never exceed the maximum pipe body value above.

The allowable pipe body torque DECREASES with applied tension.

Tool Joint MU Torques depend only on the connection type and the dimensions of the TJ
See DENB C-30 to 34.

Drill String Design Calculations 10

 Drill String Design

NOTES:

Stuck pipe condition

If the string becomes stuck, in Shell it is assumed that buoyancy is no longer effective

Pressure Testing
Calculate the induced Tension:
2 2
PKPA * n * UDcsc - ODDP )Mz * 100 (daN)
Tension = 4

Compare with the Maximum allowable Pull

Tensile strength
PMAx ALLowABLE= .. ,., ,.. (daN)

Drill String Design Calculations 11