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Sat Look Angles

The document discusses the concepts of elevation and azimuth angles in relation to satellite communication, detailing how these angles affect signal propagation through the Earth's atmosphere. It outlines the necessary information for determining look angles for geostationary satellites, including the earth station's latitude and longitude, and the sub-satellite point's longitude. Additionally, it introduces the geometry of spherical and plane triangles involved in calculating these angles, including the application of Napier's rules for solving the spherical triangle.

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Omkar Naik
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6 views24 pages

Sat Look Angles

The document discusses the concepts of elevation and azimuth angles in relation to satellite communication, detailing how these angles affect signal propagation through the Earth's atmosphere. It outlines the necessary information for determining look angles for geostationary satellites, including the earth station's latitude and longitude, and the sub-satellite point's longitude. Additionally, it introduces the geometry of spherical and plane triangles involved in calculating these angles, including the application of Napier's rules for solving the spherical triangle.

Uploaded by

Omkar Naik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite look angles

Elevation Angle(EA)

The vertical angle formed between the direction


of travel of EM wave radiated from an earth
station antenna pointing directly toward a
satellite and the horizontal plane.
Elevation Angle

• Smaller the EA,the greater the distance a propagated


wave must pass through Earth’s atmosphere.

• •Longer the distance travelled, greater is its


deterioration due to absorption and contamination by
noise.

• •Generally,5˚ is considered as the minimum acceptable


EA
Azimuth Angle

• •It is defined as the horizontal pointing angle


of the Earth Station.It is measured
eastward(clockwise)

• •Azimuth is the horizontal angular distance


from a reference direction,either southern or
northern most point of the horizon
Elevation and Azimuth Angle
Determining look angles for the
geostationary orbit
The three pieces of information that are needed:
1. The earth station latitude, denoted by λE
2. The earth station longitude, denoted by ΦE
3. The longitude of the sub-satellite point, denoted by ΦSS (
often this is referred to as satellite longitude)
• Latitude North will be taken as positive angles, Latitude
South as negative angles.
• Longitude East will be taken as positive angles, and
longitude West as negative angles.
• Average Radius of the earth will be used. Denoted by R (=
6371 km).
The Geometry involved in this is shown in the
fig. 3.1.
Here ES denoted the position of the earth
station, SS the sub satellite point, S the
satellite, and d is the range from the earth
station to the satellite. The angle σ to be
determined.

There are two types of triangles involved in


the geometry in fig 3.1.

The spherical triangle, and the plane triangle.


Triangles
• There are two types of triangles involved in the
geometry of Fig. 3.1, the spherical triangle shown in
heavy outline in Fig. 3.2a and the plane triangle of
Fig. 3.2b.
• Considering first the spherical triangle, the sides are
all arcs of great circles, and these sides are defined
by the angles subtended by them at the center of
the earth.
• Side a is the angle between the radius to the north
pole and the radius to the subsatellite point, and it
is seen that a 90°.
Spherical triangle
• A spherical triangle in which one side is
90° is called a quadrantal triangle.
• Angle b is the angle between the radius
to the earth station and the radius to
the subsatellite point.
• Angle c is the angle between the radius
to the earth station and the radius to
the north pole. From Fig. 3.2a it is seen
that c 90° E.
Angles…
• There are six angles in all defining the spherical
triangle.
• The three angles A, B, and C are the angles between
the planes.
• Angle A is the angle between the plane containing c
and the plane containing b.
• Angle B is the angle between the plane containing c
and the plane containing a.
• From Fig. 3.2a, B =ØE - ØSS. It will be shown shortly
that the maximum value of B is 81.3°.
• Angle C is the angle between the plane containing
b and the plane containing a.
To summarize to this point, the information known
about the spherical triangle is
• Note that when the earth station is west of the
subsatellite point, B is negative, and when east, B is
positive.
• When the earth station latitude is north, c is less
than 90°, and when south, c is greater than 90°.
• Special rules, known as Napier’s rules, are used to
solve the spherical triangle
• these have been modified here to take into account
the signed angles B and E. Only the result will be
stated here. Napier’s rules gives angle b as
Calculations….
Napier’s rules gives angle b as
A and Az
•The preceding results do not take into account the
case when the earth station is on the equator.
Obviously, when the earth station is directly under
the satellite, the elevation is 90°, and the azimuth is
irrelevant.
• When the subsatellite point is east of the
equatorial earth station (B < 0), the azimuth is 90°,
and when west (B >0), the azimuth is 270°.
• the range as determined by Eq. (3.11) is
approximate, and where more accurate values are
required, as, for example, where propagation times
need to be known accurately, the range is
determined by measurement.
Azimuth calculation as function of subsatellite point location with
respect to earth station
El and Slant Range calculations..

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