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The document provides an overview of satellite communication systems, including their basic concepts, elements, and types, as well as the frequency allocation process managed by the ITU. It discusses geostationary satellites, their advantages and disadvantages, and the principles of orbital mechanics and elements. Additionally, it details satellite subsystems, telemetry, tracking, command, and monitoring systems essential for satellite operations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views7 pages

SC Mid 1 Imp

The document provides an overview of satellite communication systems, including their basic concepts, elements, and types, as well as the frequency allocation process managed by the ITU. It discusses geostationary satellites, their advantages and disadvantages, and the principles of orbital mechanics and elements. Additionally, it details satellite subsystems, telemetry, tracking, command, and monitoring systems essential for satellite operations.

Uploaded by

Aashritha Duddu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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*This is made using sirs pdf given to chatgpt *

Unit 1

1)Satellite Communications Systems-Basic concepts and elements.

A communication satellite is an artificial orbiting body that receives signals from a ground station,
amplifies and processes them, and retransmits them to another ground station. It acts as an active
transmission relay similar to terrestrial relay towers.

Elements of a Satellite Communication System

1. Space Segment

o Includes the satellite(s) and the Tracking, Telemetry, Command, and Monitoring
(TTC&M) station, which controls satellite operations.

2. Ground Segment

o Fixed Terminals (e.g., satellite TV receivers).

o Transportable Terminals (e.g., satellite news-gathering trucks).

o Mobile Terminals (e.g., maritime and aeronautical communication).

Types of Satellites

1. Passive Satellites: Reflect signals without amplification (e.g., Echo-I).

2. Active Satellites: Amplify and retransmit signals, requiring onboard power.

Satellite Control Functions

• Tracking the satellite.

• Receiving and processing data.

• Station-keeping to adjust satellite position.

• Switching ON/OFF subsystems as required.

Satellite communication plays a vital role in broadcasting, navigation, and military applications,
providing global coverage and reliable communication.

2)Frequency allocation process for satellite services.

The allocation of frequencies for satellite services is a complex process that requires international
coordination and planning. This is managed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).
World Division for Frequency Allocation

The ITU has divided the world into three regions for frequency allocation:

1. Region 1: Europe, Africa, and Mongolia.

2. Region 2: North & South America, Greenland.

3. Region 3: Asia (excluding Region 1 areas), Australia, and the Pacific.

Frequency Bands for Satellite Services

Different satellite services are assigned specific frequency bands:

• Fixed Satellite Service (FSS): Uses C-band (4.0-8.0 GHz) for telephone and television
transmission.

• Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS): Uses Ku-band (12.0-18.0 GHz) for direct broadcasting to
homes.

• Mobile & Navigational Satellite Services: Uses VHF (0.1-0.3 GHz) and L-band (1.0-2.0 GHz)
for mobile and GPS navigation.

• Meteorological Satellite Services: Used for weather monitoring and search & rescue
operations.

Common Frequency Bands in Satellite Communication

• C-band (4.0-8.0 GHz) → Fixed Satellite Services (FSS).

• Ku-band (12.0-18.0 GHz) → Direct Broadcast Services (BSS).

• L-band (1.0-2.0 GHz) → Mobile & Navigational Satellite Services.

The frequency allocation process ensures that different satellite services operate efficiently without
interference, enabling reliable telecommunication, broadcasting, and navigation worldwide.

3) Geostationary or geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites.

GEO satellites are synchronous with respect to Earth, meaning they appear stationary when viewed
from a fixed point on Earth. These satellites are placed in a circular orbit 35,786 km (≈36,000 km)
above Earth's surface, directly above the equator.

Conditions for a Geostationary Orbit

1. The satellite must be at 36,000 km altitude.

2. It must travel at the same speed as Earth's rotation (eastward).

3. Its inclination must be 0° (equatorial orbit).

Advantages of GEO Satellites


• Covers 1/3rd of Earth’s surface → Only three satellites can provide global coverage.

• Ideal for TV & radio broadcasting, weather forecasting, and telephone networks.

• Minimal Doppler shift, making them stable for communication.

Disadvantages of GEO Satellites

• High transmission delay (~250 ms) due to long distance.

• High power requirement for communication.

• Poor coverage in polar regions.

• Expensive to launch and maintain.

GEO satellites are widely used for broadcasting, communication, and weather monitoring, making
them a backbone of global telecommunications.

Unit 2

1) Orbital mechanics, Forces

Orbital mechanics deals with the motion of satellites under the influence of gravitational and
centrifugal forces. According to Newton’s Second Law (F = ma), a force acting on a satellite causes
acceleration. In a stable orbit, two primary forces act on the satellite:

1. Gravitational Force (Fin): This force pulls the satellite toward the Earth and is given by:

where G is the gravitational constant, Mₑ is Earth’s mass, and r is the satellite’s distance from Earth's
center.

2. Centrifugal Force (Fout): This outward force is due to the satellite’s velocity in orbit and is
given by:

For a stable orbit, these forces must be equal (Fin = Fout), leading to the orbital velocity equation:
where μ = G Mₑ is Kepler’s constant. This ensures the satellite remains in a fixed orbit without falling
toward Earth or escaping into space.

2) Orbital Elements.

Orbital elements define the size, shape, and orientation of a satellite’s orbit. The six Keplerian
Elements are:

1. Semi-Major Axis (a): The average distance of the satellite from Earth, determining orbit size.

2. Eccentricity (e): Defines orbit shape; e = 0 for circular, 0 < e < 1 for elliptical.

3. Inclination (i): The angle between the orbital plane and Earth’s equatorial plane, determining
orbit tilt.

4. Right Ascension of Ascending Node (Ω): The angle measuring the orbit’s orientation relative
to a fixed celestial reference.

5. Argument of Perigee (ω): The angle measuring the orientation of the orbit’s closest point
(perigee) relative to the ascending node.

6. True Anomaly (ν): The satellite’s position along the orbit at any given time, measured from
perigee.

These elements help in tracking and maintaining satellite orbits.

3) Look angle

Look angles are the Azimuth and Elevation angles required for a ground station antenna to point
directly at a satellite. These angles are calculated considering the satellite’s elliptical orbit and are
essential for tracking.

1. Azimuth Angle: The horizontal angle measured clockwise from true north to the satellite’s
position.

2. Elevation Angle: The vertical angle between the observer’s horizon and the satellite.

For geostationary satellites, look angles remain constant, allowing fixed antennas. However, for
moving satellites, tracking systems adjust the angles continuously.

Key Factors for Look Angle Calculation:

• Earth Station Latitude & Longitude

• Sub-Satellite Point (SSP) Longitude

• Satellite Coordinates

Large commercial antennas require precise tracking, while home antennas have broader
beamwidths and remain fixed.
4) Problems: Look angle, Elevation angle, Azimuth angle

Unit3

1) Satellite subsystems

1. Satellite Bus – The structural framework supporting all components, including power,
thermal control, and telemetry.

2. Attitude and Orbit Control System – Maintains satellite stability and positioning using spin
stabilization or three-axis stabilization.

3. Thermal Control System – Manages temperature fluctuations in space using thermal


blankets, radiation mirrors, and heat pumps.

4. Telemetry, Tracking, Command & Monitoring (TTC&M) – Ensures communication with


ground control for tracking, command execution, and system monitoring.

5. Power System – Provides electricity through solar panels and batteries, ensuring continuous
operation.

2) Telemetry, tracking.

The TTC&M subsystem is crucial for managing and maintaining a satellite’s operations from the
ground. It ensures communication between the satellite and the control station, allowing real-time
monitoring, control, and tracking of the satellite's status and position.

1. Telemetry

• Collects and transmits real-time data from the satellite to the ground station.

• Monitors critical parameters like power levels, temperature, fuel levels, and system status.

• Typically uses frequency or phase shift keying (FSK/PSK) for transmission.

• Data is sent in a time-division multiplexing (TDM) format with low data rates (a few kbps).

2. Tracking

• Determines the satellite’s position, orbit, and movement in space.

• Uses beacon signals received at ground stations to calculate position.

• Methods include:
o Doppler Shift Measurement: Determines velocity and movement.

o Time Delay Measurement: Calculates distance by analyzing signal delay.

o Angular Positioning: Uses earth-based sensors to track the satellite’s angle.

3. Command & Monitoring

• Sends instructions from the ground to control attitude, orbit, antenna pointing, and
transponder modes.

• Uses encrypted signals to prevent unauthorized access.

• Commands are transmitted multiple times to ensure accurate execution.

• A backup TTC&M system operates at UHF or S-band for emergency control if the primary
system fails.

Conclusion

The TTC&M subsystem is essential for tracking, monitoring, and controlling the satellite throughout
its mission, ensuring proper functioning and longevity.

3) Command and monitoring.

The Command and Monitoring system is a part of the Telemetry, Tracking, Command & Monitoring
(TTC&M) subsystem, ensuring proper operation and control of the satellite from the ground.

1. Command System

• Sends control signals from the ground station to the satellite.

• Used for adjusting attitude, orbital position, antenna orientation, power system control,
and transponder modes.

• Commands are sent multiple times to verify correct reception before execution.

• Security is crucial: commands are encrypted to prevent unauthorized access or interference.

• Important during launch, controlling boost motor firing, solar panel deployment, and
stabilization.

2. Monitoring System

• Continuously tracks the satellite's health by collecting data from onboard sensors.

• Monitors key parameters like battery levels, fuel status, thermal conditions, and
communication link performance.

• Provides real-time status updates to ground control.

• Detects faults and alerts the control station for corrective actions.

Conclusion
The Command and Monitoring system ensures smooth satellite operation by sending control signals
and tracking system health, playing a vital role in satellite mission success.

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