Diseases

Disease: is condition with specific cause in which part of all the body functions abnormally or less efficiently

Methods of disease transmission:

• Droplet infection
• Drinking contaminated water cholera / contaminated food typhoid
• Direct:skin infections
• Sexual intercourse: AIDS
• Vector : malaria

Course of disease:
1. Infection : entry of pathogen into the body
2. Incubation period: time between infections and sort of symptoms
3. Symptoms: patient experience like chills / pain

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4. Signs: what is seen heard or measure(blood pressure)

Distribution of diseases:
• Endemic: disease present in population of a particular geographic area
• Epidemic: disease spreading over a wide area
• Pandemic: disease spread across the world
Replication of virus

virus injects its genetic material into the host cell . The host cell will synthesize viral proteins, forming new viral particles.

Examples of disease caused by viruses: Influenza, poilomyelitis, HIV(AIDS), Ebola

Ebola virus

Symptoms of the virus:

• Red eyes
• Cough
• Vomit
• Rash
• Fever
• Diarrhea
• Headache

Severe disease caused by highly infectious virus

Transmission: By direct contact with body fluids of infected person(Saliva, Semen)

Treatments:
1. No prove in drug and no vaccine
2. Caring of patient and his symptoms( ORT And IV fluids)

Prevention of spread:
1. Avoid risk of transmission from animals, such as monkeys
2. Avoid risk of transmission from infected patients(Wearing gloves, Protective clothes, Hand washing)
3. Containing the outbreak: safe burials Of the dead, Isolation of sick people, Monitoring the contacts)
Influenza (A,B,C)

Influenza A and B types change Their antigen C Doesn’t

Influenza virus usually attacks The upper respiratory tract

Symptoms of influenza:
Chills
Aches
Fever
pain
Sore throat
Loss of appetite and fatigue

Antibiotic don’t work on viruses so we prescribe antiviral drugs to help the immune system

Some viruses can be vaccinated against but influenza A and B cannot

Poliomyelitis:
Transmitted via food contaminated with feces that contain Pollo virus

The virus is absorbed to reach the brain or spinal cord affecting soon certain nerves, and can
cause paralysis

Hygiene and vaccination against the virus is important

Course of HIV infection

HIV, in fact, type of white blood cells, which is T Helper cells

The genetic material incorporated into DNA of The lymphocytes
The infected cells is activated And Then produces proteins and viral Particles
Some of these viral particles and proteins are assembled into New viruses
Some Of the viral proteins represent themselves Onto the Helper lymphocytes cell membrane
Each HIV proteins are recognized As foreign particles
The immune system destroys this infected cell
Some of the newly assembled viruses escaped during the cell destruction to quickly. Enter new T Helper lymphocyte
Eventually the rate of thelper cell destruction will exceed the rate of synthesizing new ones.
This will cause the number of HIV to increase rabidly and affect other organs like the brain
The immune system is severely damaged and other microorganisms take advantage of this and invade the body

This usually occurs as a result of the opportunistic disease, such as TB that affect the body when the immune system was down

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Examples of disease caused by bacteria : typhoid , TB , gonorrhea , cholera , pneumonia

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Typhoid

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Caused by salmonella typhi

Transmitted via contaminated food and water

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When it reaches the intestine, it can damage to the epithelium and cause its bleeding and perforation
It could releases toxins to affect other organs like the heart

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Symptoms : pain, diarrhea

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Treatment : ORT , vaccine, antibiotic

Tuberculosis:
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Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Spread by droplets

formation seen by x-ray, and also the bacteria can spread to other organs

Treatment : Long-term antibiotic can cure the patient up to 18 months

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The bacteria finds its way to the lung where it causes a violent inflammatory response leading to tubercle

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Vaccination : BCG Given to newborn babies to prevent infection

Keeping places less crowded and increasing the standard of life in endemic places could help in controlling the
spread of TB

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Gonorrhea

Caused by neisseria gonorrhea

It is sexually transmitted disease

Symptoms : pus discharge from your urethra and painful urination

Infection, can cause infertility

Gonorrhea can be cured using antibiotic, but prevention is always better

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Examples of diseases caused by fungus (thrush , athletes foot)

Thrush

Caused by fungus called Candida albicans

When an infant takes a large dose of antibiotic to cure a bacteria infection, the large dose
of antibiotic kills the harmful bacteria, and the helpful bacteria causes the oral cavity to
have free species that the opportunistic fungus can take over , The overgrew on the tongue
gums forming a white membrane

Treatment : Antifungal drugs

Athletes foot

Caused by the overgrowth of fungus in the food due to the warmth , Moisture and
humid

Transmission:
Athletes tend To wear their training shoes for a very long period of time
Transmitted directly by air to skin
Transmitted indirectly via sharing towels and sport wears

Treatment : Antifungal drug

Example of disease caused by protozoa: malaria

Malaria
Caused by : Plasmodium malaria

Transmitted by female anopheles mosquito

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The disease is endemic in places that have suitable conditions for the

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vector to live In tropical areas: Humidity , warmth , stagnant ponds for
breeding in O

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Bilharziasis / schistosomiasis

Caused by schistosoma (parasite)

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1. When an infected person feces enters the water
2. Eggs in the feces enters the snail and mature to become larva

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3. The larva exits to swim and penetrate the human skin
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The larva then enter the blood to feed on the nutrients to become adult worm

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5. The adult worm sheds eggs that can pass on in the stools to start the cycle again

Schistosomiasis can cause liver diseases (cirrhosis) which can progress to liver cancer

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