‘Scanned with @camscanner ERA VII ; The World Since 1945Part A: The United Nations tant questions requires a two-thirds maj The Security Council ‘The Security Council has fifteen members. Five are permanent members, while ten ae nonpermanent members The fve pet Specialized Agencies as the status of women, banking, labor, trade, weather, tourism, and atomic energy. Activities and Challenges incising potentially dangerous situations dug the Cold War period, Peacekeeping forces have served in numerous conten- 461 gis SAS aaa ct PBL AONISOTHOM ALMA ‘Scanned with © camscannerDuring the nearly seven decades since its birth, perhaps the LUN’ greatest accomplishments have been creation of the Uni- SpGE FONIS CTHOM 3HL 1A C3 ed with Scanné © camscannerPart B: Western Europe and the Cold War ‘The Cold War and the Era ill | i #8 9 fe 1g "a anil and Turkey). To counter NATO, the Soviet Union and @ camscanner Germany Inthe years immediately after World War IL, the question of what to do about Germany caused mc son between he p= " in East Germany were put under Polish contro lies were unable to agree on a plan for German 485‘Par 8; Wear Eurapa andthe Cld War ‘reunification, the Western nations permitted theit zones to come together in 1949 as the Federal Republic of Germany (West ‘many, became part of West Germany. The Soviets tried to cut off 8 and 1949 by imposing the Berlin Ht ‘canned with & G camscanner 1 into being on October 3, 1990. In |-German elections were held. The 2 te tt AARP IRATE tlre wer hel In 199, thr cieaion was eld wah estarPat 8: Westen Eoropa and ho War ‘Schroeder winning, Gerhard Schroeder, the Democratic Party (SPD), remained the cba ‘until 2005. In November 2005, Angela Merkel, involvement in the governing of Northern Ireland. The agree- the former East Germany. ment has had mixed results and has been criticized by both Other Key Issues at the Turn of the Century ‘The consequences of German reunification is of several of Britain for as long as most of its people want it to; (3) the Irish government agreed to amend its constitutional claim to the territory of Northern Ireland. Although little progress ‘toward peace was made in the early months of 1994, there was ‘a reduction in the bloodshed that had claimed over 3,100 lives 3d wth G camscanner Scanné‘Pa: Western Europe and the Cold Wor Political Union and a “United States of Euro 470 Part C: Eastern Europe, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy ed with Scanné @ camscanner‘Pat Easter Europe, te Cld War, ant Tanon Demoeray United States formed a military ali War Il, Te USSRS now spepowe sats ws expe ‘maintain, and Soviet consumers bore the burden. With the death of Stalin, there was a period of readjustment fromthe fear and ing the Soviet diate ulead bro were followed by START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) in the Gorbachév era. Despite Détente, Brezhnev continued to suppress dissent and oppose any domestic reform, Gorbachév (r. 1985-1991) ed with © camscanner Scannéa Easter Erp, te Colt War, an he Transition te Demeraey ‘The Decline and Collapse of the Soviet Regime (1989-1991) 474 ‘The Commonwealth of independent States (1991- ) agreed that it would belong to Ukraine, but the Russian fleet be allowed to use it. Russia and the Transition to Democracy (1991 In S61 AONIS CTHOM 3HL IIA 8a ed with © camscanner Scanné‘Pan: astern Eorop, te Cola Wat, andthe Tamon to Demcray eal clos of 1994 cofmed popular sport nd anew Despite Putin's authoritarian style in implementing his terms, he hs remained popular. Over the mex ix year be 47 ed with @ camScanner‘Part: Exstr Erop, te Coté War, od te Tatton Democracy revived foreign investment, The government lists. In 2007, United sous = ‘growing disillusion with both stared to fall, and United Rusii {troops in the peacekeeping force resulted in further tensions and mutual suspicions. Terrorist attacks in Russian cities during the summer of 1999 were blamed on Chechen separatists. This resulted in a itions may limit or even prevent the success of their ‘economic reforms. Former Soviet Republics Ukraine In Ukraine, Russia's largest neighbor, a political. division between the western and eastern regions became clear soon Russian speaking, wanted closer ties with Russia and posed 479 ShOL ADNIS CTHOM 3HL 1A 23 ed with Scanné © camscanner‘PC: Eastom Earpe, the Cold War, andthe Transition to Demaray joining any Wester organization. The Ukrainian Duma (Par- Tiament) became a battleground between these opy cal views, offen resulting in angry debates violence. From Novonber to Doverber 2004, a series of mana h popular discontent and politcal opposition rising despite his repressive measures, the government may be headed for collapse. ed with Scanné @ camscanner‘ot EasternEarope he Col Wer, ane Transition to Demeray tsvernmont emuined deaflocied. New elections ar scheduled fo January 2012. these problems, the democratic nations has been peaceful and successful. Suakash i's po-leser/Amerinn policies, which inclu proposing to join NATO and the European Union, strained rela- tions with Russia, which wanted Georgia to stay within its sphere of influence. {In 2004, Georgia tried to regain control of South Ossetia and ‘Armenia establish after independence in 1991 largely due to he econoase assis tance and support from its larger diaspora (Armenians living in, other nations). With limited resources, the nation had a difficult it tions wero chased out, Despite & cease-fire agement reached 483, Scanned wth G camscanner‘Part Easter Earope, the Cld Wr, andthe Tanne Democracy {in 1994, observers fear the situation isa “f will explode again. A summit between been a movement in Kyrgyzstan to create a more democratic ‘government, but most Central Asian states continue to be ruled ur nc N22 MB ROMY CAIBONEAB ETI 83. ‘Scanned with © camscannerPa: East Europe, the Cle War, ad te Tanne Demecrey @ camscannerCID The Collapse of Communism and the Bs. Transi Democracy in Eas! Europe rights and gave the government more power. A media council ‘was also created, which would issue fines to material it found offensive. The growing authoritarianism at the Orban govern- ment has resulted in strong criticism both within and outside Hungary. It raises concerns about the future of the nation’s democracy. ‘zechoslovakia 489 ‘Scanned with @ camscannerment’s social conservatism and Eurosceptic (distrustful of gin December of 1989 overthrew lai Ceaugescu, executing him and reformist coal Sv6L 39NIS THOM 3HL IIA 23 ed with Scanné © camscannerPart Eastern Europe, the Cold War, and the Traian te Democracy The determination to implement free-market reforms led to poli THe was barely elected in 2009. Romania fees ret challenges in the fare athe county sugges to tet had been particularly dificult forthe urban populations, especially the elderly who depended on pensions. In 2001, the former Bulgarian King Simeon Il and his ‘Simeon National Movement Party seemed to offer a “third way” between Kostov’s reforms and the socialists who wanted 492 to reverse the reforms, Simeon became prime minister, form- yp) aos cTwoM aH IN ly’ regained control of southem Albania, which foyal to Berisha. Unable to keep the fragile coalition together, Nanos resigned in September. 493 ed with Scanné © camscannerPart G:Easter Europe, te Cold War, andthe Transition a Democracy Iko then became prime minister, A member of unlikely. The is ‘any government so far to effectively Timit corruption, organized crime, and civil fighting presents serious challenges forthe future. Yugoslavia After Tito’s death in 1980, c= ment of Yugoslavia began to declared independence from Yugoslavia. This led to conflict between those republics and the Yugoslavian government, which opposed the breakup of the federated nation. Slovenia © camscanner ‘Scanned with 495Pat: Easter Europe, the Cold War, and he Tanston ta Democracy ean Union, ‘Afler Slovenia becai ing strong popular support. In 2004, Sl the European Union. In September of ‘The goverument of the Bosniak: the Croatian political partis ref mainly Bosniak government of, that won the elections of 2010. Th conflict or breakup and faces great challenges to its survival. Kosovo In 1998, conflict erupted in the Yugoslav province of Kosovo between the Yugoslav police and Albanian separatists demand- i jown as the Kosovo Liberation Army NATO began a massive air cam- led toa new campaign of ethnic using the Yugoslav cign embassies in the as Albanian refugee convoys raised qu NATO after the Cold War. The Yugos!: nations, especi action as a viol NATO and othe 40k stand against ethnic. cleansing and the violation of bisman fights. The United Nations, while condemning Milosevie's actions, resented NATO's unilateral action as it undermined the Kosovo Albanian leadership came into conflict with them when they returned. In December of 2010, flawed elections were held in Kosovo. ‘A government vias only formed the following February. The elected prime minister, Hashim Thaci, is reported to be an ‘organized crime leader involved with the sale of heroin and intervention in Kosovo in politically. Economic ‘opposition ted to his ). Despite his efforts to ‘became the new Serbian president. In an in good relations with the West, he sent Hague for trial in the International Court of 497 SPGL ONIS QTUOM SAL IA23 ‘Scanned with © camscanner‘art: Eastern Europe, the Cold War, andthe Transton to Cemocraey ‘mer Yugoslav states. Montenegro In 2006, Montenegro declared Serbia did not object to the declarat tions between the two nations have been good. In December environmental damage. In their new-found freedom, these countries face enormous obstacles that will require all their resources to solve. ues Anunie AUN WH WA ID ‘Scanned with @ camscanner