GASEOUS EXCHANGE Time allocation: 2% weeks (10 hours) This chapter will consist of the following sections: Pens © PNA Introduction Key concepts Efficiency of gaseous exchange surfaces in living organisms Relationship between respiratory structures and efficient gaseous exchange in different organisms Human gaseous exchange The mechanism of breathing Measurement of the rate and depth of breathing Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Effect of exercise on breathing in humans . Internal and external gaseous exchange in humans . Homeostatic control of breathing . The effect of altitude on gaseous exchange . Diseases of the respiratory system |. The effects of smoking on respiratory organs . Summary 16. End of topic exercises It is important to distinguish between breathing, gaseous exchange and cellular respiration. Breathing is a mechanical process of taking oxygen into the lungs. Why do we need to breathe? Alll organisms, from simple, unicellular to more advanced multicellular organisms need oxygen (0) to sustain cellular functions. Powered by € CamScannerIntroduction _ = tis important to distinguish between breathing, 1s exch 1s impor ing, gaseous exchange and cellular Breathing is a mechanical process of taking oxygen into the lungs. Why do We need to breathe? All organisms, from simple, unicellular to more advanced ‘Muticellular organisms need oxygen (O2) to sustain cellular functions. 138 ‘+ Cellular respiration refers to a chemical process which takes place within cells in order to release energy. Plants and animals need cellular energy for survival. ‘+ Gaseous exchange is a physical process which involves the exchange of gases between the air and the blood inthe lungs. Organiams are adapted to ensure thatthe process of the oxchange of gases is optimised. Mammals havo a mechanism of breathing that ensures that gases eater their bodies, and this onables gaseous exchange and cellular respiration to occur as well as possible, In studying aspects of gaseous exchange, the folowing should be kept in mind, + Structure to function: how the organism is designed to cary aut gaseous exchange ‘+ Regulation and control of breathing in humans ‘+ How the amounts of gases are kept at manageable levels in the blood + Disease and certain life cholces can impact negatively on effective gaseous ‘exchange. Breathing can be impaired, and this affects the general health of an individual ‘+ Allliving organisms need cellular respiration to obtain energy for callular functions ‘+ Imponant gasos diffuse across surtaces in a process called gaseous ‘exchange ‘+ Air moves in and out of respiratory organs and this involves the mechanical process of breathing ‘+ Effective gaseous exchange is dependent on tho surface actos which tho {gases diffuse as well as the external environment where the gases are found ‘+ Plants and animals have gas exchange systams that are designed to suit their habitats (aquatic or terrestrial) ‘+ Breathing in humans is regulated by a respiratory centre in the brain ensuring the balance of gases are correct in the blood ‘© Tuberculosis (TB) is a treatable bacterial disease that is highly prevalent in South Africa ‘+ Bronchitis and pneumonia are bacterial infections that impact on the respiratory function ‘= Asthma, hay fever and lung cancer are disorders of the respiratory system and are on the increase in the world due to increased polluton ‘+ Smoke from both cigarettes and marijuana is harmful to lung health Powered by CamScanner+ Legislation in South Attica has changed with the aim of protecting children and non-smokers in public areas * People in the workplace are encouraged to do First Aid courses and be proficient in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) + Every adult South African should be encouraged to be able ta perform artificial respiration ‘+ High altitude training is encouraged for top athletes as the body undergoes physiological changes that benefit performance Introductory teaching tool for Gaseous exchange chapter: Introduction to Human Respiratory System: hittps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CG VOWh20ufA&list=PL9j02wQj1WCOM7 JMgS- BIzhEWFe9-0070 Key terminology the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration diffusion to a region of low concentration until equilibrium is reached; in gaseous exchange in living organisms we look al the movement of gases, O2 and Cz, into and out of cells catabolism _| breaking down aerobic in the presence of oxygen anaerobic in the absence of oxygen the breakdown of organic compounds (glucose / sugar) in the mitochondria of cells into inorganic products (CO2 and H20) with the release of cellular energy (ATP); either aerobic or anaerobic cellular respiration Efficiency of gaseous exchai organisms As learners progress through the chapter they should continually remind themselves, of the importance of effective structures in each organism they study. «large respiratory surtace + thin and permeable respiratory surface © moist respiratory surface © well-ventilated respiratory surface © protected respiratory surfaces vascular or transport system 137 Powered by CamScannerRelationship between respiratory structures and efficient gaseous exchange in different organisms Both terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals have gaseous exchange suraces and respiratory structures that ensure effective exchange of gases (O2 and CO;). Learners should be abla to brielly discuss how these requirements are mat dicotyledonous plants, earthworms, insects, bony fish and mammals. They should ‘also be able to relate the gaseous exchange surfaces to thar tunction inthe diferent environments, Learners can be reminded about some o! the characteristics of mammals: + warm blooded (endothermic) + hava mammary glands + have 4 chambered hearts + have hair orfur on the body ‘+ hava a diaphragm (shee! of muscia below the lungs) Key terminology wrest | lean animal ving on ed quate | lane andanmaty ing water the exchange of Oz and CO2 at a respiratory surface occ at wo paes in mania caseous Sichange [+ tagieoou oenang urace nge) and me Boos + ote elo nn by ol tne eeu ed nee techni prose alain and etalon woah branhing/ Breanna! | hora moves and ot orion gas enblrg th pak ony st hymen eon {Human gaseous exchange Learners should be able to identiy tho air passages, lungs and structures involved in, breathing and to discuss how each partis designed to carry out its function in the [process of breathing or gaseous exchange. ‘They should be able to explain the appearance and texture of the lungs and how certain structures aid in protection and functioning of the lungs. With the aid of a ‘sheep lung dissection, they should be able to identity the location of the lungs in relation to other main organs i.e. the heart. 199 ‘They should also be able to explain the role of the ribs, intercostal and diaphragmatic ‘muscles in the process of breathing. ‘A.good teaching tool: Structure of lung for gaseous exchange: Ihtips:/wrww.youtubs.com/watch?veaPUPI2sqDqs_ ‘The human gas exchange system consists of the follawing distinct sections: + airpassages + tunes Powered by € CamScanner“Thay should also be able to explain the role ofthe ribs, intercostal and diaphragmatic ‘muscles in the process of breathing. ‘A.good teaching toot: Structure of lung for gaseous exchange: https www youtube comwatch?veaPUPIzsq0qs ‘The human gas exchange system consists of the following distinct sections: + sirpassages + lungs + muscles involved in the mechanism of breathing (ventlation) ‘Tha system is well designed to carry aut the function ol gaseous exchange. Figures 11 and 2 in the learner toxt show pamts of the respiratory system that are directly involved in broathing and gaseous exchange and Table 3 rotates the structure to funetion of these parts. ‘Tha sheep lung dissection in Activity 1 will aid the leemer in understanding the itferent structures and how they assist in the breathing Activity 1: Dissection of sheep lungs ‘When obtaining the sheep lungs from the butcher or abbatoir request that the whole trachea be included and if possible also the hear. tis also preferable to have the pleural membranes left on the lungs. “Tha following video is concise and detailed and is usatul as a guide batore carrying ‘out the dissection, Lung dissection in detail: hittps/www.youtube.comatch?veuDIZEMSFJINE NB. SAFETY GUIDELINES ‘+ Ensure that you have the attention of every leamer while giving safety ‘demonstration ‘¢ Reming the learners that you are working with animal material and caution ‘must be taken-no ingestina(eating) of any of the material ‘¢ Dissection tools are sharp and dangerous and should be handled with care ‘¢ Demonstrate the cutting action away from the hand and body ‘+ Nowalking around the classroomlaboralory with any dissecting tools ‘© An inventory of dissecting tools must be taken belore and afier the session (one learner irom each group can be responsible for this) 109 + Left over material must be correctly disposed of by the laboratory technician or by yourself as the teacher ‘+ No material must leave the classroom with any learner ‘¢ Hands must be well washed with detargent (soap) ‘Aim: To identity the structure of the lungs and related structures and to observe the inflation ofthe lung. End of dissection questions: Powered by € CamScanner= Left over material must be correctly disposed of by the laboratory technician or by yourself as the teacher ‘+ No material must leave the classroom with any learner ‘+ Hands must be well washed with detergent (soap) Alm: To Identify the structure of the lungs and related structures and to observe the inflation of the Lung, End of dissection questions: 1. Deseribe the look, texture(feel) and colour ofthe lungs. Large and floppy looking. Spongy and soft feel. Deep / ight red in colour 2. What structures keep the trachea open? C-shapad cartilage rings 3. Are the lungs hollow bags or spongy tissue? Spongy tissua 4. Namo the two air passages that branch off the trachea and into each lung. Tho lett and rig bronchi 5. How does the diameter of these air passages compare to the diameter of the trachea? Slightly narrower in diameter 66. What happens to the piece of lung when you puttin water? Infloats 7. When you itlated the hung what happened alter you stopped blowing in? It started detiating (going down) The mechanism of breathing Leamers should understand the mechanical processes of inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation: Airis sucked in to the lungs due to alr pressure and volume differences Intercostal and diaphragmatic muscles contract and the rib cage pushes out An active process Exhalation: Aris forced out of the lungs dus to pressure and volume differences Intercostal and diaphragmatic muscles relax and the rib cage collapses ‘This is a passive process ‘Tha learners should alsa be able to construct a model of the human breathing ‘systam, to identify weaknesses in the model, and to demonstrate how ‘breathing’ ‘would happen in the model. “0 ‘The process of breathing is a mechanical process. Air moves in and out of the lungs a8 a result of differences in atmospheric ait pressure and the air pressure inside tho lungs. It involves different muscles and volume and pressure changes in the thoracic cavity ‘The tabie in the learmer text has a diagrammatic representation of inhalation (Figure 3A) and exhalation (Figure 38) as well as a brief explanation of the mechanism involved. The learners will need to understand how the muscles and ribcage behave in these two mechanical processes Powered by € CamScannerThe process of breathing is a mechanical process. Air moves in and out of the lungs as a result of differences in atmospheric air pressure and the air pressure inside the lungs. It involves different muscles and volume and pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. The table in the learner text has a diagrammatic representation of inhalation (Figure 3A) and exhalation (Figure 38) as well as a briel explanation of the mechanism involved. The learners will need to understand how the muscles and ribcage behave in these two mechanical processes. In Activity 2 the learners will look at a model of the lung showing the mechanism of breathing. The leamers should be able to identify the parts that represent the real-life structure and to state what weaknesses their model has with respect to the human system. Activity 2: Breathing The following model can be used to demonstrate the mechanism of breathing. glass tube rubber stopper balloon bell jar rubber sheet Madel of lung showing mechanism of breathing 1. For each of the modal parts listed below, provide an appropriate name for the corres ponding part in the human respiratory system (the model equivalent is shown in brackets): a) Glass tube trachea v 0] b) Balloon lung ¥ (1) c) Bell jar chest (thoracic) cavity ~ ay d) Rubber sheet diaphragm ~ (iy “1 Powered by € CamScannerMeasurement of the rate and depth of breathing AA spirometer is an instrument used to measure the volume of air that enters and leaves tho human lungs during innalation and exhalation, Learners should be abla to name the instrument used to measure the rate and depth of breathing, to identily a breathing graph (trace) showing inhalation and exhalation. They should understand how the rate and depth of breathing would change when a person is exercising, and be able to interpret data on depth and rate of breathing and the hear rate at rest and when exercising. Composition of inhaled and exhaled air Leamers should be abla to name the main gases found in atmospheric ar, explain the differences betwaen the amount of each gas air in inhaled and exhaled air, and Understand why exercise would alter these values. The air in the atmosphere is made up mainly of nitragen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour and traces of inert gases. Inhaled air has the same composition as ‘almospheric air but different to exhaled air. Table 4 shows the difference in composition of the three main gases after exercise and while sleeping. ‘Table 4: The composition of inhaled and exhaled air Exhaled air (%) om [magtar auegerconee Tonapancn exercising Nitrogen (Na) 78 78 73 Oxygen (Oz) 21 16 12, Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.04 4 9 Nitrogen is not usad in the human breathing system. Oxygen is used by the calls in Collular respiration and carbon dioxide is a product of collular respiration and needs to be removed from the cells. By looking at the table above: ‘+ What is the difference between the percentage of oxygen inhaled and that exhaled from a sleeping person? 21 — 16 = 5% ‘+ Whats the percentage oxygen used by the body in each inhalation of a Person who is exercising? 21 ~12 = 9% Effect of exercise on breathing and pulse rate In humans Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain. Activity 3: Breathing investigation The table below shows results obtained Irom an experiment where 2 learners Powered by @ camscannerEffect of exercise on breathing and pulse rate in humans Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata of the bain, Activity 3: Breathing Investigation ‘The table below shows results obtained from an experiment where 2 learners recorded their hear rates and breathing rates at rest, alter walking up and down 2 sels of stairs and alter running up and down two fights of stairs. Heart Rate (beats per Breathing rate (breaths per minute) minute) ‘Attest | Walking | Running | Atrest_ | Walking | Running Leamert | _68_|_63 412 12 12 16 Leamer2 | 72 | 26 120 12 12 14 1. State the aim of the investigation. To determine the ellect of exercise ¥ on the heant rate ¥ and breathing rate ¥ of 2 leamers. @ 2. What do you observe happened to the heart rate of both learners after running up the stairs? “) Both their heart rates increased to over 100 bpm ¥ 3. What do you observe happened to the breathing rate of both learners alter running up the stairs? a Both leamers breathing rates increased when running up the stairs ¥ 13 4. Draw a histogram of the breathing rate of both leamers at resl, alter walking Up and down 2 fights of stairs and alter running up and down the 2 fights of stairs. (6) Marking Guidatine: Appropriate title 7 Correct type of graph v ‘Appropriate y-axis heading and scale ~ Correct labeling of columns ww Key: leamer 1 / learner? v Breathing rates of 2 leamers al rest, walking and running up and down stairs Leamer 1 Leamer2 (breatns per minute) Powered by € CamScannerInternal and external gaseous exchange in humans Leamers should be abla to identify the external and intemal gaseous exchanga surfaces and to discuss the structure of the alveoli surfaces in relation to its function. 144 ‘They should understand the concep! of the diffusion gradient at the alveoli surface and how this enables movement of gases. They should be able to discuss the internal environment at the tissue bed surface ‘and explain how the environment satisfies requirements for effective difusion ot ‘g2ses, to name the pigment that carries most of the oxygen in the plasma, and to name the main form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the plasma ‘The exchange of gases occurs in two areas in the body. At the alveoli surtace (external gaseous exchange) and at the tlssue bed surface (Internal gaseous exchange). ‘Transport of respiratory gases (Oxygen is transported mainly by the red blood cells. Most of the oxygen combinos with haemoglabin present in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) to form axyhaemo- globin. Itis transported via the circulatory system to all body cells. Most of the CO» is transported in the blood plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions. Gaseous exchange between blood and tissues Oxygenated blood arrives from the heart in the capillary network close to tissue cells (Figure 5 learner text). Oxygen will fuse from the blood and into the neighbouring calls dus to the concentration gradient. ‘The cells will have high carbon dioxide concentrations due to continuing cellular respiration. This carbon dioxide maves out of the cells and into the blood and is transported back to the heart and than to tha lungs where itis exhaled. The cells are also bathed in a tissue fluid which supplies the necessary moisture for gaseous exchange. ‘Tha exchange and transport of gases is simpliiad in Figure 6 of the learner text. Oxygen is continually entering the biood stream at the alveoli surface and is transported to the body cells. Carbon dioxide is transported Irom the cells to the alveoli where itis removed {rom the body. Homeostatic control of breathing ‘The following video ives a comprehensive explanation of gaseous exchange, though itis almost 50 min tong: Gaseous exchange I: htips:/Avww.youtube.com/watch?ve22rUEn2INcM Feedback loops may be described as systems which are initiated when an internal ‘alarm is sot off and whore the body responds. Negative feedback mechanisms, stabilize a system and retum it to its normal state. 145, Powered by € CamScanner14s Figure 7 in the leamer text illustrates the regulation of carbon dioxide levels in tha internal environment. In homeostatic control: ‘+ the heart rate increases ~ blood flow increases. Rapid transport of gases to and from the cells. ‘+ Increased rate and depth of breathing ~ the intercostal muscles and the iaphragm contract and relax — more oxygen is inhaled, and more carbon Gioxide is exhaled. The effect of altitude on gaseous exchange Altitude is a measure of the height of a place abave sea level and is measured in metres. Alitude has an effect on the exchange of gases. ‘The greater the concentration gradient of oxygen between the outside air and inside the body, the areater will be the diffusion of oxygen into the blood since more oxygen ccan be absorbed by the red blood cells. Activity 4: Effect of altitude A study was caitied out on eight swimmers (2 females and 6 males). They were all record holders and had panicipated in National championships and the Olympic ‘games. These swimmers attonded a 23 day camp which was at an altitude of 2300 ‘metres above sea level. Before and after the camp thei blood was tested for thoir fod blood coll count and haemoglobin concentration. Their performance was also ‘measured before and aller the camp by looking at thei times in races. Six out of the t Swimmers improved upon their performances after the camp. ‘The table below shows the average changes in the swimmer’s blood before and alter the high altitude training camp. Before camp. After camp Red blood calls (milfons/mm?) 4,69 537 Haemoglobin (g/dL) 14.8 16.8 (2capte trom Biot Spon 2012: Anite performance of swimmers afer attude waning (2300M sbove ‘sea level) n vew of fe blood morphology changes htps/esearchgate nev) 1. Name two observations that could be made relating to the akitude training, The ted blood call count increases ¥ at altitude; the haemoglobin concentration increases ¥ at altitude @ “6 2. Provide another name for red blood calls. erythrocytes ¥ } Powered by CamScannerProvide another name for red blood cells. erythrocytes ¥ a) \Whal is the function of haemoglobin in the blood? transport of oxygen ¥ (1) Which important element is found in haemoglobin? iron (Fe) ¥ } Calculate the average increase in red biood cells of the swimmers after camp training. 5,37- 4,69 ¥ = 0,68+4,09 x 100 7 = 14.5% e) 6. Identity a dependent variable in the above table. RBC (milimm®) OR Haemoglobin (g/dL) a 7. What would the advantage be for a swimmer to train at high altitudes belore participating in an Olympic evant? Their increased number ol red blood calls, ‘and haemoglobin will enable them to carry more axygen ¥ and thus improve ghee their performance 2) 8. How can the reliability of the results obtained in tha above experiment be improved? Increase tha sample size ¥, repeat the experiment ¥ 2) (13) Pathogens (viruses and bacteria), environmental pollutants (pollen and smoke) and ‘carcinogens (cancer causing substances) can nagatively affect the human respiratory system. Table 5 in the leamer text gives a summary list of diseases of the respiratory system, their causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Extension: Tuberculosis is very prevalent in South Africa A class discussion around the perceivad ideas of why this is s0 would be an enlightaning experiance for ‘some lamers. The learners should al come away knowing that TB is a bacterial infection that ean bo prevantod by immunisation and can be treated with iong term ‘medication. The link to HIV and AIDS with TB being an opportunistic infection (infecting due to the weakened immune system of an HIV patient) is topical and relevant. Lack of drug adherence has resulted in the two ‘new types of TB. ‘The effects of smoking on respiratory organs Cigarette tobacco is known to cause a variety of respiratory diseases. Smoking of ‘cigarettes has a link to diseases such as: lung cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, emphysema and bronchitis. The three main ingredients, carbon “ ‘monoxide, tar and nicotine hava adverse effects on the respiratory surfaces, and this can lead to reduced lung function. ‘South Altica has been pro-active in introducing strict tobacco restriction legislation. ‘This togather with cigarettes being an expensive habit there is hope that less people will ake up smoking. It does start with the youth! Healthylungs Lungs of asmoker Powered by CamScanner‘monoxide, tar and nicotine have adverse effects on the respiratory surfaces, and this can lead to reduced lung function. ‘South Africa has been pro-active in introducing strict tobacco restriction legislation. This together with cigarettes being an expensive habit there is hope that less people will take up smoking. It does start with the youth! Healthy lungs Lungs of a smoker pink ge ge. back Antificial respiration and resuscitation (CPR) Leamers are to be encouraged to memorise the 3 important steps needed i emergency situations. Many lives have been saved by civilians or lay-people who hhave practiced the basic CPR on victims of accidents. us ‘+ In this chapter you have distinguished between the processes of diffusion, cellular respiration, gaseous exchange and breathing. ‘+ For gaseous exchange to be efficient the surfaces must be designed to ‘optimise this exchange. Powered by € CamScanner18 + In this chapter you have distinguished between the processes of diffusion, cellular respiration, gaseous exchange and breathing. + For gaseous exchange tobe efficent the surfaces must bo designed to optimise this exchange. ‘+ The surface to volume ratio in living organisms is important for allowing the maximum amount of gases to diffuse ‘Living organisms are designed ina certain way to ensure that they are well ‘adapted to their environment (terestrial or aquatic) to ensure elfective {gaseous exchange i.e. dicotyledonous plants, earthworm, insects, fish and mammals + You will hava identified all the important parts ofthe human respiratory system for vontitation and gaseous exchange. + These paris are well designed to perform the function of breathing and gaseous exchange The mechanism of breathing Involves active inhalation and passive exhalation, ‘©The process of breathing involves muscles ofthe thoracic cavity and when oxorcising homesstatc control regulatos this ‘©The medulla oblongata has the respiratory control centre Levels of carbon dioxide in the blood determine the depth and rate of breathing Gaseous exchange involves citfusion of gases atthe alveoli surface and at the tissue bed “9 Powered by CamScannerQuestion 4 14 12 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the correct answer and write only the leer (A- D) next to the question number (1.1.1 — 1.1.5) on your answer sheet, for example 1.1.6 D 4.1.1 Cilia are found lining which of the following structures? A larynx B alveoli C trachea vv D pleural membranes. 1.1.2 Airbreathed out is different from air breathed in because it ‘A. contains less carbon dioxide. B iscooler. C isdrier. D contains less oxygen. 77 4.1.3 The lungs of a long-term smoker will have. A constricted bronchioles. ¥¥ A thinner walls. B allarger surface area. © an increased capacity for gaseous exchange. 1.1.4 Which of the following does not occur during inhalation in a human? ‘A Pressure within the thoracic cavity increases 77 B The lungs expand. © The diaphragm contracts. D Pressure in the abdominal cavity increases. 1.1.5 The rate of breathing is regulated by the medulla oblongata, ‘mainly ‘A. under voluntary control. B according to oxygen level of blood. according to the blood pressure. D according to carbon dioxide level of blood. vv (5 x2)= (10) 150 Give the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write, ‘only the term next to the question number. 1.2.1 The double membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. pleural membranes ~ 1.2.2 Acchronic medical disorder of the lungs in which the air sacs ara dilated or enlarged and lack flexibility. emphysema v 1.23 The cartilaginous structure that contains the vocal chords. larynx ¥ 1.2.4 Instrument that measures the rate and depth of breathing. spirometer ¥ 1.2.58 The liquid part of blood. plasma v 1.2.6 Ameasure of the height above sea level allitude ¥ 1.2.7 Tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole. alveoli v Powered by CamScannerGive the correct biological term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next to the question number. 1.2.1 The double membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. pleural membranes ¥ 1.2.2 Acchronic medical disorder of the lungs in which the air sacs are dilated or enlarged and lack flexibility. emphysema ¥ 1.2.3 The cartilaginous structure that contains the vocal chords. larynx ¥ 1.2.4 Instrument that measures the rate and depth of breathing. spirometer ¥ 1.2.5 The liquid part of blood. plasma v 1.2.6 Ameasure of the height above sea level _ altitude v 1.2.7 Tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole. alveoli ¥ 1.2.8 Dome-shaped muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen. diaphragm ¥ 1.2.9 Movement of air into the lungs. _ inhalation v 1.2.10 The main branches of the trachea that lead to the lungs. bronchi ¥ (10 x 1) = (10) Indicate whether each of the descriptions in Column | applies to A ONLY, B ONLY, BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in Column Il. Write A only, B only, both A and B or none next to the question number. Column! Column Il A: artificial respiration B: resuscitation 1.3.1. Mouth-to-mouth respiration A: intercostal muscles B: diaphragm muscles ‘A: oesophagus 1.3.2 Breathing muscles 1.3.3. C-shaped cartilaginous rings B: bronchioles 1.3.4 The structure that prevents food A: epiglottis particles entering the lungs B: glottis 1.3.5 Transport of carbon dioxide in the A: calcium carbonate blood B: bicarbonate ions (5x 2) = (10) 151 Powered by CamScanner13.1 BothAandB vv 13.2 BothAand B v7 1.3.3 None ¥¥ 134 Aonly 77 135 Bonly vv Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow: Miss SA talks about her battle with TB, launches new campaign Miss SA for 2018, Tamaryn Green, was diagnosed with TB in 2015. She has launched Tamaryn's #BreakTheStigma campaign and hopes to highlight the TB epidemic. She had the following to say: “My campaign is based around breaking the stigma with regards to TB. It's about raising awareness that TB Is curable, but its stil kiling so many people, so action needs to be taken. ... I'm going to be the voice behind TB". One of the side effects she ‘Suffered from the treatment to fight the disease was drug-induced hepatitis (infiamma-tion of the liver). AS part of her campaign she plans to create short educa-tional videos that will teach people about the signs and ‘symptoms of the disease, tasting for the disease and the treatment of the disease. ‘rtps:/Meww, channe®24.c0.2a/The-wice/News/miss-sa-taks-about-ter-batte-wittrth- Jaunches-new-campsign-20180830-2 1.4.1. Which pathogenic organism causes TB? a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis ~ 1.4.2 Tamaryn suffered with side-effects while on treatment for her TB. What is the recognised treatment for the disease? a Antibiotics 7 1.43 Give 3 symptoms that a TB sufferer might experience, @) Chronic cough, night sweats, fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, coughing up blood, chest pain (¥ —for any 3) 1.4.4 What viral disease has caused TB infection to rise in the South African population? = HIV¥ a (6) The diagram below represents a section through an alveolus and a ‘surrounding blood capillary in the human body. d by @ camScanner154 152 153 1.54 155 156 Structure of an alveolus Name the type of epithelial tissue numbered 1 and 2, @ 1 = endothelium ¥, 2 squamous epithelium ¥ Identify the blood cell labelled 3, (1) erythrocyte / red blood cell ~ What pigment is found in the cell mentioned in question 1.5.27 (1) haemoglobin ¥ Which type of blood: a) enters the blood capillary at A? () deoxygenated blood b) leaves the blood capillary at B? (a) ‘oxygenated blood In which form is most oxygen cartied in the blood? a) oxyhaemogiobin ¥ Supply two structural adaptations of the alveoli which make them well suitable for gaseous exchange. (4) Many alveoli provide large surface area for gaseous exchange.” Tha inner surface is kept moist by film of moisture, to facilitate diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in dissolved states. ¥ The lining of the alveolus is thin; only one cell layer thick for rapid Giffusion of gases. “ ‘Are in close contact with blood capillaries; blood contains ‘haemoglobin which acts as an oxygen carrier. ~ (any two correct answers) (9) Section A: [45] Powered by € CamScannerSection B: Question 2 ‘Study the diagrams below showing some parts of the human respiratory ‘system. Answer the questions that follow. 24 2.4.1 identity pans A, B and C. ‘A-larynx ¥, B—trachea ¥, C— bronchioles ¥ 2.1.2 Which process in the above diagram ilustrates inhalation (Process 1 or Process 2)? Process 1¥ 2.1.3 Give three reasons (rom the diagrams to support your answer to question 2.1.2. Ribs are lifted / chest cavity expands / moves outwards ¥ Thoracic cavity enlarges / lungs are larger Diaphragm contracts / laitens / moves downwards ¥ 2.4.4 Give the letters and the names of the muscles shawn in the diagram that are involved in inhalation. D + — intercostal muscios “ E v diaphragm 7 21.5 Draw and label a diagram showing gaseous exchange al the tissue level. Use arrows to show the direction ol the gas movernent. Gaseous exchange at tissue level Back to Oe, hearlungs to be exhaled con Tissue fluid 14 Guidelines for marking diagram: Conect diagram Corect caption / heading / ttle Oxygen diffuses into cols Carbon dioxide difuses into blood ‘Any other correct label s|ststs]s Powered by @ camscanner22 2.1.6 When one makes use of a heater to warm a room, one is advised 10 place a small bow of water next to the heater. Explain the purpose ofthis practice. ® Increases the amount of moisture in the air ¥ because water evaporaies 7 Prevents dying out of inner surface of ling “ which would prevent ‘gaseous exchange ¥ / gases can only difuse through a solution 2.1.7 A person's thoracic wall is punctured in an accident. Explain how this injury will atfoct tha broathing process. @ ‘Cannot breathe / inhale / exhale / lungs collapse ¥ No pressure dlference between exterior and thoracic cavity 7 (22) ‘An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of smoking on the prevalence of other diseases, Study the table below and answer the {Questions that foliow. ‘Mortality rate per 100 000 ih ‘Active- | Passive | Non- eases smoker | smoker | smoker ‘Lung cancer 200) 190) 1 Cancer of the mouth or larynx 30 20 6 (Other cancers 195 80 105 Respiratory diseases 60 56 2 Heart diseases 220 138 80 Other medical conditions 70 40 35 Sulcide, homicide, accidents 70 75 20 2.2.1 Stale the dependent variable for this investigation. 0 Mortality rate ¥ per 100 000 2.2.2 Drawa bar graph representing the above information for active ‘smokers. Oy 185 Mortality rate of active smokers per 100 000 dus tovarbue aecoese 3 250 3 200 3 150 B 100 2 = go eho .2 2 S9 sf 28 HEE HB SE E ge * 68 g 6 Diseases Guidelines for marking Powered by CamScanner| 223 224 228 226 227 228 23 State how many smokers per 100 000 die of heartdisease. (1) 358 v (220+ 138) Indicate the ratio between active smokers, passive smokers and ‘non-smokers that die of respiratory disorders. @ 60:56:12 OR 15:14:3 vv ‘Suggest two controlled variables that can improve this investigation. @ ‘Same gender individuals 7, same age group ¥ What is the effect that smoking has on the prevalence of cancer? Use the information in the table to explain your answer. a) ‘Smoking increases the isk of cancer ¥ Discuss the effect of smoking on the bronchioles and alveoti of the lungs. @ “Smoke gets trapped in the alveoli ¥ causing inflammation ¥ This inflammation activates enzymes that destroys the lung tissue v. ‘Suggest why South Africa has strict laws that control smoking in public places. @ Passive smokers can inhale enough smoke to cause lung damage. In public places people must smoke outside a building to prevent ‘smoke in the air conditioning system. ¥ Smoking in a car with a child younger than 12 is against the law as it causes serious lung damage to the child's lungs. + (any 2) (18) Jane is training for a race by running 20 km every day. Describe how ‘carbon dioxide produced in her body during training is controlled to ‘maintain normal levels. © * Because of the exercise the carbon dioxide levels in the blood. will increase. ¥ + The medulla oblongata willbe stimulated v * to'send messages to the heart ¥ and + breathing muscles ¥ ‘+ the hear beats faster v ‘= blood with carbon dioxide is pumped to the lungs faster to be exhaled ¥ + the breathing muscles contract faster ¥ ‘and the rate and depth of breathing increases ¥ + more carbon dioxide is removed out ofthe body 7 + the carbon dioxide levels decrease back to normal ¥ {any five correct answers) Section (45) Total marks: [90] Powered by CamScanner