Trigonometric Identities

sin(9 ± 0) = sin 0 cos 4) ± cos 0 sin 4, cos(0 f 0) = cos a cos 0 sin 0 sin 0
cos 0 cos (/' = l[cos(0 + 0) + cos(8 - 0)] sine sin 0 = 4.[coso - coo + 4,)]
sin e cos 0 = [sin(e + 0) + sin(O - 0)]
cos26. 4[1+ cos 20] sin2 8 = [1
2 - cos 20]
0 +0 0 —0 +0 0 0 — 0
cos 0 + cos 0 = 2 cos cos cos 0 cos 0 = 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2
0 ± 4) 0+0
sin 8 ± sin 0= 2 sin cos
2 2
cost 0 + sin2 0 = 1 sect 8 - tan2 8 = 1

ei8 = cos 0 + i sin 0 [Euler's relation]

cos 0 = + e-`0) sin 0 = - e-i°)

Hyperbolic Functions

cosh z = (ez + e') = cos(iz) sinh z = (ez - e-z) = sin(iz)

tanh z = sinh z sechz = 1

cosh z cosh z
cosh2 z — sinh2 z =1 sech2z + tanh2 z = 1

Series Expansions

f (z) = f (a) + f'(a)(z - a) + Z, f"(a)(z - a)2 + 3,f'(a)(z - a)3 + • • [Taylor's series]

ez =1 + z + + +... ln(1 + z) = z - -1z2 + Az3 - • • [ Izi < 1]

cos z =1 - I,z2+z— • • • sin z = z - Iz3
3! + -L
5 ! 5 z— •
COSh Z = 1 + -1;22 + +1,24 + • • • sinh z = z + fl,z3 + + •••

tan z = z + iz3 + Az 5 +•••[ lz I < ir/2] tanh z = z - + 1Z5- z5 - • • • [ I z I < 7/2]

n(n - 1) 2
(1 + = 1 + nz + z + • [ IZI < 1] [binomial series]
2!
Some Derivatives

— tan z= sect z - tanh z= sech2 z

dz dz
d . d
— s i nk z = cosh z — cosh z = sinh z
dz dz

Some Integrals

Idx
arctan x
fdx
= arctanh x
J + x2 J - x2

dx
= arcsin x f dx
= arcsinh x
J 1-x2 J x2

f tan x dx = — In cos x f
tanh x dx = 1n cosh x

dx ( f x dx = In(1 + x 2)
J x + x2 = +
x x) J 1 + x2

f dx
= arccosh x
f x dx = +x 2
J x2 - J x2

dx
J x x 2 -1
= arccos(1/x)
J
dx
= arcsin(li) — (1 — x)

dx
+ x2)3/2 ± x 2)1/2
f ln(x)dx = xin(x) — x

[1 dx
= K (m), complete elliptic integral of first kind
Jo -11--x 24 — mx 2
Classical mechanics
John r. Taylor

2005
Fx= y, Fy= 2x
Miscellaneous Data (for use in some end-of-chapter problems)

Solar System
(mass of earth) = 5.97 x 1024 kg
(radius of earth) = 6.38 x 106 m
(mass of moon) = 7.35 x 1022 kg
(radius of moon) = 1.74 x 106 m
(mass of sun) = 1.99 x 103° kg
(radius of sun) = 6.96 x 108 m
(earth-moon distance) = 3.84 x 10 8 m
(earth-sun distance) = 1.50 x 10 11 m
Ideal Gases
Avogadro's number, NA = 6.02 x 1023 particles/mole
Boltzmann's constant, k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K = 8.62 x 10-5eV/K
Gas constant, R = 8.31 J/(mole•K) = 0.0821 liter•atm/(mole•K)
STP = 0°C and 1 atm
(Volume of 1 mole of gas at STP) = 22.4 liters
Conversion Factors
Area: 1 barn = 10-28 m2
Energy: 1 eV = 1.60 x 10-19 J
1 cal =4.184J
Length: 1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 mile = 1609 m
Mass: 1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 931.5 MeV/c2
1 lb (mass) = 0.454 kg
1 MeV/c2 = 1.074 x 10-3 u = 1.783 x 10-3° kg
Momentum: 1 MeV/c = 5.34 x 10-22 kg•m/s

A Few More Constants

Speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m/s
Planck's constants: h = 6.63 x 10 -34 J•s and h = 1.05 x 10-34 J•s
Vacuum permeability, p.o = 4n x 10-7 N/A2
co = 8.85 x 10-12 c2gN•m2)
Vacumperitvy,
Coulomb force constant, k = 1/(47rE0) = 8.99 x 109 N •m zicz

Vector Identities

A • (B x C) = B • (C x A) = C • (A x B)

A x (B x C) = B(A • C) - C(A • B) [BAC - CAB rule]

Vector Calculus

V f =x
„ af + yaf—„ z-
af [Cartesian]
ax ay az
„ af
=r+a-—+
af 1 1 of
[spherical polars]
ar r 80 rsm9 a(/).

= p af 92) — —
af Z
af [cylindrical polars]
ap p az

8
V x A = (—a A, - ( 2-A, - —A z)
ay az Y aZ aX

--
aA„—
a A x) [Cartesian]
( ax ay

=i 1 [ a (sin 0A 0 )
19- [ a
A, - - —r (rA0)]
r sin 0 ao a¢ r sin ra

+ [—a (rA 9 )— 494Ar] [spherical polar]

r ar
,p r
Lp 0(/)
A, -
az
Aol + is r-aazAi,
j -
- 2 -A21
ap i

+i - a A p]
(pito) - Ti [—
a [cylindrical polar]
P aP

a
v • A = —A x + —A ) + —A z
a a [Cartesian]
ay az 3x

= —1 a (r-A,)+
—
1 a (sin 0,49 ) +
a A, [spherical polars]
r2 dr r sin 9 80 r sin 0
a a a
=-— (PAp)± - —A0+ —Az [cylindrical polars]
pap p az

2 821 821 021

[Cartesian]
V f = aX 2 &W.?' aZ2
1 a2 8f 0 21
= (11)+ 1 a (sin 0 )± [spherical polars]
ar2 r2 sin e 00 ae r2 sin2 9 ao2
Ia an 1 32 f a2f
[cylindrical polars]
P aP aP P2 ao2 + 8 z 2
PHYSICS

Classical Mechanics
John R. Taylor
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, BOULDER

"A superb text. The clarity and readability of the book is so much better than anything
else on the market, that I predict this will soon be the most widely used book on the
subject in all American universities. I judge it to be at least ten times better, maybe
more, than the other popular classical mechanics books on the market right now."
—American Journal of Physics

"Taylor's book is unique among classical mechanics texts. It comprehensively covers

the field at the Sophomore/Junior level. At the same time, it is immensely readable, a
quality that comparable texts lack."
—Jonathan Friedman, Amherst College

"Many of my students thought that Taylor's Classical Mechanics was the clearest
textbook that they had ever used."
—Joel Fajans, University of California, Berkeley

John Taylor has brought to his new book, Classical Mechanics, all of the insight that
made his Introduction to Error Analysis an international best-seller. With unusual'
clarity, Classical Mechanics covers the topics normally found in books at this level,
and features a large selection of interesting problems —744 in all—at the end of
each chapter, ranging from simple exercises to challenging computer projects.

John Taylor as "Mr. Wizard"

on his bed of nails

John R. Taylor is the author of three best-selling textbooks, including Introduction to

Error Analysis, which has been translated into nine languages, and Modern Physics. He
is Professor of Physics and Presidential Teaching Scholar at the University of Colorado
in Boulder, where he has won numerous teaching awards, served as Associate Editor of
the American Journal of Physics, and received an Emmy Award for his television series
called "Physics 4 Fun."

University Science Books

www.uscibooks.com
ISBN 1-891389-22-X
9 0 0 0
About the cover: Taken in 1918 or 1919 on a highway in
France near the WW I front, the photo shows a classic
Model T automobile in mechanical difficulties. An old song
called "Get Out and Get Under" immortalizes this driver's
dilemma as he investigates beneath the running board.
9 781891 389221