Bernoulli’s Principle - Angle between the aircraft’s longitudinal axis

- An increase in the speed of a fluid occurs and the chord of the wing.
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or - No effect on the lift at a flight.
a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. - Changes angle the fuselage point, keeping the
- Pressure and velocity are inversely nose at a lower pitch angle.
proportional. Airfoil
Venturi Tube - Designed shape that produces lift when air
- Derived from bernoulli’s principle. It is used to flows over it.
measure or calculate flow rate accurately. - Uses to design wings of an aircraft.
Pitot Tube - More lift than drag.
- It is commonly used to determine the pressure Symmetrical Airfoil
at various places within the pipe. - Upper section of an airfoil from the centerline
- There is a pressure at stagnation point which mirrors the lower section.
is usually constant depending on conditions. - Produces less lift than asymmetrical.
Density Altitude - Zero angle of attack means zero lift.
- Performance based altitude. - Center line and cord line are the same.
- Basically, its what the aircraft thinks its flying - Balance in symmetrical airfoil allows
at, given the actual temperature. precision performance for lightweight
- Higher density altitude = lower aircraft aircrafts.
performance. Asymmetrical Airfoil
Parts of an Airfoil - Can create lift even at small angle of attack
(AoA).
- Non-zero camber, upper and lower camber
are different.
- Wide range of designs.
- Even at 0 angle of attack, it can produce lower
AoA.
- Commonly used in fixed wings aircrafts,
seldom used to rotary wing aircraft.
- Leading Edge – front of an airfoil, portion that - Center pressure changes as AoA changes.
meets the air first. NACA 4 Digit Series
- Mean Camber Line – line joining the mid points 1. First Digit- specifies the maximum camber
between the upper and lower surfaces of (m) in percentage of chord.
airfoil. 2. Second Digit- Indicates the position of the
- Thickness – the height of an airfoil measured maximum camber (p) in tenths of chord.
normal to the chord line. 3. Last Two Digit- provide the maximum
- Camber – the maximum distance of the mean thickness of (t) of the airfoil in percentage
line from the chord line, it affects lift. of chord.
- Chord – straight line which joins the end points NACA 5 Digit Series
of the mean camber line. 1. First Digit - when multiplied by 3/2, yields
- Trailing Edge – back of an airfoil, separated the design lift coefficient (ci) in tenths.
airflow rejoins. 2. 2nd and 3rd Digits - When divided by 2,
Aspect Ratio give the position of the maximum camber
- Ratio of the span to the chord of an airplane (p) in tenths of chord.
wing. 3. Final two Digits - indicate the maximum
- Ratio between the length and average width of thickness (t) in percentage of chord.
the surface. Flaps
Mean Aerodynamic Center - Increases camber and the area of a wing.
- Point at which the pitching moment is - High lift device consisting of hinged panels
invariant to small changes in angle of attack. mounted on trailing edge on a wing.
- A very important point on airfoil has been - Advantages
studied extensively. o Increase lift
- Affects the dynamic stability and elastic o Improved stall characteristics
deformation of airfoil. - Disadvantages
Coefficient of Lift (CL) o Lower takeoffs and landing speeds
- Use to model all complex dependencies o More drag
regarding lift. - Plain Flaps - extends from the fuselage to the
- Rearrangement of lift equation. aileron on each wing.
Coefficient of Drag - Slotted Flaps – most commonly used as it
- Use to model all complex dependencies increases the wing camber.
regarding drag, - Fowler Flaps – increase area of the wing.
- Rearrangement of drag equation - Split Flaps – deflect from the lower surface.
Angle of Attack Induced Coefficient of Drag
- Angle at which the chord meets the relative - consequence of lift and is produced by the
wind. passage of an airfoil through the air. Air flowing
- Low angle – Air flows smoothly over the top of a wing tends to flow inwards
- Lift and Drag increases, angle increases. \ because the decreased pressure over the top
Angle of Incidence surface is less than the pressure outside the
wing tip.