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Unit 4 Complete

The document discusses the processes of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion, highlighting their roles in digital data processing systems. It explains sampling as the measurement of continuous-time signals in discrete form, with a focus on sampling rate and the Nyquist rate, which is the minimum sampling rate necessary for accurate signal reproduction. The sampling theorem is also presented, stating that a signal can be accurately reproduced if sampled at a rate greater than twice its maximum frequency.

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5 views30 pages

Unit 4 Complete

The document discusses the processes of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion, highlighting their roles in digital data processing systems. It explains sampling as the measurement of continuous-time signals in discrete form, with a focus on sampling rate and the Nyquist rate, which is the minimum sampling rate necessary for accurate signal reproduction. The sampling theorem is also presented, stating that a signal can be accurately reproduced if sampled at a rate greater than twice its maximum frequency.

Uploaded by

cnavya2141
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

4 Analog to Digital & Digital to Analog conversion

The digital to analog conversion and analog to digital conversion techniques are important tools in
the digital data processing systems.

The analog to digital conversion techniques, the analog information is converted into its equivalent
binary number which is in the digital form. In general, the analog to digital converter acts as an
encoder.

The digital to analog conversion technique involves conversion of digital information into equivalent
analog information. Digital to analog converts acts as a decoding device.
Sampling is defined as, “The process of measuring the instantaneous values of continuous-
time signal in a discrete form.”
When a source generates an analog signal and if that has to be digitized,
having 1s and 0s i.e., High or Low, the signal has to be discretized in time. This
discretization of analog signal is called as Sampling.

Sampling Rate
To discretize the signals, the gap between the samples should be fixed. That gap can
be termed as a sampling period Ts.
SamplingFrequency =fs =1/Ts
Sampling frequency is the reciprocal of the sampling period. This sampling frequency, can
be simply called as Sampling rate.

Nyquist Rate
When the sampling rate becomes exactly equal to 2fm samples per second, then
it is called Nyquist rate. Nyquist rate is also called the minimum sampling rate.
It is given by,

Similarly, maximum sampling interval is called Nyquist interval. It is given


by,

The sampling theorem

The sampling theorem states that, “a signal can be exactly reproduced if it is


sampled at the rate fs which is greater than twice the maximum frequency fm.”

Fs > 2 Fm

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