A

PROJECT

ON

“A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste

Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”
SUBMITTED TO
SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
BY

MR. VAIBHAV SHRIKRUSHNA GAWAYE

MR. MAYUR GAUTAM HIROLE
MR. SUHAS GAUTAM WANKHADE
MR. ROHAN VIJAY SARKATE
GUIDED BY
PROF. NIDHI CHOUREY
CO-GUIDED BY
PROF. M. U. KARANDE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

PADM. DR.V. B. KOLTE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MALKAPUR-
443101

2024-25
 Vision & Mission of Institute
Vision
To be an autonomous institution offering multidisciplinary quality education programs
aligned with provisions of NEP 2020 and satisfy stakeholders' needs.
Mission Statement
1. To achieve excellence in academics, research and services continuously improving
the quality.
2. To ensure the wholesome development of students implementing the provisions of
NEP 2020.
3. To develop professional ethics, universal human values, constitutional values, and
21st century skills in students.
4. To observe provisions of quality education declared by the accreditation agencies
Vision & Mission of Department
Vision Statements
To provide high-quality education and research in computer science and engineering
to satisfy the needs of industry and society.
Mission Statements
1. To develop core competencies in computer science and engineering through
experiential learning.
2. To develop interdisciplinary and project management competencies through
students’ projects and internship.
3. To provide ICT - enabled infrastructure for experimentation, research and services
to society
4. To develop leadership quality, teamwork ability, ethical, human, and constitutional
values in students.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
The undergraduate programme in CSE is aim to prepare for –
PEO1. Successful professional in the field of software development.
PEO2: IoT engineer in the field of Internet of things.

PEO3: Entrepreneur in area of Software Development, Networking, Database,

Security, AI, IoT.

PEO4: Pursuing Higher education, Research and Development activities.

 CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the Project titled “A Blockchain-Based

IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”, by Vaibhav
Shrikrushna Gawaye, Mayur Gautam Hirole, Suhas Gautam Wankhade, Rohan Vijay
Sarkate of Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering from Department of
Computer Science & Engineering” has been carried out under my/our supervision and
that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree Computer Science &
Engineering - BE (Computer Science Engineering).

Guided By
Prof. Nidhi Chourey
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, BE
Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering, Malkapur

Co-Guided By
Prof. M. U. Karande
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, BE
Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte College of Engineering, Malkapur

Principal HOD
Dr. A. W. Kharche Prof. S. L. Farpat
Padm. Dr. VBKCOE, Malkapur Computer Science &Engineering,
Padm. Dr. VBKCOE, Malkapur

2024-25
 APPROVAL SHEET

This project entitled “ A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and

Tracing System for Smart Cities ” by Vaibhav Shrikrushna, Mayur Gautam Hirole,
Suhas Gautam Wankhade, Rohan Vijay Sarkate is approved for the Degree of
Computer Science and Engineering – B.E.

External

Name: ____________________

____________________

Guide
____________________

Prof. Nidhi Chourey

Co-Guide
____________________

Prof. M. U. Karande

HOD
____________________

Prof. S.L. Farpat

Principal
____________________

Dr. A.W. Kharche

Date: ____________

Place: ____________
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced
the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above
will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action
from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

Vaibhav Shrikrushna Gawaye

(Enrolment No. EN21209780)
Mayur Gautam Hirole
(Enrolment No. EN21204528)
Suhas Gautam Wankhade
(Enrolment No. EN21229551)
Rohan Vijay Sarkate
(Enrolment No. EN21216535)

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express deep gratitude for project and valuable suggestions that I got from my
guide Prof. Nidhi Chourey Professor of Computer Science & Engineering Department
of BE for successful completion of the Project report. This was not possible without
her invaluable guidance. I pay deep regards to our HOD Prof. Sudesh Farpat,
Principal Dr. A. W. Kharche who are instrumental in setting standards for the students
to achieve. Finally, I am thankful to all the people who are related to the project directly
or indirectly.

I am grateful to all the teachers and Staff of Department of Computer Science

& Engineering.

Vaibhav Shrikrushna Gawaye [EN21209780]

Mayur Gautam Wankhade [EN21204528]
Suhas Gautam Wankhade [EN21229551]
Rohan Vijay Sarkate [EN21216535]
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1 List of Figures I
2 List of Snapshots II
3 Abstract III

Ch. No.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective Of Project 3
1.2 Specific Objective 3

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 5

2.1 Related Work 6
2.2 Problem Identification 9
2.3 Motivation Of The Project 10
2.4 Frame Work Of Project 11
2.5 Hypothesis Of Project 12

Chapter 3 System Development 14

3.1 Assumptions and Dependencies 14
3.1.1 Assumptions 14
3.1.2 Dependencies 14
3.2 Functional Requirements 14
System Feature 1 (Functional
3.2.1 14
Requirement)
3.3 Non-functional Requirements 15
3.3.1 Performance Requirements 15
3.3.2 Safety Requirements 15
3.3.3 Security Requirements 16
3.3.4 Software Quality Attributes 16
 3.4 System Requirements 16
3.4.1 Database 16
3.4.2 Software 16
3.4.3 Hardware 16
3.5 Analysis Models 17
3.6 System Architecture 17

Chapter 4 System Implementation 20

4.1 Overview of Project Modules 20
4.2 Tools and Technologies Used 22
4.3 Programming Language Description 23

Chapter 5 Results & Outcomes 27

5.1 Result & Outcomes 27
5.2 Screenshots 28

Chapter 6 Conclusion 32
6.1 Conclusion 32
6.2 Future Scope 32
References 34

Appendix-A Appendix-A 36
Certificates 37
 List of Figures
Section Title Of Figures Page No.

3.1 System Architecture 18

An overview of the proposed blockchain-based IoT-

4.1 21
enabled e-waste management system in smart cities.

Detailed sequence diagram illustrating how the Order

4.2 23
manager smart contract can be used
Detailed sequence diagram illustrating how the bids &
reputation manager, waste manager, and data destruction
4.3 25
manager smart contracts can be employed to regulate
business operations between participants.
 List of Snapshots
Section Name Of Snapshots Page No.
5.1 Admin Login Page 28

5.2 Retailer Login Page 29

5.3 Waste Collection Center Login Page 29
5.4 Consumer Login Page 30
 ABSTRACT
The growing volume of electronic waste (e-waste) poses a serious environmental and
public health challenge globally. Improper disposal and lack of transparency in e-waste
management contribute to hazardous material leakage and inefficient recycling
practices. To address these issues, the A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste
Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities leverages blockchain technology to
ensure transparency, accountability, and traceability throughout the e-waste lifecycle.
This project presents a decentralized platform developed using Ganache for blockchain
simulation, Django for backend processing, and a combination of Python, SQL, HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript for full-stack development.

The system records and verifies each stage in the e-waste journey—from generation by
consumers, collection by authorized agencies, transportation, recycling, to final
disposal—ensuring data immutability and real-time tracking. Smart contracts automate
critical operations such as data validation and stakeholder authorization, minimizing
human errors and manipulation. The use of a blockchain ledger guarantees that all
entries are time-stamped, tamper-proof, and accessible to verified participants,
including government bodies, recyclers, and consumers.

This system promotes responsible e-waste handling by fostering trust among

stakeholders and encouraging regulatory compliance. It also enhances data
transparency, which can be used for environmental audits, policy formation, and public
awareness. By integrating blockchain with web technologies, this project demonstrates
a sustainable and scalable solution for modern e-waste management challenges.
Ultimately, the A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing
System for Smart Cities aims to contribute to a cleaner environment and a more circular
economy by enabling smart and secure waste traceability.

Keywords:
E-waste management, Blockchain technology, Waste traceability, Smart contracts,
Ganache, Django, Environmental sustainability, Electronic waste tracking,
Decentralized system, Secure data logging
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The global surge in electronic device usage has resulted in a dramatic increase in
electronic waste (e-waste), which has become one of the fastest-growing waste streams
worldwide. Improper disposal and management of e-waste can lead to severe
environmental and health hazards, including the release of toxic substances like lead,
mercury, and cadmium. Traditional e-waste management systems are often fragmented,
lacking transparency, and are vulnerable to inefficiencies and fraudulent practices. This
creates challenges in ensuring the responsible recycling and disposal of e-waste. To
address these issues, a blockchain-based Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled A
Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities
offers a promising solution.
By leveraging the power of IoT devices and blockchain technology, this system
provides a comprehensive, secure, and transparent framework for managing the entire
lifecycle of e-waste. IoT sensors, such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags,
GPS, and environmental monitoring devices, are used to track and collect data on e-
waste items, including their type, condition, and location. Blockchain technology
ensures that this data is securely recorded and immutable, offering a transparent and
auditable record of every transaction and movement of e-waste throughout the supply
chain. This decentralized, tamper-proof ledger eliminates the need for intermediaries,
reducing operational costs and the risk of fraud. Moreover, it enables real-time
monitoring and better decision-making by all stakeholders, including manufacturers,
recyclers, regulators, and consumers. The integration of IoT and blockchain in e-waste
management not only enhances efficiency and accountability but also promotes
sustainability by improving recycling rates and ensuring that e-waste is disposed of in
an environmentally responsible manner.
This system presents a significant step forward in the transition toward a circular
economy, where resources from electronic waste can be recovered and reused,
minimizing the negative impact on the environment. In the contemporary digital era,
the proliferation of electronic devices has become an integral part of our daily lives,
contributing to unprecedented technological advancements. However, the rapid

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

evolution of electronics has given rise to a parallel challenge– the generation of

electronic waste, commonly known as e-waste. The improper disposal of electronic
devices poses severe environmental and health hazards due to the presence of hazardous
materials.
Recognizing the urgency of addressing this issue, our project, the E-Waste
Management System, aims to provide a comprehensive solution to the burgeoning
problem of electronic waste. This initiative endeavors to establish an efficient and
sustainable system for the collection, recycling, and responsible disposal of e-waste,
aligning with global environmental goals and local regulatory frameworks. Managing
e-waste is currently one of the major challenges of urban cities. E-waste is more
difficult to manage than conventional waste since it contains toxic chemicals,
radioactive materials, and storage devices that might lead to privacy and security issues.
If the storage devices are not disposed of appropriately, they may fall into the hands of
adversaries who acquire storage devices in bulk and scan them for sensitive
information. Through this process, they can extract important data, such as encryption
keys, crypto wallets, social security numbers, blueprints of important buildings, and
even classified information of the governments.
Therefore, electronic devices require evidence-based tracking, tracing, destruction,
and recycling. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the building blocks of smart cities and
can play a crucial role in the collection and tracking of e-waste. E-waste management
has recently become a critical concern because of the rapid growth of technologies and
the short lifespan of electronic peripherals. The inadequate disposal of e-waste can have
notable negative impacts on human health and the atmosphere, including releasing
hazardous substances into the air, water, and soil. Therefore, there is a need for an
innovative solution to manage e-waste and promote environmental sustainability. This
proposes a blockchain-enabled Internet of Things for e-waste management along with
environmental sustainability through tracking and tracing. Various technologies are
utilized to generate, install, and endorse maintainable growing plans in smart cities to
satisfy the growing needs of suburbanization. Keen cities strive for ecological
sustainability by aiming for energy efficiency and reducing their carbon imprint. The
Smart City Index (SCI) assesses many factors, including well-being, transportation,
safety or security, and waste control, to enhance the quality of life.
In the last two eras, electronic apparatus life span has notably decreased because of

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

advancements in technological developments. One of the biggest challenges facing

urban areas presently is the management of e-waste. Managing e-waste is more
complex compared to traditional waste due to the presence of noxious chemicals,
radioactive resources, and storage equipment that could give rise to solitude and safety
concerns. In the event that the disposal of storage devices is not handled properly, it
could be acquired by adversaries who purchase storage devices as mass and fetch
essential data.
This method enables them to retrieve sensitive data such as encrypted keys or data,
crypto files, communal security records, blueprints of crucial constructions, and even
classified government data. Consequently, electronic peripherals necessitate a fact-
oriented approach to monitoring, trailing, disposing of, and reprocessing them. The
Internet of Things (IoT) is a vital component of smart cities and can be a group of
instrumental in chasing e-waste. Furthermore, blockchain technology can facilitate
evidence-based monitoring, tracking, disposal, and reprocessing of e-waste to
safeguard it from being sold on the dark market. Several managements of waste and
supply chains rely on IoT as well as on cloud computing, with nearly offering monetary
incentives in the method of tickets to encourage society to dispose of waste at selected
locations.
The lack of auditing features in current e-waste management systems poses a
potential risk of smuggling e-waste into the black market, which could result in
criminals extraction of radioactive resources or sensitive information from data storage
materials. Furthermore, these techniques usually rely on a centralized infrastructure,
making them vulnerable to scalability problems and letting them down in a single
failure. These methods lead to a lack of decisive structures, including privacy,
traceability, accountability and transparency, among others.
1.1 Objective of Project:
To develop a trustworthy and tamper-proof system that integrates blockchain and
IoT technologies for real-time tracking, tracing, and management of electronic
waste (e-waste) to ensure responsible disposal, promote recycling, and reduce
environmental hazards.
1.2 Specific Objectives:

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

 Transparency and Traceability: Record every transaction in the e-waste lifecycle

(collection, transportation, recycling) on a block chain ledger to prevent data
tampering. Enable stakeholders (consumers, recyclers, regulators) to trace the
source and destination of e-waste.
 Real-Time Monitoring with IoT: Use IoT sensors (GPS, RFID, weight sensors)
to gather real-time data about the location, condition, and quantity of e-waste items
during transit and storage. Ensure data accuracy and immediate reporting of illegal
dumping or mishandling.
 Decentralized Data Management: Eliminate the need for centralized control by
storing data on a decentralized blockchain network to ensure security and reliability.
 Regulatory Compliance and Reporting: Automatically generate reports and
compliance documentation for government and environmental agencies using
blockchain-verified data.
 Incentivizing Sustainable Behavior: Use smart contracts to provide incentives
(e.g., digital tokens) to consumers and companies that responsibly dispose of or
recycle electronic products.
 Reducing Environmental Impact: Minimize improper disposal of harmful e-
waste components by ensuring accountability and promoting eco-friendly practice.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Related Work

 J. Jara et. al. (2011): The generation of electronic waste (e- waste) is determined
as a substantial element of solid waste administration. However, encountering e-
waste in landfills is not recommended as a result of its unsafe chemicals along with
hefty steels. The presence of beneficial steels like gold plus copper highlights the
significance of reliable waste administration. While some industrialized nations
apply contemporary family e-waste administration methods Malaysia has actually
not completely applied lawful structures for house e-waste. To sustain the idea of
sustainability in smarter cities reliable administration of house e-waste is vital. This
research discovers the application of wise collection systems in the Malaysian e-
waste monitoring as well as reusing market.
 Mithila et. al. (2023): The arising field of IoT-based wise e- waste administration
includes the combination of modern technology as well as ecological sustainability.
Digital waste postures a worldwide obstacle, with possible negative results on both
the atmosphere as well as public health and wellness. In this research, we present a
wise e-waste monitoring system using IoT gadgets plus sensing units for tracking,
arranging, plus disposal of e-waste.
 Sumaiya et. al. (2023):, The Net of Points (IoT) is playing a crucial duty in
establishing cutting-edge applications for wise cities with garbage administration
being a details location that take advantage of numerous IoT parts like RFIDs
coupled with sensing units. To resolve the requirement for an effective coupled with
economical garbage collection system, this paper presents a unique approach an
smart garbage design for wise cities using a crossbreed hereditary formula (GA)--
unclear reasoning engine. The system wisely reviews, accumulates and also refines
details with a blurry thinking engine, dynamically establishing just how to handle
waste collection.
 Niful et.al. (2023): The incorrect disposal of digital waste money (e-waste) offers
substantial ecological plus wellness dangers on an international range, motivating
significant worries. Exact category of e-waste photos is necessary for efficient

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

administration as well as reusing initiatives. This paper presents the E-Waste Vision
Dataset a detailed collection including 8 unique courses of digital gadget pictures.
Additionally, the paper provides EWasteNet an unique two- stream strategy for
specific e-waste photo category capitalizing on a data-efficient picture transformer
(DeiT). The very first stream uses a Sobel driver for side discovery, while the 2nd
stream uses an Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling as well as focus block to order multi-
scale contextual info.
 Atta Ur Rehman et. al. (2023): The rising international problem of digital waste
recycling needs effective surveillance plus traceability of digital tools as well as
connected company deals amongst stakeholders. Present centralized systems do not
have openness, permanence together with safety and security, preventing detailed
protection of the e-products life process as well as managing big quantities of
information produced in supply chain procedures. In feedback, this paper
recommends a blockchain-based IoT-enabled system that uses wise agreements to
tape-record customer activities on an dispersed journal making certain openness,
traceability, along with safety and security.
 Rodrigues et. al., (2019): The scope of this review encompasses the examination
of IoT-based solutions in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of urban waste
management systems. By addressing current challenges such as inefficient resource
allocation, high operational costs, and environmental impact, this review aims to
explore how IoT technologies can transform conventional waste management
practices. The focus includes various aspects of IoT applications, such as sensor
networks, data analytics, and automated systems that support smart waste
collection, segregation, and recycling processes.
 Tunde et. al., (2024): Methodologically, the review adopts a systematic approach,
analyzing existing literature and case studies to identify best practices and
innovative strategies. The primary sources include peer-reviewed articles, technical
reports, and policy documents that detail IoT’s role in sustainable waste
management frameworks. Furthermore, comparative analyses of successful
implementations in different urban contexts are undertaken to provide insights into
scalability and adaptability. The methodology emphasizes the integration of
quantitative data, such as efficiency metrics, with qualitative assessments, including
user adoption and community participation. This approach is expected to contribute

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

to the broader understanding of IoT’s potential in achieving sustainability goals.

By synthesizing evidence from diverse geographical and technological settings, the
review seeks to offer actionable recommendations for stakeholders, including
policymakers, urban planners, and technology developers. The findings will not
only highlight the technological enablers of smart waste management but also
address barriers to implementation and propose solutions to mitigate them.
 Aborode et al., (2024): Smart waste management refers to the integration of
advanced technologies and innovative frameworks to optimize the processes of
waste collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal.
 Cheema et. al., (2022): These systems rely on Internet of Things (IoT) devices,
data analytics, and automation to provide efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective
solutions. The primary objective is to enhance resource recovery, reduce landfill
usage, and improve urban cleanliness while minimizing environmental and
economic costs.
 Sadov et. al., (2022): This cloud-based infrastructure enables the collection and
processing of data from the various sensors, ultimately facilitating efficient waste
collection and management operations. These systems are supported by digital
platforms that facilitate data sharing among stakeholders, including waste
management companies, municipal authorities, and citizens. The integration of
cloud computing and blockchain enhances transparency and accountability,
ensuring effective tracking of waste streams from generation to final disposal. This
comprehensive approach not only addresses the immediate challenges of waste
management but also aligns with long-term sustainability goals, making it a
cornerstone for smart city initiatives.
 Aborode et. al., (2024): Smart waste management refers to the integration of
advanced technologies and innovative frameworks to optimize the processes of
waste collection, segregation, transportation, and disposal. These systems rely on
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, data analytics, and automation to provide efficient,
sustainable, and cost-effective solutions. The primary objective is to enhance
resource recovery, reduce landfill usage, and improve urban cleanliness while
minimizing environmental and economic costs.
 Esmaeilian et. al., (2018): Key components of smart waste management systems
include sensor-equipped waste bins, real-time monitoring platforms, and automated

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

sorting technologies. Sensor systems, installed in waste bins, monitor the fill levels
and communicate with centralized systems to optimize waste collection routes.
Additionally, IoT-enabled platforms gather and analyze data to support predictive
maintenance, reducing operational inefficiencies.
 Ayobami ,et. al., (2024): It includes components such as smart bin systems, real-
time monitoring systems, and navigation systems. The template includes an
overview, key components involved, and real-life examples. These systems are
supported by digital platforms that facilitate data sharing among stakeholders,
including waste management companies, municipal authorities, and citizens. The
integration of cloud computing and blockchain enhances transparency and
accountability, ensuring effective tracking of waste streams from generation to final
disposal. This comprehensive approach not only addresses the immediate
challenges of waste management but also aligns with long-term sustainability goals,
making it a cornerstone for smart city initiatives.
2.2 Problem Identification
Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams globally,
fueled by rapid technological advancements, short product life cycles, and increasing
consumer demand for electronics. Despite efforts to manage e-waste, significant gaps
remain in tracking, transparency, and accountability across the e-waste management
lifecycle. The current system faces several pressing challenges:
 Lack of Transparency and Traceability: There is no unified system to track the
journey of electronic waste from disposal to recycling or final treatment. Illegal
dumping and unethical export of e-waste to developing countries are common due
to a lack of monitoring mechanisms.
 Data Tampering and Inaccuracy: Traditional tracking systems often rely on
centralized databases that can be manipulated or hacked, compromising the
integrity of the data. Manual record-keeping or non-standardized digital methods
make it difficult to ensure accuracy and trust among stakeholders.
 Weak Enforcement of Regulations: Environmental laws and e-waste handling
protocols exist but are difficult to enforce due to the absence of real-time data and
auditable trails. Regulatory bodies struggle to verify whether organizations are
complying with proper e-waste management practices.

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

 Limited Consumer Engagement and Incentives: Consumers often lack

awareness or motivation to dispose of electronics responsibly. There is no incentive
mechanism to encourage sustainable behavior like returning old devices for
recycling.
 Environmental and Health Hazards: Improper disposal of e-waste leads to the
release of toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, causing serious
health and environmental risks. Informal recycling sectors often expose workers to
hazardous conditions without safety protocols.
 Inefficient Supply Chain Monitoring: Logistics and recycling partners often
operate in silos, resulting in poor coordination and inefficiencies in collection,
transportation, and processing. The lack of real-time monitoring tools hampers
efforts to optimize routes and reduce carbon emissions during transport.

2.3 Motivation of the Project

To design and develop a blockchain-based Internet of Things (IOT) system
designed to efficiently track and trace electronic waste (e-waste) within smart cities.
This system seeks to enhance the management, recycling, and disposal of e-waste by
leveraging the immutable and transparent nature of blockchain technology combined
with the real-time data acquisition capabilities of IoT devices.
 Smart City Initiatives
 Challenges in E-Waste Management
 Technological Advancements

2.3.1 Objective
 Implement a Blockchain Network: Establish a decentralized blockchain to securely
record and verify all transactions and movements of e-waste.
 Develop a User Interface: Create a web application for stakeholders to interact with
the system, including functionalities for reporting, tracking, and managing e-waste.
 Enhance E-Waste Management: Improve the sorting, recycling, and disposal of e-
waste by providing accurate and timely information.
 Foster Public Awareness and Participation: Encourage responsible e-waste disposal
practices among citizens through awareness campaigns and incentives.

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

 Integrate IoT Sensors: Deploy IoT devices to monitor the condition, location, and
movement of e-waste in real-time.
 Foster Public Awareness and Participation: Encourage responsible e-waste disposal
practices among citizens through awareness campaigns and incentives.

2.4 Frame work of Project

 System Architecture Overview: The project integrates Blockchain technology
with IOT devices in a layered framework to ensure secure, real-time tracking and
transparent documentation of e-waste movement from generation to recycling or
disposal.
 Components
 IoT Layer: Sensors/Devices RFID tags, GPS trackers, weight sensors, and
temperature sensors attached to e-waste bins or transport vehicles. Collects real-
time data such as location, quantity, and condition of e-waste.LoRaWAN, MQTT,
ZigBee, or NB-IoT for data transmission.
 Edge/Cloud Processing Layer: Edge Devices Gateways that process raw data
locally to reduce latency. Cloud Storage/Computation For advanced analytics,
historical data storage, and large-scale data management.
 Blockchain Layer: Distributed Ledger Records all transactions immutably, such
as disposal events, transport updates, and recycling confirmation. Smart Contracts
Automate processes like verifying drop-off points, issuing alerts, or rewarding
responsible behavior. PoS (Proof of Stake) or BFT (Byzantine Fault Tolerance) for
validation.

 Application Layer (User Interfaces): Web & Mobile Dashboard For users
(consumers, recyclers, regulators) to access real-time data, submit reports, and view
the history of e-waste items. To integrate with existing government or recycling
systems.
 Stakeholder Roles
 Process Flow
 Security & Privacy Considerations: End-to-end encryption for IoT data.
Permission blockchain for controlled access. Role-based data visibility to ensure
user privacy.

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

2.5 Hypothesis of Project

Integrating blockchain technology with IoT-enabled tracking systems will significantly
enhance the transparency, traceability, and accountability of e-waste management,
thereby promoting responsible recycling practices and reducing environmental hazards.

2.5.1 Supporting Hypotheses:

 H1: The use of IoT sensors will enable real-time monitoring of e-waste movement
and storage conditions, reducing instances of illegal dumping or mishandling.
 H2: Blockchain will provide an immutable, tamper-proof record of each stage of e-
waste handling, increasing trust among stakeholders (consumers, recyclers, and
regulators).
 H3: Smart contracts will automate verification and incentivization processes,
thereby encouraging more users to dispose of electronics responsibly.
 H4: A decentralized system will enhance compliance with environmental
regulations by offering transparent access to audit trails for regulatory authorities.
 H5: Consumer engagement and recycling rates will improve when users are
rewarded through blockchain-enabled incentive mechanisms.

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 CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart”

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1 Assumptions and Dependencies
3.1.1 Assumptions

 All stakeholders (manufacturers, retailers, consumers, waste handlers) are

registered on the blockchain with unique Ethereum addresses.
 IoT-enabled smart bins are deployed throughout the smart city and are capable of
identifying waste type and measuring weight.
 All entities possess valid trade licenses, which are stored and verifiable on the
blockchain.
 A reliable blockchain network (Ethereum) and distributed file system (IPFS) are
operational and secure.
 Smart contracts are pre-deployed and function without external interference.
 Smart waste bins and other IoT components communicate securely and
consistently with the blockchain system.

3.1.2 Dependencies

 Blockchain Platform: Ethereum smart contracts are central to system

functionality.
 IPFS: Used to store large data (images, certificates) to avoid blockchain size
limitations.
 IoT Infrastructure: Smart waste bins rely on sensors and image recognition for
waste classification and measurement.
 Network Connectivity: Required for real-time updates, event triggering, and
transaction submissions.
 Remix IDE: Used for contract development and testing.
 Security Tools: SmartCheck used to verify vulnerability-free smart contract code.

3.2 Functional Requirements

3.2.1 System Feature 1: Core Functionalities

 Smart Contract Functions:

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o PlaceOrderRequest, SubmitBid, RequestCertificateIssue,

etc.
 User Registration:
o All participants (consumers, retailers, contractors) must be registered and
licensed.
 Order Lifecycle:
o Orders are placed, confirmed, received, and recorded immutably on-chain.
 Waste Disposal:
o Consumers deposit devices into smart bins → smart contract triggers waste
collection request.
 Bidding Mechanism:
o Waste collection centers initiate open bidding.
o Contractors bid based on requirements.
o Smart contracts select winners based on best fit.
 Reputation System:
o Participants receive and update reputation scores based on service quality.
o Access and bidding rights depend on these scores.
 Data Destruction & Certification:
o Data devices are identified during recycling and sent to a destruction unit.
o Certificate issuance confirms secure deletion.
 Gas Optimization:
o Complex functions are carefully optimized to reduce Ethereum gas costs.

3.3 Non-functional Requirements

3.3.1 Performance Requirements

 The system must handle multiple concurrent transactions from different

participants.
 Smart contract functions should execute within acceptable Ethereum gas limits.

3.3.2 Safety Requirements

 Smart contracts enforce role-based access through modifiers.

 Invalid transactions are rejected with error messages and no state changes.
 Only reputable, licensed users can execute high-impact actions.

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3.3.3 Security Requirements

 Integrity: Achieved via immutability of blockchain.

 Availability: System accessible even if some nodes fail.
 Non-repudiation: Digital signatures prevent denial of transactions.
 Confidentiality: Access controls restrict operations to authorized users.
 Auditability: Every event is logged on-chain for full traceability.

3.3.4 Software Quality Attributes

 Modularity: System uses multiple smart contracts for different operations.

 Scalability: IPFS handles large files, offloading blockchain storage.
 Maintainability: Smart contracts are readable, reusable, and tested with
SmartCheck.
 Reliability: Handles exceptions and unauthorized access gracefully.

3.4 System Requirements

3.4.1 Database

 Blockchain Ledger: Stores transaction hashes, reputations, identifiers.

 IPFS (InterPlanetary File System): Stores:
o Device images
o Licenses
o Data destruction certificates

3.4.2 Software

 Ethereum Blockchain
 Solidity Language
 Remix IDE
 SmartCheck (Security Analysis Tool)

3.4.3 Hardware

 Smart Bins:
o Sensors (weight, image recognition)

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o Microcontrollers (e.g., Raspberry Pi)

 Node Machines for hosting blockchain and IPFS clients.
 Consumer Devices: For interacting with the system via blockchain interfaces.

3.5 Analysis Models

 System uses sequence diagrams to model:

o Buying processes
o Waste disposal
o Bidding and recycling cycles
 Algorithms describe step-by-step logical operations (e.g., placing bids, issuing
certificates).

3.6 System Architecture

The proposed system is a blockchain-based IoT-enabled architecture designed to

monitor and manage e-waste in smart cities. Its core objective is to ensure secure,
traceable, and tamper-proof tracking of electronic devices throughout their post-
manufacturing lifecycle, culminating in responsible recycling or disposal.

At the foundation of the architecture lies Ethereum blockchain, which provides a

decentralized and immutable platform for recording transactions. The system leverages
five smart contracts—Registration, Order Manager, Waste Manager, Bid &
Reputation Manager, and Data Destruction Manager—to automate operations and
ensure compliance across all stages.

The key stakeholders interact with the system as follows:

1. Manufacturers produce and register electronic devices on the blockchain,

including metadata like design, production date, and material type. They sell these
to retailers, who further transact with consumers.
2. Consumers buy electronic products and, upon disposal, place them in IoT-enabled
smart waste bins. These bins, deployed city-wide, identify the type and weight of
the e-waste and trigger a blockchain transaction.
3. Once a bin is full, it alerts the waste collection center, which initiates a bidding
process (via smart contract) for contractors to collect and transport the waste.

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4. The selected contractor updates the shipment status in real-time and ensures safe
delivery to the recycling plant.
5. At the recycling facility, e-waste is segregated, and storage devices are sent to data
destruction facilities. After secure data erasure, a certificate is issued and stored
on IPFS, with its hash registered on the blockchain.
6. Finally, the recycled material (r-material) can be sold back to manufacturers,
closing the loop.

To handle large files like device images or destruction certificates, the system integrates
IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), a decentralized storage solution. Only the file
hashes are stored on-chain, reducing blockchain bloat.

This architecture also introduces a reputation mechanism: stakeholders gain or lose

credibility based on actions and feedback, promoting ethical behavior. The combined
use of blockchain, smart contracts, IoT sensors, and distributed storage ensures
security, transparency, traceability, and scalability, making the system a viable
model for smart city e-waste management.

Figure 3.1: System Architecture

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 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

4. System Implementation

4.1 Overview of Project Modules

The proposed blockchain-based IoT-enabled A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-

Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities is designed with a modular
architecture that includes a set of smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain.
These smart contracts are tailored to automate and secure different operations across
the e-waste supply chain. The system consists of five major smart contracts:
Registration, Order Manager, Waste Manager, Bid & Reputation Manager, and Data
Destruction Manager. Each module is responsible for handling distinct roles and
responsibilities within the system.

The Registration Smart Contract ensures that all participants such as manufacturers,
retailers, consumers, waste collection centers, contractors, and recycling units are
registered on the blockchain with verified licenses. This contract plays a crucial role in
establishing a trusted and secure network by validating user credentials.

The Order Manager Smart Contract facilitates purchase and sales transactions of
electronic devices and recycled materials. It allows manufacturers to post product
details, retailers to place orders, and consumers to buy devices. The smart contract also
ensures that only authorized and registered users can execute these operations,
maintaining data integrity and transaction authenticity.

The Waste Manager Smart Contract oversees all waste-related activities such as
logging e-waste deposit, triggering collection when bins are full, and managing
transportation of waste to recycling centers. This module ensures efficient handling and
secure processing of electronic waste.

The Bid & Reputation Manager Smart Contract governs the bidding process for e-
waste transportation contracts and updates the reputation scores of contractors based on

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performance feedback. This encourages ethical conduct and operational transparency

among service providers.

The Data Destruction Manager Smart Contract handles the verification and
certification of data destruction. Once data-bearing devices are delivered to a
destruction unit, this smart contract verifies the credentials and payment status before
issuing a certificate. The certificate is stored on IPFS, and its hash is saved on the
blockchain for immutable reference.

These modules interact seamlessly through event-driven logic, ensuring full traceability
and accountability at every step. By employing a decentralized approach, the system
mitigates risks associated with centralized systems such as data manipulation, fraud,
and unauthorized access. Each transaction is logged immutably, providing stakeholders
with a secure and transparent environment to manage the lifecycle of electronic devices
from production to recycling.

Overall, the modular design supports scalability, allowing future integration of

additional waste types or features, and adaptability for deployment in various smart city
infrastructures. The architecture promotes not only environmental sustainability but
also operational efficiency, legal compliance, and user trust across the entire e-waste
management ecosystem.

Figure 4.1: An overview of the proposed blockchain-based IoT-enabled e-waste

management system in smart cities.

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4.2 Tools and Technologies Used

The implementation of the proposed blockchain-based IoT-enabled e-waste

management system integrates various cutting-edge tools and technologies. These tools
are selected based on their capability to support decentralized, transparent, secure, and
scalable architecture for managing the entire lifecycle of electronic devices. The main
technologies used include Ethereum blockchain, Remix IDE, Solidity programming
language, and IPFS for distributed storage.

Ethereum Blockchain is the backbone of this system. It provides a decentralized

platform where smart contracts can be deployed and executed without the need for a
central authority. Ethereum ensures immutability, transparency, and security of all
business transactions between stakeholders. Each participant is assigned a unique
Ethereum address which is used for identity verification and transaction logging.

Remix IDE is an open-source development environment used for writing, testing, and
deploying smart contracts written in Solidity. It provides a user-friendly interface and
debugging tools, which were crucial during the design and implementation phase.
Developers used Remix IDE to test the smart contract logic under various scenarios to
ensure correctness and reliability.

Solidity is the high-level programming language used to develop the smart contracts
for the system. It supports features like inheritance, libraries, and complex user-defined
types, which are used extensively to build modular, reusable, and efficient code. Smart
contracts include detailed access control through modifiers and emit events to maintain
transparency and real-time logging of operations.

InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is used for storing large files and documents off-
chain. Since storing large files directly on the blockchain is costly and inefficient, IPFS
provides a decentralized solution where only the file hash is stored on-chain. This setup
ensures that important documents like licenses, product images, and destruction
certificates are securely stored and easily retrievable.

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In addition to these core technologies, the project also employs event-driven logic and
cryptographic techniques for ensuring data integrity and authenticity. Functions are
secured with access modifiers, and transaction logs are emitted using events to facilitate
traceability. Gas optimization strategies are also employed to minimize the cost of
executing smart contracts.

This technology stack allows the system to be resilient, auditable, and scalable. It also
provides flexibility for integration with other smart city components or third-party
systems. By leveraging these technologies, the system ensures a robust framework for
managing e-waste responsibly and transparently, contributing to the sustainable
development of urban environments.

Figure 4.2: Detailed sequence diagram illustrating how the Order manager smart contract can be
used

4.3 Programming Language Description

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The programming language used for implementing the smart contracts of the e-waste
tracking and tracing system is Solidity. Solidity is a contract-oriented, high-level
language designed specifically for writing smart contracts on blockchain platforms like
Ethereum. It is statically typed and supports features such as inheritance, libraries, user-
defined types, and event-driven programming, which makes it ideal for building
complex decentralized applications (DApps).

Solidity allows the developers to encode complex business logic directly into the
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). The smart contracts written in Solidity enable
decentralized execution of transactions and business rules without intermediaries. In
the context of this project, Solidity was used to develop five critical smart contracts:
Registration, Order Manager, Waste Manager, Bid & Reputation Manager, and Data
Destruction Manager.

These smart contracts encapsulate the full set of business operations across the e-waste
lifecycle. For example, the Order Manager contract manages purchase orders
between manufacturers, retailers, and consumers. It validates credentials, order
quantity, and license validity using conditional statements and modifiers. Events are
emitted at key stages (e.g., order placed, accepted, or rejected) to ensure all stakeholders
are notified in real time.

In the Bid & Reputation Manager contract, Solidity ensures only valid contractors
with satisfactory reputation scores can submit bids. The contract logic checks each
submission against predefined thresholds and access permissions. Reputation scores are
updated using feedback submitted by stakeholders, and this feedback is recorded and
analyzed within the smart contract functions.

The Data Destruction Manager contract uses Solidity to verify requests for data
erasure from storage devices. Only registered waste recycling units with valid licenses
can request this service. Upon successful erasure, the contract issues a certificate whose
metadata is stored on the blockchain and content on IPFS.

Solidity also includes robust error-handling capabilities to manage invalid operations

or unauthorized access. Modifiers are heavily used to restrict function execution and

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ensure that only authorized roles (e.g., registered manufacturers, verified retailers) can
perform specific actions.

Furthermore, the event-driven nature of Solidity smart contracts enables

comprehensive audit trails. Every significant function execution results in an event
emission, which is logged on-chain and can be accessed publicly for transparency.

Overall, Solidity's robust type system, modular programming capabilities, and

blockchain-native design make it the ideal choice for developing the decentralized,
secure, and scalable smart contracts needed in this IoT-enabled e-waste management
solution.

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Figure 4.3: Detailed sequence diagram illustrating how the bids & reputation manager,
waste manager, and data destruction manager smart contracts can be employed to regulate
business operations between participants.

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CHAPTER 5
RESULT
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

CHAPTER 5
RESULT

5.1 Result and Outcomes

The project titled "A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and
Tracing System for Smart Cities" aimed to explore how blockchain technology could
be leveraged to improve the management, tracking, and tracing of electronic waste (e-
waste). Through careful development and testing, the system demonstrated several
significant results and outcomes that could contribute to addressing the global e-waste
challenge. One of the most important results was the improvement in traceability. The
system allowed for detailed tracking of e-waste at every stage of its lifecycle, from the
initial point of disposal by consumers, through collection centers, transporters,
treatment facilities, and finally to recycling plants or disposal sites. Every transaction
and movement was recorded immutably on the blockchain network, ensuring that the
history of each electronic item could be traced accurately and transparently. Another
key outcome was the enhancement of transparency across all involved stakeholders.
Traditional e-waste management often suffers from lack of visibility, which can lead
to illegal dumping, unregulated recycling, and environmental hazards. By
implementing a blockchain-based solution, the project provided a decentralized system
where manufacturers, recyclers, regulators, and even consumers could view the status
and handling of e-waste in real-time. This increased openness promotes greater
accountability and trust among all participants.

 Data security and integrity: were also significantly improved. Since blockchain
technology relies on cryptographic methods to store data, the records created during
the tracking and tracing process were protected from tampering or unauthorized
modifications. This feature ensures that the information regarding the handling of
hazardous materials remains accurate and reliable, which is crucial for regulatory
compliance and reporting. The system also had a positive impact on environmental
sustainability. By encouraging proper recycling practices and discouraging illegal
dumping through greater visibility, the project supports efforts to reduce pollution
and the environmental damage caused by improper e-waste disposal. It also aids in
the recovery of valuable materials, contributing to resource conservation. Lastly,

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the use of smart contracts automated many critical processes such as certification
of waste handlers, triggering payments, and verifying compliance with
environmental standards. This reduced the need for manual interventions,
streamlined operations, and minimized delays in e-waste management activities.
Overall, the project showcased how emerging technologies like blockchain can
revolutionize e-waste management by making it more secure, efficient, transparent,
and environmentally friendly. The system serves as a strong foundation for future
enhancements and wider implementation in the field of sustainable waste
management.

5.2 Screenshots

Snapshot 5.1: Admin Login Page

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Snapshot 5.2: Retailer Login Page

Sanpshot 5.3: Waste Collection Center

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

Snapshot 5.4: Consumer Login Page

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion:
The development of the Solar Powered Pesticides Spraying Robot with Wireless
Camera marks a significant step toward the modernization and sustainability of
agricultural practices. This project effectively demonstrates how renewable energy,
automation, and wireless technology can be integrated to create a smart farming
solution that addresses key issues faced by farmers today. By utilizing solar power, the
robot operates independently of external energy sources, making it especially useful in
rural or off-grid areas. The automated spraying mechanism reduces human exposure to
harmful chemicals, enhances spraying efficiency, and minimizes labor costs. The
inclusion of a wireless camera allows for real-time monitoring and remote control,
increasing convenience, precision, and safety during operation. Overall, this robot not
only improves the efficiency of pesticide application but also promotes eco-friendly
and farmer-friendly innovations. With further enhancements such as GPS-based
navigation, advanced obstacle detection, and AI-driven crop analysis, this project has
the potential to evolve into a robust, multi-functional tool for smart agriculture.

6.2 Future Scope :

The Solar Powered Pesticides Spraying Robot with Wireless Camera lays the
foundation for innovation in precision agriculture. While the current design is effective
for basic pesticide spraying and real-time monitoring, there are several areas where this
system can be enhanced and expanded to provide even greater functionality, efficiency,
and adaptability.

 GPS-Based Autonomous Navigation:- Integration of GPS and mapping systems

can allow the robot to follow predefined paths automatically without human
intervention. This would make the system suitable for large-scale farms and ensure
complete coverage of fields.
 AI and Image Processing:- Incorporating AI-powered image recognition through
the wireless camera can help the robot detect pest-infected areas and spray only

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where necessary. This enables precision spraying, reducing chemical usage and
protecting beneficial plants or insects.
 Advanced Obstacle Detection and Avoidance:- Adding ultrasonic sensors,
LIDAR, or IR sensors can help the robot detect obstacles (rocks, animals, plants)
and navigate around them intelligently. This improves safety and ensures smoother
operation in complex field environments.
 Multipurpose Functionality:- The robot can be upgraded to perform additional
tasks like fertilizer spraying, weeding, soil moisture monitoring, or even seed
sowing, making it a multi-functional farming assistant.
 Data Logging and IoT Integration:- Integration with IoT platforms can allow data
logging (e.g., spray time, area covered, battery levels) and remote monitoring
through cloud services. This data can be analyzed to optimize pesticide usage and
track robot performance over time.
 Solar Efficiency Improvements:- Future models can include tracking solar panels
that adjust angles to maximize sunlight exposure. Improved battery storage
technology could extend operational hours and increase reliability.
 Scalable and Modular Design:- Creating a modular version of the robot would
allow farmers to customize features based on their field size and requirements. A
cost-effective mass-production model could make the technology accessible to
small-scale farmers.

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REFERENCES

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Agricultural Robot to Navigate between Rows. In 2015 International Conference
on Electrical, Automation and Mechanical Engineering; Atlantis Press: Phuket,
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[10] Shapiro, A., Korkidi, E., Rotenberg, A., Furst, G., Namdar, H., Sapir, B., Mishkin,
M., BenShahar, O. and Edan, Y., 2008, January. A robotic prototype for spraying
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Engineering Systems Design and Analysis (pp. 431-436). American Society of

Mechanical Engineers
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in Agricultural Field. International Journal of Computer Applications, 167(3).
[12] Kumar, V.S., Gogul, I., Raj, M.D., Pragadesh, S.K. and Sebastin, J.S., 2016.
Smart autonomous gardening rover with plant recognition using Neural
Networks. Procedia Computer Science, 93, pp.975-981
[13] Bhangare, B.M., 2015. Development and evaluation of solar photovoltaic
operated weedicide sprayer (Doctoral dissertation, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Dr. BSKKV, Dapoli).
[14] Aishwarya.B.V, Archana.G, C. Umayal. "Agriculture robotic vehicle based
pesticide sprayer with efficiency optimization", 2015 IEEE Technological
Innovation in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR), 2015
[15] Jian-sheng, P., 2014. An Intelligent Robot System for Spraying Pesticides. The
Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal, 8(1).
[16] P. Jothimurugan, J. Muthu Saravanan, R. Sushanth, V. Suresh, H. Siva
Subramaniam, S. Vasantharaj, S. Yogeswaran “Solar E-Bot for Agriculture”
[17] J. Biswas, and M. Veloso, “Multi-sensor mobile robot localization for the diverse
environment”, Robo Cup 2013: Robot World Cup XVII, vol. 8371, pp. 468-479,
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[18] Kalpana Murugan; B. Jaya Shankar; A. Sumath; C. Venkat sudharshan; G.
Vigandhar Reddy “Smart automated pesticide spraying Drone” 2020.
[19] Amrita Sneha. A, Abirami. E, Ankita. A, Mrs.R.Praveena, Mrs.R.Srimeena
“Agricultural Robot for Automatic, Ploughing and Seeding”
[20] Multipurpose Autonomous Agricultural Robot K Durga Sowjanya1, R Sindhu1,
M Parijatham1, K Srikanth1, P Bhargav1 1 Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India

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APPENDIX A
LIST OF PUBLICATION
1. Prof. Nidhi Chourey, Vaibhav Shrikrushna Gawaye, Mayur Gautam Hirole, Suhas
Gautam Wankhade, Rohan Vijay Sarkate, “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-
Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities” Published in International
Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
(IRJMETS).

2. Prof. Nidhi Chourey, Vaibhav Shrikrushna Gawaye, Mayur Gautam Hirole, Suhas
Gautam Wankhade, Rohan Vijay Sarkate “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-
Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities” Published in International
Journal For Science And Advance Research In Tachnology (IJSART).

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 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte college of Engg. Malkapur CSE Dept.(B.E) 39

 “A Blockchain-Based IoT-Enabled E-Waste Tracking and Tracing System for Smart Cities”

Padm. Dr. V. B. Kolte college of Engg. Malkapur CSE Dept.(B.E) 40