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Dynamic Routing Protocols Overview

The document provides an overview of routing protocols, focusing on dynamic routing, administrative distance (AD), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). It explains the types of routing protocols, metrics used for path selection, and the structure and function of Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) in OSPF. Additionally, it discusses OSPF neighbor states, network types, and the reasons ISPs prefer OSPF for large networks.

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ilyas farah
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2 views

Dynamic Routing Protocols Overview

The document provides an overview of routing protocols, focusing on dynamic routing, administrative distance (AD), and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). It explains the types of routing protocols, metrics used for path selection, and the structure and function of Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) in OSPF. Additionally, it discusses OSPF neighbor states, network types, and the reasons ISPs prefer OSPF for large networks.

Uploaded by

ilyas farah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AGENDA

• Routing Protocols Overview


• What is AD
• Protocol Metrics
• OSPF?
• LSA
• LSA TYPES
• OSPF Neighbors
• OSPF TYPES
Routing Protocols Overview
• Routing protocols are the rules that routers follow to determine the
best path for forwarding data. There are three main categories:
• 1. Static Routing (Manually configured by the administrator.)

• 2. Default Routing(A special type of static route used to send traffic when no specific match exists)

• 3. Dynamic Routing Protocols (These let routers communicate automatically to share routing info)
Dynamic Routing Protocols
• These let routers
communicate automatically
to share routing info.
• Dynamic Routing Categories
• Dynamic routing is split into
two types based on where
routing happens:
What is Administrative Distance (AD)?
• Administrative Distance tells the router how much it should trust a
route learned from a routing protocol.
• A smaller number = more trusted
• If a router learns about the same destination from two sources, it picks
the one with lower AD
Source of Route AD Value How trusted?
Directly connected 0 Most trusted
Static route 1 Very trusted
EIGRP (internal) 90 Good
OSPF 110 Okay
RIP 120 Less trusted
What is a Routing Protocol Metric?
• Metric is a number used to pick the best path inside the same
protocol (like OSPF alone).

• Smaller metric = better path

• Each protocol uses its own way to calculate the metric.


Protocol Metric Means
RIP Number of hops (1–15)
OSPF Cost = based on bandwidth
EIGRP Bandwidth + delay combined
What is OSPF? (Open Shortest Path First)
• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol used in IP networks to find the best
path between routers.

• Key Features:
•Open standard (not Cisco-proprietary)
•Supports VLSM and CIDR
•Fast convergence (quickly adapts to changes)
•Uses Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate shortest paths
•Divides networks into areas to reduce complexity
What is an LSA in OSPF?
• An LSA (Link-State Advertisement) is like a message that a router
uses to share information about its interfaces, neighbors, and paths.

• These LSAs are stored in the Link-State Database (LSDB) and are
used to build the routing table using Dijkstra’s algorithm.
OSPF LSA Types
LSA Type Name Description
Sent by every router into its own area. Lists
Type 1 Router LSA
directly connected links and states.

Sent by DR on broadcast and NBMA networks.


Type 2 Network LSA
Lists all routers in that segment.

Sent by ABR (Area Border Router) to advertise


Type 3 Summary LSA
networks between areas.

Also sent by ABR, but points to an ASBR


Type 4 ASBR Summary LSA
(Autonomous System Boundary Router).
Advertises external routes (like those from
Type 5 External LSA
EIGRP, RIP) via an ASBR.
Used in NSSA (Not So Stubby Areas) instead of
Type 7 NSSA External LSA
Type 5 to carry external routes.
For multicast routing. Not used in regular
Type 6 Group Membership LSA (rare)
OSPFv2.
Used in IPv6 OSPF (OSPFv3). Describes link-
Type 8 Link LSA (OSPFv3)
local IPv6 addresses and prefixes.
Used for advanced features like MPLS TE (Not
Type 9–11 Opaque LSAs
required for CCNA).
Quick Summary (Visual Analogy)
• Type 1 & 2 = Inside one area (routers and networks)

• Type 3 & 4 = Between areas (summary of networks and ASBR info)

• Type 5 & 7 = External routes (outside OSPF domain)

• Type 6, 8–11 = Special or advanced use (rare in CCNA)


Why Do Most ISPs Use OSPF?
•Scalable for large networks — With areas, ISPs can structure huge networks into
manageable parts.
•Faster convergence than RIP — OSPF detects and responds to failures very quickly.
•Efficient resource usage — Sends only when changes happen, not periodic updates.
•Multi-vendor support — OSPF works across equipment from different vendors.
•Better route decisions — It uses cost as a metric, which is more accurate than just hop
count.
OSPF Neighbor
•Neighbor = Another OSPF router on the same network segment.
•Routers must exchange Hello packets and match settings like:
•Hello/Dead interval
•Area ID
•Subnet
•Authentication (if used)
OSPF Neighbor States
•Down – The router hasn’t received any Hello packets from the neighbor.
•Init – A Hello packet is received, but the neighbor doesn’t recognize us yet.
•2-Way – Both routers see each other; bidirectional communication is confirmed.
•ExStart – Routers negotiate who will start exchanging LSDB info (master/slave).
•Exchange – Routers exchange database descriptions (summary of LSAs).
•Loading – Routers request and receive any missing or outdated LSAs.
•Full – All LSAs are exchanged; the OSPF neighbor relationship is complete.
Point-to-Point Network
•Two routers directly connected (e.g., via a serial or fiber link).
•No DR/BDR election needed.
•More efficient — simplified communication.
•Default hello interval: 10 seconds
Broadcast Network (DR/BDR Selection)
• Used in networks like Ethernet LANs, where multiple routers are connected.

• OSPF reduces overhead by electing:


• DR (Designated Router) — central point for LSAs
• BDR (Backup DR) — takes over if DR fails

• Election Process:
• Highest OSPF Priority wins
• If tie, highest Router ID
Router ID (RID)
•A 32-bit unique ID used to identify OSPF routers.
•Looks like an IP address but doesn’t need to be reachable.
Selection Order:
1.Manually set (router-id command)
2.Highest loopback IP
3.Highest active physical interface IP
Manual Configuration (best practice):

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