Subject: Antenna & Wave Propagation

KEC-603
UNIT-4 Notes

Asst. Prof. Rakesh Kumar

ECE Deptt., JSSATEN
Retarded (time varying ) Potential
• Consider transmitting antenna is transmitting signal at time t.
• Let there is a point P at a certain distanced from the antenna .
The signal takes sometime to travel from transmitting antenna to
point P. The time elapsed for signal to travel from antenna to
point P is called retarded time.
• Consider a current carrying element carrying current I of length
dl. Suppose P is a point at a distance r from the element.
 Short Electric Dipole
• Any linear antenna consist of large number of short conductors
connected in series.
• A short linear conductors is known as short dipole or Hertzian Dipole.
 Fields of Short Dipole
• In order to calculate the fields
everywhere around the dipole .
Consider a dipole of length L is
placed along Z- axis with its center at
the origin. Let a current is flowing in
the dipole and P be the point at
distance r from the center of dipole .
• The effect of current in dipole is not
felt instantaneously at point P but after
some time . This is known as
retardation effect.
Radiation Resistance of Short Dipole
Radiation Resistance of Short Dipole
Far Field Due to Sinusoidal current Distribution
(Half Wave Dipole or Quarter Wave Monopole
Antenna)
• Field patterns is much affected by the reflection from the ground.
The reason is that ground is considered as reflecting surface.
Vertical Antennas above a Plane Ground
 Yagi-Uda antenna
• Yagi-Uda antenna is the most commonly used type of
antenna for TV reception over the last few decades. It is
the most popular and easy-to-use type of antenna with
better performance, which is famous for its high gain and
directivity.
• The frequency range in which the Yagi-Uda antennas
operate is around 30 MHz to 3GHz which belong to
the VHF and UHF bands.
• The Yagi antenna design has a dipole as the main radiating or driven
element.
• Further 'parasitic' elements are added which are not directly connected
to the driven element.
• These parasitic elements pick up power from the dipole and re-radiate
it.
• The phase is in such a manner that it affects the properties of the RF
antenna as a whole, causing power to be focused in one particular
direction and removed from others.
• The parasitic elements of the Yagi antenna operate by re-radiating their
signals in a slightly different phase to that of the driven element.
• In this way the signal is reinforced in some directions and cancelled
out in others. It is found that the amplitude and phase of the current
that is induced in the parasitic elements is dependent upon their length
and the spacing between them and the dipole or driven element.
• There are three types of element within a Yagi antenna:
• (i) Driven element: The driven element is the Yagi antenna
element to which power is applied. It is normally a half wave
dipole or often a folded dipole.
• (ii) Reflector : The Yagi antenna will generally only have one
reflector. This is behind the main driven element, i.e. the side away
from the direction of maximum sensitivity. Further reflectors
behind the first one add little to the performance.
• (iii) Director: The director or directors are placed in front of the
driven element, i.e. in the direction of maximum sensitivity.
Typically each director will add around 1 dB of gain in the forward
direction, although this level reduces as the number of directors
increases
• The basic element used in Yagi Antenna is half wave dipole which is
placed horizontally known as Driven element or active element.
• In Order to make the unidirectional, additional rod elements are placed
on either side of dipole antenna. These elements have no electrical
connection with the dipole. These are called as Parasitic elements.
• The elements longer than dipole are placed behind it is called reflector.
• The elements having length less than driven element and is placed in
front of a driven dipole are called as Directors. The director is always
directed towards transmitting antenna.
 Applications
The following are the applications of Yagi-Uda antennas −
•Mostly used for TV reception.
•Used where a single-frequency application is needed.
Yagi-Uda Modifications
2. Landsdorfer shaped dipole antenna:
3. Square Corner Yagi-Uda Hybrid Antenna
Long wire Antennas
• Antenna length is more than Half wave long or its multiple , is called
as Long wire antennas.
V-Antenna
 RHOMBIC ANTENNA
• The Rhombic antenna is non- resonant antenna and capable of operating
satisfactorily over the entire range of frequencies of HF band (3 to 30
MHz) for either transmission or reception. The highest development of
the long wire is the rhombic antenna.

• It consists of four conductors joined to form a rhombus or diamond shape

as shown fig. (39). The four conductors are considered as non resonant
antennas terminated in its characteristics impedance R. The terminating
resistance is often in the range of 800Ω and the input impedance varies
from 650 to 700 Ω.
Travelling Wave Antennas

Folded dipole antenna

The basic dipole antenna or aerial is widely used in its basic form.
However under a number of circumstances a modification to this
referred to as the folded dipole antenna provides a number of
advantages.
The folded dipole antenna or folded dipole aerial is widely used, not
only on its own, but also as the driven element in other antennas like
the Yagi antenna and various other types of antenna.

The folded dipole antenna consists of a basic dipole, but with an added
conductor connecting the two ends together. This makes a ‘loop’ of
wire that is a short circuit to DC. As the ends appear to be folded back,
the antenna is called a folded dipole antenna.
A folded dipole is an antenna, with two conductors connected on both
sides, and folded to form a cylindrical closed shape, to which feed is
given at the center. The length of the dipole is half of the wavelength.
Hence, it is called as half wave folded dipole antenna.
 Advantages
The following are the advantages of half-wave folded dipole antenna −
•Reception of balanced signals.
•Receives a particular signal from a band of frequencies without losing the
quality.
•A folded dipole maximizes the signal strength.
Disadvantages
The following are the disadvantages of half-wave folded dipole antenna −
•Displacement and adjustment of antenna is a hassle.
•Outdoor management can be difficult when antenna size increases.
Applications
The following are the applications of half-wave folded dipole antenna −
•Mainly used as a feeder element in Yagi antenna, Parabolic antenna, turnstile
antenna, log periodic antenna, phased and reflector arrays, etc.
•Generally used in radio receivers.
•Most commonly used in TV receiver antennas.