STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

2. STEAM
TURBINE AND
AUXILIARIES

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. CONTENTS

CONTENTS
GENERAL

MAJOR PARTS OF THE STEAM TURBINE

TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

MAJOR STEAM VALVES

TSI (TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENT)

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

GENERAL

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

HP/ IP outer casing

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HP/ IP outer casing

HP inner casing

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

HP/ IP outer casing

HP inner casing

IP inner casing

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Cross over pipe

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LP outer casing

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LP outer casing

LP inner casing

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Nozzle Diaphragms

Nozzle Diaphragms

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Nozzle Diaphragms

Nozzle Diaphragms

HIP Rotor

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

Nozzle Diaphragms

LP Rotor
Nozzle Diaphragms

HIP Rotor

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

Bearing standard

Bearing standard

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. GENERAL

Turning device

Bearing standard

Bearing standard

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS FOR STEAM TURBINE

MAJOR PARTS OF THE

STEAM TURBINE
- TURBINE NOZZLE
- TURBINE BLADES
- TURBINE CASING
- TURBINE ROTOR
- BEARINGS
- TURNING GEAR
- ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM
- SHAFT GROUNDING DEVICES

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / NOZZLE

STEAM PATH OF “HIGH-EFFICIENCY IMPULSE DESIGN”

P3 V3

V2
P2

P1 V1

Steam Steam
Pressure Velocity
Change Change

Impulse-Type Steam Path - Rugged Blade Design

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / NOZZLE

NOZZLE BOX CONSTRUCTION

Nozzle Box & Casing Assembly Upper Half of Nozzle Box

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / NOZZLE

RUGGED NOZZLE DIAPHRAGMS

Wheel and Diaphragm Construction

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

RECESSED TENON TYPE BLADE with MULTIPLE TIP FINS and

SNUBBER TYPE BLADE with Hi-Lo TYPE TIP FINS
Blade / Type
Integral Cover and Shroud
Recessed Tenon with Multiple Fins
Snubber Type with Hi-Lo Fins
Recessed Tenon with Multiple Fins
Conventional Tenon and Shroud Type
Cover Segment / Lng and Sleeve

FOR EXAMPLE
CONTINUOUSLY COUPLED
SNUBBER TYPE BLADE
(IP Stages)

RECESSED TENONS and

STAGE EFFICIENCY
COMPARISON OF TIP FINS STEPPED SHROUDS
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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

FIRST STAGE BLADE

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

INTERMEDIATE STAGE BLADES

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

SNUBBER TYPE BLADE

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

LONGER BLADES IN THE LOW PRESSURE SECTION

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BLADE

LAST STAGE BLADE

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

HP & IP CASING
- Opposed Flow Configuration : Both the high pressure and the intermediate
pressure section enclosed in one cylinder

Less thermal stress and steam leakage High Performance and

High Reliability
Compact design Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

Minimal possibility of steam leakage

- Double Shell Construction
Lower stress and temperature gradient

- Centerline Support Easy Operation, Installation and Maintenance

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

HP AND IP CASING
SIMPLIFIED OPPOSED FLOW & DOUBLE SHELL

Double Shell Construction

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

CENTERLINE SUPPORT AND EXPANSION CONTROL

True Centerline Support

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

DISASSEMBLY OF HP & IP CASING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

HIP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING

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HP DIAPHRAGM IP DIAPHRAGM

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 STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

LP CASING

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LP CASING

Axial Key

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

LP CASING

Atmospheric relief
diaphragms

Axial Key

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

LP CASING

Atmospheric relief
diaphragms

Hand holes

Axial Key

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

LP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / CASING

LP CASING DURING MANUFACTURING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / OTHERS

ATMOSPHERIC RELIEF DIAPHRAGM Cutting Knife

A A

Diaphragm
(Copper Plate)
Detail of B

(Copper Plate)

View A-A

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / ROTOR

ROTOR

HP-IP Rotor and LP Rotor

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / ROTOR

MULTI-SPAN CRITICAL SPEED MODE DIAGRAM

FOR EXAMPLE

1670 RPM LP Rotor

1240 RPM Gen. Rotor

1870 RPM HIP Rotor

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / ROTOR

TURBINE ROTOR DURING MANUFACTURING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BEARING

BEARINGS
- Arrangement of Bearings and Design Specifications
HP¥IP LP
GEN#5 GEN#6
ST#1 ST#2 ST#3 ST#4

Type DTP DTP EL EL EL EL

Mounted Front Middle LP CSG LP CSG BRG BRG

on Stand Stand Cone Cone Pedestal Pedestal

- DTP: Double Tilting Pad EL: Elliptical Type

- Bearing Pressure = Bearing Load / (Diam. Length) for Journal Bearings

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BEARING

TILTING PAD BEARING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BEARING

ELLIPTICAL BEARING

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ELLIPTICAL BEARING

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ELLIPTICAL BEARING

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / BEARING
BEARING SYSTEM WITH ENSURED STABILITY

Tapered-land Thrust Bearing

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR
(1) Location of Turning Device

The cap - mount - type turning device is located on the LP turbine

generator end pedestal.

- The required driving force has been minimized due to the maximum spacer
gear diameter at the ST&G coupling.

- The space around the ST&G coupling is more stable as a turning gear
location because it will be the coldest, and the rotor alignment change
is relatively smaller than other spaces.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / TURNING GEAR

TURNING GEAR

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

Turning Gear Operations

• It Can Be Engaged 3 Ways:

– Manually by means of a hand crank
– Remotely by use of a pushbutton at DCS
– Automatically by engaging mechanism driven by
an air operated solenoid valve.
• A zero speed indicator will actuate the device and engage
the turning gear when the rotor is completely stopped.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / OTHERS

GROUNDING DEVICE ASSEMBLY

Bracket

Copper
Braid
Spring

Rotation

Charge Separation
DC Voltage Modulation

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / OTHERS

GROUNDING DEVICE ASSEMBLY

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. MAJOR PARTS / OTHERS

GROUNDING DEVICE ASSEMBLY

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

LOCATION OF FRONT STANDARD

CROSS OVER PIPNG

FRONT STANDARD

HP / IP TURBINE LP TURBINE GENERATOR or

LOAD

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 STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

FRONT STANDARD (SIDE VIEW)

Speed Indicator
Eccentricity Vibration Oil
Detector Detector Deflector
#1 Bearing oil Differential
Pressure Expansion Detector
Indicator

#1 Bearing Returned
oil Temperature
Indicator

Sole Plate #1 Bearing

Supplied oil
Temperature Oil Drain Pipe #1 Bearing
Indicator
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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

FRONT STANDARD (TOP VIEW)

HIP Rotor

#1 Bearing
Speed
Detector
for TSI

Speed Detector
for EHC
Shell
Expansion
Detector
Bearing Oil Feed Pipe

Shell
Expansion
Indicator

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

FRONT STANDARD

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TURBINE FRONT STANDARD

FRONT STANDARD

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MAJOR STEAM VALVES

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV/CV Description
• MSV Main Stop Valve
• CV Control Valve
• Weight of valve 18.5 tons
– Both valves are contained within one body.
• Stop valve is in vertical position.
• Control valve is in horizontal position.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV/CV Description
• Nozzle Arrangement
– One steam inlet
• Steam enters in the side of the upper section of valve.
– One steam outlet
• Steam exits from bottom side of valve at right angle.
– Other nozzles are for before and after drain piping
to be attached.
– Valve is welded in place upstream and
downstream.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV/CV Operation
• EHC Electronic Hydraulic Control
– High pressure hydraulic oil operates the valves
• Normal hydraulic pressure is 16,547 kPag
(2400 psi.)

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV/CV Discussion
• View Transparency
– Discuss
• Inlet line
• Outlet line
• MSV position
• CV position
• Before MSV drain connection
• After CV drain connection
• Actuators

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV COMBINED TYPE

Hydraulic cylinder
CV Bypass Valve
CV

Strainer
CV

Valve seat

MSV

Hydraulic cylinder

MSV

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV FULL CLOSE POSITION

CV bypass valve
CV

MSV

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV FULL OPEN POSITION

CV Back seat
Valve stem

CV bypass valve

CV
MSV

MSV Back seat

Valve stem

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV FLOW CONTROL by CV

CV bypass

CV

MSV

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV FLOW CONTROL by CV

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

MSV / CV FLOW CONTROL by CV

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

Steam Strainer

• Consist of 4 parts:
– Heavy walled cylinder
– 3 layers of mesh screen
• Permanent inner layer is perforated plate screen always in
place
• Middle layer is temporary fine mesh screen
• Outer layer is heavy wire coarse mesh screen to protect
inner fine mesh screen during initial startup
– The 3 layers are all welded to the strainer body and
riveted at regular intervals

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

Steam Strainer Operations

• Initial Startup
– The steam inlet line will be steam blown before
initial startup.
– Fine mesh screen and outer protective screen must
be in place before initial startup.
– These two screens should not stay in service more
than 8 months.
– Small particles will clear from the line during this
period.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

Recommendations
• During the 8 month period that fine mesh
screen is in place:
– Operation above one half (1/2) load should not
exceed 8 weeks.
– Full load achievement should be tried for at least
once for a period of 24 hours.
– This operation and steam flow velocities should
ensure the cleaning of the steam line of all small
particles.
– After the 8 month period and recommended
operations, the turbine is shutdown and the outer
two layers of screens removed.
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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE (CRV) ASSEMBLY

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE

(OUT LINE) IV Hydraulic
Actuator

IV Yoke

Steam Outlet

RSV Yoke

RSV Hydraulic
Steam Inlet Actuator

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE IV Actuator

(ASSEMBLY)
IV Yoke

Cover

IV Stem
Intercept
Valve
Strainer
Reheat
Stop Valve
RSV bypass valve
RSV Stem

RSV Yoke
Steam
Inlet RSV
Hydraulic
Actuator

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. STEAM VALVES

COMBINED REHEAT VALVE

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

TSI
TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENT

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

CONTENTS
Outline of the TSI

System Description

Principles

TSI Sensor Outline Drawings

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

OUTLINE OF THE TSI

The function of the turbine Supervisory Instrument System is to

monitor and control turbine condition including factors such as speed,
vibration, differential expansion, expansion, eccentricity, etc.
Recently Eddy Current type sensors (in accordance with API st’d670)
have been developed and are being used widely.
These sensors have high accuracy and wide range frequency
characteristics, and anti-noise characteristics.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

VIBRATION

Shaft vibration is one of the most important factors to monitor for safe
operation of a rotating machine. In general, increased shaft vibration
will result from factors such as rotor imbalance, friction, and instability
of lubricating oil, etc…
These problems can be detected and remedied at an early stage by
supervising shaft vibration. In the case of steam turbines, absolute
shaft vibration is monitored.The vibration of each bearing in vertical
and horizontal directions to the shaft is monitored.
High vibration levels will trigger an alarm signal.
Should the vibration exceed the high trip level, a turbine trip-signal will
be initiated.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

SHELL EXPANSION

The relative positions between the foundation of the turbine and the
shell are monitored and shell elongation in the direction of the shaft is
measured using a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT).
Excessive shell expansion will trigger an alarm signal.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION

The relative differential expansion between the casing and the rotor is
measured.

Pickups are installed in the HP/IP turbine and the LP turbine to

facilitate this.

Excessive differential expansion will activate the alarm.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

ECCENTRICITY

The eccentricity of the turbine rotor is measured and is important for

monitoring rotor bow, particularly during the turning operation.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

THRUST POSITION

The mobility in the axial direction of the rotor is measured.

An alarm and trip signal will be given, if the mobility exceeds preset values.

This monitoring system is a duplicate system in the sense that it comprises 2

sets of detectors, drivers and monitors.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

ZERO SPEED

Turbine speed is monitored, turning interlocks will be initiated if the

speed drops below the preset value.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

GENERAL LOCATION OF TSI SENSORS

VIBRATION DETECTOR
ZERO SPEED DETECTOR
ECCENTRICITY DETECTOR
HIP DIFF. EXPANSION DETECTOR
SHELL EXPANSION DETECTOR
KEYPHASOR DETECTOR
THRUST POSITION DETECTOR
LP DIFF. EXPANSION DETECTOR

DIFF.EXPAN.
KEYPHASOR
DIFF.EXPA

VIB.

VIB.
ECC

N.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

LOCATION OF VIBRATION DETECTORS

VIBRATION DETECTOR

VIB.

VIB.

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

TSI Detector

EHC TSI CABINET

Function Control Loop Wiring Function Control

Diagram Diagram Diagram Schematic Diagram
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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

Schematic Diagram of TSI - 1

ZERO SPEED
ECCENTRICITY

ZERO SPEED ZERO SPEED ECCENTRICITY KEYPHASOR

DETECTOR(A) DETECTOR(B) DETECTOR DETECTOR

FIELD
ZERO SPEED ZERO SPEED ECCENTRICITY KEYPHASOR
DRIVER(A) DRIVER(B) DRIVER DRIVER

TSI ZERO SPEED

MONITOR
MONITOR

4-20mA DC

EHC

INT ANN

EHC EHC

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

Schematic Diagram of TSI - 2

TURBINE VIBRATION DETECTOR

VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION

DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR DETECTOR
(BRG.#1-X) (BRG.#1-Y) (BRG.#2-X) (BRG.#2-Y)
FIELD
VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION VIBRATION
DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER DRIVER

TSI TRIP(BRG.#2,3,4,5,6) VIBRATION VIBRATION

MONITOR-1 MONITOR-2
ANN

TRIP
TRIP
4-20mA DC

EHC

EHC EHC

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 STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

Schematic Diagram of TSI - 3

SHELL EXPANSION
TURBINE DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION

SHELL EXPANSION HIP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL

DETECTOR EXPANSION DETECTOR EXPANSION DETECTOR(A) EXPANSION DETECTOR(B)

FIELD
HIP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL LP DIFFERENTIAL
EXPANSION DRIVER EXPANSION DRIVER(A) EXPANSION DRIVER(B)

HIP LP
SHELL EXPANSION DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
TSI EXPANSION
MONITOR EXPANSION
MONITOR MONITOR
ANN

4-20mA DC

EHC

ANN ANN

EHC EHC EHC

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

Schematic Diagram of TSI - 4

THRUST POSITION

THRUST POSITION THRUST POSITION

DETECTOR (A) DETECTOR (B)

FIELD
THRUST POSITION THRUST POSITION
DRIVER (A) DRIVER (B)

ANN
THRUST(B)
THRUST POSITION THRUST POSITION
TSI TRIP(B)
MONITOR (A) MONITOR (B)

ANN TRIP

TRIP

EHC

ANN

EHC EHC

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STEAM TURBINE AND AUX. TSI

PRINCIPLE
VIBRATION DETECTOR

DETECTOR SLEEVE

DISPLACEMENT
DETECTOR

SHAFT
Advantages: NO contact with the shaft surface
NO moving parts
NO wear
Easy calibration
Good frequency response
Disadvantages: External power supply required
Sensitive to material properties and imperfections

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Sensor signal output

Toward/Away

DC COMPONENT
AVERAGE GAP

AC COMPONENT
DYNAMIC MOTION

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END STEAM TURBINE AND AUX.

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