3.

Electrochemistry Important Questions Very Short

Answer Type

1. What is meant by ‘limiting molar conductivity’ ? (All India 2010)

The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar

conductivity and is represented by the symbol Λm.

2. Express the relation between conductivity and molar conductivity of a solution held in
a cell. (Delhi 2011)
Λm = KC= Conductivity Concentration
3. What is the effect of catalyst on:
(i) Gibbs energy (ΔG) and
(ii) activation energy of a reaction? (Delhi 2017)
(i) There will be no effect of catalyst on Gibbs .energy.
(ii) The catalyst provides an alternative pathway by decreasing the activation energy of a
reaction.

4.What is the effect of adding a catalyst on

(a) Activation energy (Ea), and
(b) Gibbs energy (AG) of a reaction? (All India 2017)
(a) On adding catalyst in a reaction, the activation energy reduces and rate of reaction is
fastened.
(b) A catalyst does not alter Gibbs energy (AG) of a reaction.

5. Two half cell reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below :

MnO– 4(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I), E° = + 1.51 V
Sn2+ (aq) → 4 Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– , E° = + 0.15 V
Construct the redox equation from the two half cell reactions and predict if this reaction
favours formation of reactants or product shown in the equation. (All India 2009)

The reactions can be represented at anode and at cathode in the following ways :
At anode (oxidation) :
Sn2+ → = Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– ] × 5 E° = + 0.15 V
At cathode (reduction) :
MnO– 4(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I)] × 2 E° = + 1.51 V
The Net R × M = 2MnO– 4(aq) + 16H+ + 5Sn2+ → 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O
Now E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode
= 1.51 – 0.15 = + 1.36 V
∴ Positive value of E° cell favours formation of product.

6.Express the relation among the cell constant, the resistance of the solution in the cell
and the conductivity of the solution. How is the conductivity of a solution related to its
molar conductivity? (All India 2010)
1R× 1a = Conductance (C) × Cell constant
Molar conductance : (Λm) = K× 1000c.

7.Given that the standard electrode potentials (E° ) of metals are :

K+/K = -2.93 V, Ag+/Ag = 0.80 V, Cu2+/Cu = 0.34 V,
Mg2+/Mg = -2.37 V, Cr3+/Cr = -0.74 V, Fe2+/Fe = -0.44 V.
Arrange these metals in increasing order of their reducing power. (All India 2010)

Ag+/Ag<Cu2+/Cu<Fe2+/Fe<Cr3+/Cr<Mg2+/ Mg<K+/K
More negative the value of standard electrode potentials of metals is, more will be the
reducing power.

8.Two half-reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below :

MnO– 4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I), E° = 1.51 V
Sn2+ (aq) → Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– , E° = + 0.15 V.
Construct the redox reaction equation from the two half-reactions and calculate the cell
potential from the standard potentials and predict if the reaction is reactant or product
favoured. (All India 2010):
The reactions can be represented at anode and at cathode in the following ways :
At anode (oxidation) :
Sn2+ → Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– ] × 5 E° = + 0.15 V
Af cathode (reduction) :
MnO– 4(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I)] × 2 E° = + 1.51 V
The Net R × M = 2MnO– 4(aq) + 16H+ + 5Sn2+ → 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O
Now E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode

= 1.51 – 0.15 = + 1.36 V

∴ Positive value of E° cell favours formation of product.

9. The chemistry of corrosion of iron is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon.

Explain the reactions occurring during the corrosion of iron in the atmosphere. (Delhi
2011)
The mechanism of corrosion is explained on the basis of electrochemical theory. By
taking example of rusting of iron, we Refer tothe formation of small electrochemical cells
on the surface of iron.
The redox reaction involves
At anode : Fe(S) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e–
At cathode : H2O + CO2 ⇌ H2 CO3 (Carbonic acid)
H2CO3 ⇌2H+ + CO22-
H2O ⇌ H+ + OH–
H+ + e– → H
4H + O2 → 2H2 O
Then net resultant Redox reaction is
2Fe(s) + O2 (g) + 4H+ → 2Fe2+ + 2H2 O

10.Determine the values of equilibrium constant (Kc) and ΔG° for the following
reaction :
Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Ni2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s),
E° = 1.05 V
(1F = 96500 C mol-1) (Delhi 2011)
According to the formula
ΔG° = -nFE° = – 2 × 96500 × 1.05
or ΔG° = -202650 J mol-1 = -202.65 KJ mol-1
Now ΔG° ⇒ -202650 J Mol-1
R = 8.314 J/Mol/K, T = 298 K

11. Two half-reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below :

MnO– 4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I), E° = 1.51 V
Sn2+ (aq) → Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– , E° = + 0.15 V.
Construct the redox equation from the standard potential of the cell and predict if the
reaction is reactant favoured or product favoured. (Delhi 2011)
The reactions can be represented at anode and at cathode in the following ways :
At anode (oxidation) :
Sn2+ → = Sn4+ (aq) + 2e– ] × 5 E° = + 0.15 V
At cathode (reduction) :
MnO– 4(aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e– → Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (I)] × 2 E° = + 1.51 V
The Net R × M = 2MnO– 4(aq) + 16H+ + 5Sn2+ → 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O
Now E° cell = E° cathode – E° anode

= 1.51 – 0.15 = + 1.36 V

∴ Positive value of E° cell favours formation of product.

12. Express the relation among cell constant, resistance of the solution in the cell and
conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solution related to its
conductivity? (All India 2012)
GG* = K
where Q is conductance;
G * is cell constant;
K is conductivity
G* × 1R = K ⇒ G* = RK
∴ Λm = K× 1000C S cm2 mol-1
13.The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 S
cm2 mol-1. Calculate the conductivity of this solution. (All India 2012)
C = 1.5 M, Λm = 138.9 S cm2 mol-1
Λm = K× 1000c
∴K = Λm× C1000=138.9× 1.51000 = 0.20835 S cm-1
14. A zinc rod is dipped in 0.1 M solution of ZnSO4. The salt is 95% dissociated at this
dilution at 298 K. Calculate the electrode potential.
[ E° Zn
2+ /Zn = – 0.76 V] (Comptt. Delhi 2012):
The electode reaction is given as
Zn+2 + 2e → Zn
Using Nernest Equation
15.Write the reactions taking place at cathode and anode in lead storage battery when
the battery is in use. What happens on charging the battery ? (Comptt. All India 2012)

At Anode: Pb + SO4-2 → PbSO4 + 2e

at Cathode : PbO2 + SO4-2 + 4H+ + 2e → PbSO4 + 2H2O
On charging the battery, the reaction is reversed and PbSO4 on anode and cathode is
converted into Pb and PbO2 respectively.

16.The conductivity of 0.20 M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.025 S cm-1. Calculate its
molar conductivity. (Delhi 2013)
Molar conductivity Λm = 1000× κM
Given : K = 0.025 S cm-1, M = 0.20 M
Hence, Λm = 0.025× 10000.20 ∴ Λm = 125 S cm2 mol-1
17.The standard electrode potential (E° ) for Daniel cell is +1.1 V. Calculate the ΔG°
for the reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
(1 F = 96500 C mol -1). (All India 2013)

We know, ΔG° = -nF E° cell

Given : E° cell = 1.1 volt
∴ ΔG° = -2 × 96500 C mol-1 × 1.1 volt
= -212300 CV mol-1
= -212300 J mol-1 = -212.3 KJ mol-1

18.The conductivity of 0.001 M acetic acid is 4 × 10-5 S/cm. Calculate the dissociation
constant of acetic acid, if molar conductivity at infinite dilution for acetic acid is 390 S
cm2/mol. (Comptt. Delhi 2013)

Given : K = 4 × 10-5 S/cm, M = 0.001 M

Λ° m = 390 S cm2 /mol, k = ?
Using the formula

19.The standard electrode potential for Daniell cell is 1.1 V. Calculate the standard
Gibbs energy for the cell reaction. (F = 96,500 C mol-1) (Comptt. Delhi 2013)

Given : E° = 1.1V, F = 96,500 C mol-5, n = 2

Zn + Cu2 ⇌ Cu + Zn2+
Using ΔG° = -nFE° = -2 × 96500 × 1.1
= 212,300 CV mol-1

20.State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Why does the conductivity of
a solution decrease with dilution? (All India 2014)

Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions: The limiting molar conductivity of an

electrolyte (i.e. molar conductivity at infinite dilution) is the sum of the limiting ionic
conductivities of the cation and the anion each multiplied with the number of ions present
in one formula unit of the electrolyte
Λ° m for AxBy = xλ° + + yλ° –

For acetic acid Λ° (CH3COOH) = λ° CH3 COO

– + λ° +
H

Λ° (CH3COOH) = Λ° (CH3COOK) + Λ° (HCl) – Λ° (KCl)

21.Define the following terms :
(i) Fuel cell
(ii) Limiting molar conductivity (Λ° m) (All India 2014)

(i) Fuel cells : These cells are the devices which convert the energy produced during
combustion of fuels like H2, CH4, etc. directly into electrical energy.
(ii) The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar
conductivity and is represented by the symbol Λ° m.

22.Define the following terms :

(i) Molar conductivity (Λm)
(ii) Secondary batteries (All India 2014)

Molar conductivity: Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the

conductance of the volume ‘V’ of a solution containing one mole of electrolyte kept
between two electrodes with area of cross section ‘A’ and distance of unit length. It is
represented by Λm (lamda).
Λm = KAl I = 1 and A = V
∴ Λm = KV Unit = S cm2 mol-1
Secondary batteries : Those batteries which can be recharged by passing an electric
current through them and can be used again and again are called secondary batteries.
23.Define the following terms :
(i) Rate constant (k)
(ii) Activation energy (Ea) (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

(i) Rate constant (k): It is a proportionality constant and is equal to the rate of reaction
when the molar concentration of each of the reactants is unity.
(ii) Activation energy (Ea): The minimum extra amount of energy absorbed by the reactant
molecules to form the activated complex is called activation energy.

24.Set up Nemst equation for the standard dry cell. Using this equation show that the
voltage of a dry cell has to decrease with use. (Comptt. All India 2014)

Cell reaction of a dry cell can be represented as

Zn + Hg2+ → Zn2+ + Hg (n = 2)
Nemst equation
Ecell = E° cell – 0.05912log[Zn2+]Hg2+
The voltage of dry cell has to decrease because the concentration of electrolyte
decreases in the reactions.
25.Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte. Discuss
their Variation with change in temperature. (Comptt. All India 2014)
Conductivity: Conductivity of a solution is defined as the conductance of a solution of 1
cm length and having 1 sq. cm as the area of cross-section. It is represented by K.
Its unit is S cm-1
Molar conductivity : Molar conductivity of a solution at a dilution V is the conductance of
all the ions produced from one mole of the electrolyte dissolved in V cm3 of the solution
when the electrodes are 1 cm apart and the area of the electrodes is so large that the
whole of the solution is contained between them. It is represented by Λm.
Its unit is S cm2 mol-1
Conductivity and molar conductivity of electrolytes increase with increasing temperature.

26.(a) Following reactions occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver
chloride solution :
Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s) E° = +0.80 V
H+(aq) + e– → 12H2(g) E° = 0.00 V
On the basis of their standard reduction electrode potential (E° ) values, which reaction
is feasible at the cathode and why?
(b) Define limiting molar conductivity. Why conductivity of an electrolyte solution
decreases with the decrease in concentration? (Delhi 2015)
(a) At the cathode Ag+ (aq) + e– → Ag(s)
reaction is feasible, because Ag+ ion has higher reduction potential i.e. higher E° value.
(b) Limiting molar conductivity or the molar conductivity of solution at infinite dilution is
the sum of molar conductivity cations and anions.
Conductivity of an electrolyte solution decreases on dilution because number of ions per
unit volume decreases.
27.Calculate the time to deposit 1.27 g of copper at cathode when a current of 2A was
passed through the solution of CuSO4.
(Molar mass of Cu = 63.5 g mol -1,1 F = 96500 C mol-1) (All India 2015)
CuSO4 → Cu+ + SO42-
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
63.5 gram of copper is deposited = 2 × 96500 C
1.27 gram of Cu is deposited = 2× 9650063.5 × 1.27
= I × t (Q = I × t)
t = 2× 96500× 1.2763.5× 2 = 1930 seconds
28.From the given cells: Lead storage cell, Mercury cell, Fuel cell and Dry cell
Answer the following:
(i) Which cell is used in hearing aids?
(ii) Which cell was used in Apollo Space Programme?
(iii) Which cell is used in automobiles and inverters?
(iv) Which cell does not have long life?(Delhi 2016)

(i) Mercury cell is used in hearing aids.

(ii) Fuel cell was used in the Apollo Space Programme.
(iii) Lead storage cell is used in automobiles and inverters.
(iv) Dry cell does not have a long life.

29.Calculate the degree of dissociation (a) of acetic acid if its molar conductivity (Λm) is
39.05 S cm2 mol-1.
Given: λ° (H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λ° (CH3COO– ) = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1 (Delhi 2017):
Λ° m(HAC) = λ° H
+ + λ° AC
–

= λ° CH3COOH = λ° H
+ + λ° CH3 COO
–

= 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 + 40.9 S cm2 mol-1

= 390.5 S cm2 mol-1

30.Write the name of the cell which is generally used in hearing aids. Write the reactions
taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell. (All India 2017)
Mercury cells are used in hearing aids.
Reaction at anode:
Zn (Hg) + 2OH– → ZnO (s) + H2O + 2e–
Reaction at cathode:
HgO + H2O + 2e– → Hg (l) + 2OH–

31.Write the name of the cell which is generally used in transistors. Write the reactions
taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell. (All India 2017)

Leclanche cells (Dry cell) is used in transistors.

Reaction at Anode:
Zn(s) → Zn2+ + 2e–
At Cathode:
MnO2 + NH+4 + e– → MnO(OH) + NH3
32.Write the name of the cell which is generally used in inverters. Write the reactions
taking place at the anode and the cathode of this cell. (Delhi 2017)
Lead storage battery is used in inverters.
At Anode:
Pb(s) + SO2− 4(aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2e–
At Cathode:
PbO2(s) + SO2− 4(aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e–
PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O
33.Following reactions can occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver
nitrate solution using Pt electrodes :

On the basis of their standard electrode potential values, which reaction is feasible at
cathode and why? (Comptt. All India 2017)
As the standard electrode potential of silver is greater than that of the other hydrogen
electrode, so reduction of silver takes place and reaction (i) will be feasible
i.e., Ag +(aq) + e– → Ag(s)
34.Following reactions may occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous silver
nitrate solution using silver electrodes :

On the basis of their standard electrode potential values, which reaction is feasible at
cathode and why? (Comptt. All India 2017)
The value of E0cell is positive due to higher standard electrode potential (E° = +0.80 V)
of Ag+ than that of H+ so reaction (i) will be feasible at cathode
i.e. Ag+(aq) + e– → Ag(s). Silver has higher reduction potential.
35.Following reactions may occur at cathode during the electrolysis of aqueous
CuCl2 solution using Pt electrodes:

On the basis of their standard electrode potential values, which reaction is feasible at
cathode and why? (Comptt. All India 2017)
Since the standard electrode potential of Cu2+ is greater than that of H+, so reaction (i) will
be feasible at cathod
i.e. Cu2+(aq) + 2e → Cu
Cu2+ has higher reduction potential.

36. A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration in it is 0.10 M. The
concentration of silver ion is not known. The cell potential is measured 0,422 V.
Determine the concentration of silver ion in the cell.
Given : E° Ag /Ag
+ = + 0.80 V, E° Cu
2+ /Cu = + 0.34 V. (All India 2009)

The reaction takes place at anode and cathode in the following ways :
At anode (oxidation) :
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
At cathode (reduction) :
Cu(s) + 2Ag2+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
The complete cell reaction is
37.The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 M NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and
length 50 cm is 5.55 × 103 ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity and molar
conductivity.(All India 2012)
A = πr2 = 3.14 × (0.5) 2 = 0.785 cm2, l = 50 cm

38. A voltaic cell is set up at 25° C with the following half cells :
Al/Al3+ (0.001 M) and Ni/Ni2+ (0.50 M)
Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric
current and determine the cell potential.
E0Ni2+/Ni=− 0.25V and E0Al3+/Al=− 1.66V
(Log 8 × 10-6 = -0.54) (All India 2012)

Half cell reactions and overall cell reaction are

39. A solution containing 30 g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90 g of water has a
vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at 298 K. Further 18 g of water is added to this solution. The
new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate
(i) the molecular mass of solute and
(ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
For a very dilute solution

∴ Molecular mass, MB = 34 g/mol.

40.What is corrosion? Explain the electrochemical theory of rusting of iron and write the
reactions involved in the rusting of iron. (Comptt. Delhi 2012)
Corrosion: Corrosion is defined as the deterioration of a substance because of its
reaction with its environment. Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon. At a
particular spot of an object made of iron, oxidation takes place and that spot behaves as
anode and the reaction is
At Anode : 2Fe → 2Fe+2 + 4e–
Electrons released at anodic spot move through the metal and go to another spot on the
metal and reduce oxygen in presence of H+. This spot behaves as cathode
At Cathode : O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
Overall reaction : 2Fe + O2 + 4H+ → 2Fe+2 + 2H2O

41. When a certain conductance cell was filled with 0.1 M KCl, it has a resistance of 85
ohms at 25° C. When the same cell was filled with an aqueous solution of 0.052 M
unknown electrolyte, the resistance was 96 ohms. Calculate the molar conductance of
the electrolyte at this concentration.
[Specific conductance of 0.1 M KCl = 1.29 × 10-2 ohm-1 cm-1] (Comptt. All India 2012)
Cell contant = Conductivity × Resistance
G* = K × R
= 1.29 × 10-2Ω -1
× 85
= 109.65 × 10-2Ω -1

= 1.0965 cm-1

42.(a) How many coulombs are required to reduce 1 mole Cr2O72- to Cr3+?
(b) The conductivity of 0.001 M acetic acid is 4 × 10-5 S/m. Calculate the dissociation
constant of acetic acid if Λ0m,for acetic acid is 390 S cm2 mol -1. (Comptt. All India 2012)
(a) Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ + 6e → 2Cr-3 + 7H2O
∴ 6 Faraday of charge is required
(b) Conductivity (K) = 4 × 10-5 S cm-1
Concentration (C) = 0.001M

43.The cell in which the following reaction occurs :

2Fe3+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + I2 (s) has E0cell = 0.236V at 298K. Calculate the
standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction.
(Antilog of 6.5 = 3.162 × 106; of 8.0 = 10 × 108; of 8.5 = 3.162 × 108) (Comptt. All India
2012)
log KC = nE0 cell 0.0591=2× 0.2360.0591 = 8
KC = antilog 8 = 1 × 108
ΔG° = -nFE0cell = -2 × 96500 × 0.236
= -45548 J/mol-1
= -45.548 kJ/mol-1
44.Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K: Fe(s) | Fe2+ (0.001 M) || H+ (1M) | H2(g)
(1 bar), Pt(s) (Given E° cell = +0.44V) (Delhi 2013)
As Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2 (n = 2)
According to Nernst equation

45. Calculate the emf of the following cell at 25° C : Ag(s) | Ag+ (10-3 M) || Cu2+ (10-1 M) |
Cu(s) Given E0cell = +0.46 V and log 10n = n. (All India 2013)
Given: Cell notation is incorrect. Correct cell formula is
Cu2+ (10-1 m) | Cu(5) || Ag+ (10-3 M) | Ag(s)
According to Nernst equation

∴Ecell = 0.46 V – 0.14775 = 031 V

46.(a) What are fuel cells? Explain the electrode reactions involved in the working of
H2 – O2 fuel cell.
(b) Represent the galvanic cell in which the reaction
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s) takes place. (Comptt. Delhi, Comptt. All India
2013)

(a) Fuel cells : These cells are the devices which convert the energy produced during
combustion of fuels like H2, CH4, etc. directly into electrical energy.
The electrode reaction for H2 – O2 fuel cell :
(b) The galvanic cell may be represented as Zn (s) | Zn2+ (1M) || Cu2+ (1M) | Cu (s)

47.(a) State and explain Kohlrausch law.

(b) How much electricity in terms of Faradays is required to produce 20 g of calcium
from molten CaCl2? (Comptt. Delhi 2013)r:
(a) Corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon. At a particular spot of iron j oxidation it
takes place and the spot behaves j as anode and the reaction will be: i
At anode :
2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+ + 4e–
Electrons released above move through the metal to another spot and reduce oxygen in
presence of H+ and the spot behaves as cathode with the reaction.
At cathode :
O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(I)
Overall reaction :
2Fe(s) + O2 (g) + H+(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O (l)
The ferrous ions are further oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to form hydrated ferric oxide
(Fe2O3 xH2O) as rust.

(b) Ca22+ + 2e– → Ca

Thus, 1 mole of Ca i.e. 40 g of Ca requires electricity = 2F
∴ 20 g of Ca will require electricity = 1F

48.Silver is uniformly electro-deposited on a metallic vessel of surface area of 900

cm2 by passing a current of 0.5 ampere for 2 hours. Calculate the thickness of silver
deposited.
[Given: the density of silver is 10.5 g cm-3 and atomic mass of Ag = 108 amu.] (Comptt.
All India 2013)
Quantity of electricity passed
= 0.5 × 2 × 60 × 60 = 3600 c
Ag+ + e– → Ag
96500 c deposits Ag = 107.92 g

49.A current was passed for 5 hours through two electrolytic cells connected in series.
The first cell contains AuCl 3 and second cell CuSO4 solution. If 9.85 g of gold was
deposited in the first cell, what amount of copper gets deposited in the second cell?
Also calculate magnitude of current in ampere.
Given: Atomic mass of Au = 197 amu and Cu = 63.5 amu. (Comptt. All India 2013)

50.(a) Calculate ΔrG0 for the reaction

Mg (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
Given : E0cell = + 2.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol-1
(b) Name the type of cell which was used in Apollo space programme for providing
electrical power. (All India 2014)
(a) ΔrG0 = – nFE0
= -2 × 96500 × 2.71 (∵ n = 2)
= -523,030 J mol-1 = -523.03 KJ mol-1
(b) Fuel cell was used in Apollo space programme for providing electrical power.

51.The resistance of 0.01 M NaCl solution at 25° C is 200 Ω . The cell constant of the
conductivity cell used is unity. Calculate the molar conductivity of the solution.(Comptt.
All India 2014)
For 0.01 M NaCl solution,
R = 200 Ω , cell constant is unity.
∴ Conductivity (K) = Cell constant Resistance
= 1200 = 0.005 Sm-1
Concentration of solution = 0.01 M = 0.01 mol L-1
= 0.01 × 103 mol m-3 = 10 mol m-3
Molar conductivity = KCm=0.00510
5 × 10-4 Sm2 mol-1
52.Calculate emf of the following cell at 25° C :
Fe | Fe2+ (0.001 M) || H+ (0.01 M) | H2(g) (1 bar) | Pt(s)
E0(Fe2+ | Fe) = -0.44 V E0(H+ | H2) = 0.00V (Delhi 2015)

Fe | Fe2+ (0.001 M) || H+ (0.01 M) | H2(g) (1 bar) | Pt(s)

= 0.4105 Volts

53.Conductivity of 2.5 × 10-4 M methanoic acid is 5.25 × 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its
molar conductivity and degree of dissociation.
Given : λ0(H+) = 349.5 Scm2 mol-1
and λ0(HCOO– ) = 50.5 Scm2 mol-1. (All India 2015)

Concentration is 2.5 x 10-4 M

K = 5.25 × 10-5 Scm-1.
Λcm=K× 1000 Concentration

54.Calculate e.m.f. of the following cell at 298 K: 2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+ (0.1 M) → 2Cr3+ (0.01 M)
+ 3 Fe(s)
Given: E0(Cr3+| Cr) = -0.74 V E0(Fe2+ | Fe) = -0.44 V (Delhi 2016)

Cell reaction: 2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+ (0.1 M) → 2Cr3+ (0.01 M) + 3Fe(s)

Given: E0(Cr3+/Cr) = -0.74
E0 (Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44 V
55.(i) Calculate the mass of Ag deposited at cathode when a current of 2 amperes was
passed through a solution of AgNO3 for 15 minutes.
[Given: Molar mass of Ag = 108 g mol-1 1F = 96,500 C mol-1)
(ii) Define fuel cell. (Delhi 2017)
(i) Q = I × t … (Charge = Current ∝ Time)
. = 2 × 15 × 60 = 1800 C
∵ 96500 C deposit Ag = 108 g
∴ 1800 C deposit Ag = 10896500 × 1800
= 2.0145 g
(ii) Cells that convert the energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methanol, methane,
etc directly into electrical energy are called fuel cells.
56.(a) The cell in which the following reaction occurs:
2Fe3+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + I2(s)
has Eo Cell = 0.236 V at 298 K. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy of the cell reaction.
(Given: 1F = 96,500 C mol-1)
(b) How many electrons flow through a metallic wire if a current of 0.5 A is passed for 2
hours? (Given: 1F = 96,500 C mol-1) (All India 2017)
(a) 2Fe3+ (aq) + 2I– (aq) → 2Fe2+ (aq) + I2 (s)
For the given reaction, n = 2, E° = 0.236 V
Using formula
ΔG° = -nF E° cell

= -2 × 96,500 C mol-1 × 0.236 V

∴ ΔG° =-45.55 kj mol-1
(b) Given:
I = 0.5 A
t = 2 hrs. = 2 × 60 × 60 s = 7,200 s
Q = I × t = 0.5 × 7200 = 3,600 C
96,500 C electricity flows to produce
= 6.022 × 1023 electrons
∴ 1 C electricity flows to produce
57.Why an electrochemical cell stop working after some time? The reduction potential
of an electrode depends upon the concentration of solution with which it is in contact.
(All India 2017)

As the cell works, the concentration of reactants decrease. Then according to Le

chatelier’ s pri¬nciple it will shift the equilibrium in backward direction. On the other
hand if the concentration is more on the reactant side then it will shift the equilibrium in
forward direction. When cell works concentration in anodic compartment in cathodic
compartment decreases and hence E° cathode will decrease. Now EMF of cell is
E0 cell = E0cathode – E0anode
A decrease in E° cathode and a corresponding increase in E° anode will mean that EMF
of the cell will decrease and will ultimately become zero i.e., cell slops working after some
time.

58.Calculate ΔrG° and log Kc for the following reaction at 298 K.

2Cr(s)+3Cd2+(aq)⟶2Cr3+raq+3Cd(s)
[Given : E 0Cell = +0.34 V, IF = 96500 C mol-1] (Comptt. All India 2017)
Answer:

59.Calculate ΔrG° and log K. for the following reaction at 298 K. (Comptt. All India
2017)
60.(a) Define molar conductivity of a substance and describe how for weak and strong
electrolytes, molar conductivity changes with concentration of solute. How is such
change explained?
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25° C with the following half cells :
Ag+ (0.001 M) | Ag and Cu2+ (0.10 M) | Cu What would be the voltage of this cell? (E0cell =
0.46 V) (Delhi 2009)

(a) Molar conductivity: Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is tire

conductance of the volume ‘V’ of a solution containing one mole of electrolyte kept
between two electrodes with area of cross section ‘A’ and distance of unit length. It is
represented by Λm (lamda).
Λm = KAl ∴ l = 1 and A = V
∴ Λm= KV Unit = S cm2 mol-1
Effect of change of concentrations on molar conductivity. In case of strong electrolytes
there is a small increase in conductance with dilution because a strong electrolyte is
completely dissociated in solution and the number of ions remains constant. Moreover
there will be greater inter-ionic attractions at higher concentrations which retards the
motion of ions and conductance decreases. In case of weak electrolytes there is increase
in conductance with decrease in concentration due to the increase in the number of ions
in the solution.
The graph between Λm and concentration also rectifies the above statement.

(b) The reaction takes place in cell as

= 0.46 – 0.0592 × 5
= 0.46 – 0.1475 = 0.3125

61.(a) State the relationship amongst cell constant of a cell, resistance of the solution in
the cell and conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solute related to
conductivity of its solution?
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25° C with the following half-cells :
Al | Al3+ (0.001 M) and Ni | Ni 2+ (0.50 M)
Calculate the cell voltage
E0Ni2+/Ni=− 0.25V,E0Ni2+/Ni=− 1.66V
(Delhi 2009):
(a) The relationship between the cell constant of a cell (G*), resistance of the solution in
the cell (R) and conductivity (K) is given by
K = Cell constant R=G⋆R
The relationship between molar conductivity (Λm) and conductivity of the solution (K) is
given by
Λm = KC
(b) The cell may be represented as
Al | Al3+ || Ni2+| Ni
E0 cell = E0R – E0L
E0 cell = (-0-25) – (-1.66)
∴ E0 = -0.25 + 1.66 = 1.41 V

62.(a) What type of a cell is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the cathode
reactions and the overall reaction occurring in a lead storage battery while operating.
(Delhi, All India 2009)
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25 ° C with the half-cells, Al | Al 3+ (0.001 M) and Ni |
Ni2+ (0.50 M). Write the equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an
electric current and determine the cell potential.
(Given : E ∘Ni2+/Ni=− 0.25V,E∘Al3+/Al=− 1.66V) (Delhi 2009)
(a) The lead storage battery is a secondary cell (rechargeable). During discharging the
electrode reaction occurs as follows :
At anode :

(b) The cell may be represented as

Al | Al3+ || Ni2+| Ni
E0 cell = E0R – E0L
E0 cell = (-0-25) – (-1.66)
∴ E0 = -0.25 + 1.66 = 1.41 V

63.(a) Express the relationship amongst cell constant, resistance of the solution in the
cell and conductivity of the solution. How is molar conductivity of a solute related to
conductivity of its solution?
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) ⇌ Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
(Given : E 0Cd2+/Cd = -0.40 V,
E0Cd2+/Cd = -0.44 V). (Delhi 2009)
(a) The relationship between the cell constant of a cell (G*), resistance of the solution in
the cell (R) and conductivity (K) is given by
K = Cell constant R=G⋆R
The relationship between molar conductivity (Λm) and conductivity of the solution (K) is
given by
Λm = KC

64.(a) Define the term molar conductivity. How is it related to conductivity of the related
solution?
(b) One half-cell in a voltaic cell is constructed from a silver wire dipped in silver nitrate
solution of unknown concentration. Its other half-cell consists of a zinc electrode
dipping in 1.0 M solution of Zn(NO3)2. A voltage of 1.48 V is measured for this cell. Use
this information to calculate the concentration of silver nitrate solution used.
(E0Zn2+/Zn=− 0.76V,E0Ag+/Ag = + 0.80 V) (Delhi 2009)
(b) Half cell reactions :

65.(a) Corrosion is essentially an electrochemical phenomenon. Explain the reactions ;

occurring during corrosion of iron kept in j an open atmosphere.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the equilibrium reaction
Fe(s) + Cd2+(aq) ⇌ Fe2+(aq) + Cd(s)
(Given : E 0Cd2+/Cd = – 0.40 V,
E0Fe2+/Fe = -0-44V) (Delhi 2009)

(a) Corrosion is an electrochemical i phenomenon. At a particular spot of iron j oxidation

it takes place and the spot behaves j as anode and the reaction will be : i
At anode :
2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+ + 4e–
Electrons released above move through the metal to another spot and reduce oxygen in
presence of H+ and the spot behaves as cathode with the reaction.
At cathode :
O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– → 2H2O(I)
Overall reaction :
2Fe(s) + O2 (g) + H+(aq) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O (l)
The ferrous ions are further oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to form hydrated ferric oxide
(Fe2O3 xH2O) as rust

66.(a) State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions. Write an expression for
the molar conductivity of acetic acid at infinite dilution according to Kohlrausch law.
(b) Calculate Λ° m for acetic acid.
Given that Λ° m (HCl) = 426 S cm2 mol -1
Λ° m (NaCl) = 126 S cm2 mol-1
Λ° m (CH3COONa) = 91 S cm2 mol-1 (Delhi 2010)

(a) Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions : The limiting molar conductivity of
an electrolyte (i.e. molar conductivity at infinite dilution) is the sum of the limiting ionic
conductivities of the cation and the anion each multiplied with the number of ions present
in one formula unit of the electrolyte

67.(a) Write the anode and cathode reactions and the overall reaction occuring in a lead
storage battery.
(b) A copper-silver cell is set up. The copper ion concentration is 0.10 M. The
concen¬tration of silver ion is not known. The cell potential when measured was 0.422
V. Determine the concentration of silver ions in the cell. (Delhi 2010)

(b) The reaction takes place at anode and cathode in the following ways :
At anode (oxidation) :
Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
At cathode (reduction) :
Cu(s) + 2Ag2+(aq) → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)
The complete cell reaction is

68.(a) What type of a battery is lead storage battery? Write the anode and cathode
reactions and the overall cell reaction occuring in the operation of a lead storage
battery.
(b) Calculate the potential for half-cell containing
0.10 M K2Cr2O7 (aq), 0.20 M Cr3+ (aq) and 1.0 × 10-4 M H+ (aq).
The half-cell reaction is
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+ (aq) + 6e– → 2 Cr3+ (aq) + 7 H2O (l)
and the standard electrode potential is given as E0 = 1.33 V. (All India 2011)
(a) The lead storage battery is a secondary cell (rechargeable). During discharging the
electrode reaction occurs as follows :
At anode :

(b) E = ? E0 = 1.33 V
E0 cell = 1.33 – 0.05916log[Cr+3]2[Cr2O2− 7][H+]14

69.(a) How many moles of mercury will be produced by electrolysing 1.0 M

Hg(NO3)2 solution with a current of 2.00 A for 3 hours? [Hg(NO3)2 = 200.6 g mol-1]
(b) A voltaic cell is set up at 25 ° C with the following half-cells Al2+ (0.001 M) and
Ni2+ (0.50 M). Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when the cell generates an
electric current and determine the cell potential.
(Given : E 0Ni2+/Ni = – 0.25 V, E 0Al3+/Al = – 1.66 V) (All India 2011)

(a) Quantity of electricity (Q) = I × t

= 2 × 3 × 60 × 60
= 21600 C
Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg
Thus 2F i.e. 2 × 96500 C deposists Hg = 1 mole

70.(a) What type of a battery is the lead storage battery? Write the anode and the
cathode reactions and the overall reaction occurring in a lead storage battery when
current is drawn from it
(b) In the button cell, widely used in watches, the following reaction takes place
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH– O(aq)
Determine E0 and ΔG 0 for the reaction.
(Given E0Ag+/Ag = +0.80V, E0Zn2+/Zn = -0.76 V) (Delhi 2011)

(a) It is a secondary cell.

71.(a) Define molar conductivity of a solution and explain how molar conductivity
changes with change in concentration of solution for a weak and a strong electrolyte.
(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is
1500 Ω . What is the cell constant if the conductivity of 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is
0.146 × 10-3 S cm-1 ? (Delhi 2011)

(a) Molar conductivity: Conductivity of 1 M electrolytic solution placed between two

electrodes 1 cm apart and have enough area of cross-section to hold the entire volume is
known as molar conductivity or conductivity observed for one molar solution of
electrolyte. Molar condctivity increases with decrease in concentration of solute for both
weak and strong electrolytes.

(b) R = ρ (l/a)
Cell constant la=Rρ = RK
= (1500 Ω ) × 0.146 × 10-3 S cm-1 = 0.219 cm-1
72.(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Limiting molar conductivity (ii) Fuel cell
(b) Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1 mol L-1 KCl solution is 100 Ω . If the
resistance of the same cell when filled with 0.02 mol L-1 KCl solution is 520 Ω , calculate
the conductivity and molar conductivity of 0.02 mol L-1 KCl solution. The conductivity of
0.1 mol L-1 KCl solution is 1.29 × 10-2 Ω -1 cm-1. (Delhi 2014)

(a) (i) Fuel cells : These cells are the devices which convert the energy produced during
combustion of fuels like H2, CH4, etc. directly into electrical energy.
(ii) The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar
conductivity and is represented by the symbol Λ° m.

(b) For 0.1 M KCl solution

R = 100 Q, K = 1.29 × 10-2 Ω -1
cm-1
Formula : Cell constant
= Conductivity × Resistance
= 1.29 × 10-2 × 100
= 1.29 cm-1 or 129 m-1
For 0.2 M KCl solution, conductivity

73.(a) State Faraday’ s first law of electrolysis. How much charge in terms of Faraday
is required for the reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+ to Cu.
(b) Calculate emf of the following cell at 298 K : Mg(s) | Mg2+ (0.1 M) || Cu2+ (0.01) | Cu (s)
[Given E0cell = +2.71 V, 1 F = 96500 C mol-1] (Delhi 2014)

According to first law of Faraday’ s “the amount of chemical reaction and hence the
mass of any substance deposited/liberated at any electrode is directly proportional to the
quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte.”
The quantity of charge required for reduction of 1 mol of Cu2+
= 2 faradays (∵ Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu)
= 2 × 96500 C = 193000 C
Cell reaction : Mg + Cu2+ Mg2+ + Cu(n = 2)
Using Nernst equation,

74.(a) Define the terms conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an
electrolyte. Comment on their variation with temperature.
The measured resistance of a conductance cell was 100 ohms. Calculate (i) the specific
conductance and (ii) the molar conductance of the solution.
(KC1 = 74.5 g mol-1 and cell constant = 1.25 cm-1 ) (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

(a) Conductivity : Reciprocal of resistivity is called conductivity

k = 1R× lA
Molar conductivity : It is defined as the conductivity of solution containing 1 mole solute
dissolved per litre when placed between two electrodes of unit area separated by 1 cm.
Molar conductivity and conductivity of solution increase on increasing the temperature.
(b) Given : R = 100 Ω Cell constant = 1.25 cm-1
Molarity = 74.5 g mol-1

75.(a) Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:

(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes.
(b) Estimate the minimum potential difference needed to reduce Al2O3 at 500° C. The
Gibbs energy change for the decomposition reaction 23 Al2O3 → 43 Al + O2 is 960 kJ
(F = 96500 C mol-1) (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

76.(a) Define the following terms :

(i) Molar conductivity (Λm)
(ii) Secondary batteries
(iii) Fuel cell
(b) State the following laws :
(i) Faraday first law of electrolysis
(ii) Kohlrausch’ s law of independent migration of ions (Comptt. Delhi 2014)

(a) (i) Molar conductivity Λm): Molar conductivity can be defined as the conductance of
the volume V of electrolytic solution kept between two electrodes of a conducting cell at
distance of unit length but having area of cross section large enough to accomodate
sufficient volume of solution that contains one mole of the electrolyte.
Λm = KV
(ii) Secondary batteries: Those cells which can be recharged on passing electric current
through them in opposite direction and can be used again are called secondary batteries,
e.g. Lead-acid storage cell.
(iii) Fuel cell : Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the chemical energy of
combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane etc. into electrical energy are called fuel cells,
e.g. H2 – O2 fuel cell
(b) (i) Faraday first law of electrolysis : According to this law the mass of the substance
deposited or liberated at any electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the
quantity of charge passed through the electrolyte.
ω ∝ Q (∵ Q = I × t)
ω = = ZIt
(ii) Kohlrausch’ s law of independent migration of ions : According to this law limiting
molar conductivity of an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the limiting ionic
conductivities of the cation and the anion each multiplied with the number of ions present
in one formula unit of electrolyte.
Λom for AxBy=xλo++yλo−
77.(a) Define the term degree of dissociation. Write an expression that relates the molar
conductivity of a weak electrolyte to its degree of dissociation.
(b) For the cell reaction
Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)
Calculate the equilibrium constant at 25 ° C. How much maximum work would be
obtained by operation of this cell?
EoNi2/Ni = 0.25 V and EoAg+/Ag = 0.80 V (Comptt. Delhi 2014)
(a) Degree of dissociation: It is the measure of the extent to which an electrolyte gets
dissociated into its constitutent ions.
Thus higher the degree of dissociation, higher will be its molar conductance.
Mathematically it can be expressed as :
Maximum work = 106.150 KJ mol-1
78.lculate ΔrG° and e.m.f. (E) that can be obtained from the following cell under the
standard conditions at 25° C :
Zn (s) | Zn2+ (aq) || Sn2+ (aq) | Sn (s)

79.(a) Define conductivity and molar conductivity for the solution of an electrolyte.
Discuss their variation with concentration.
(b) Calculate the standard cell potential of the galvanic cell in which the following
reaction takes place :
Fe2+ (aq) + Ag+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + Ag (s) Calculate the ΔrG° and equilibrium constant of
the reaction also.
(E0Ag+/Ag = 0.80 V; E0Fe3+/Fe 2+ = 0.77 V)
(Comptt. All India 2014)
(a) Conductivity : The conductance of the solution of an electrolyte enclosed in a cell
between two electrodes of unit area of cross section separated by 1 cm. It is represented
as K with unit ohm-1 cm-1
Molar conductivity : It is the conductance of the volume V of solution containing one mole
of electrolyte kept between two electrodes with area of cross section A and distance of
unit length.
Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration of solute for both weak and
strong electrolytes.

80.(a) Calculate E0cell for the following reaction at 298 K:

2Al(s) + 3Cu2+ (0.01M) → 2Al2+ (0.01M) + 3Cu(s)
Given: Ecell = 1.98 V
(b) Using the E0 values of A and B, predict which is better for coating the surface of iron
[E0(Fe2+/Fe) = -0.44 V] to prevent corrosion and why?
Given: E0(A2+/A) = -2.37 V; E0(B2+/B) = -0.14 V (All India 2016)

(a) For the reaction

2Al(s) + 3Cu2+ (0.01M) → 2Al3+ (0.01M) + 3Cu(s)
Given: Ecell = 1.98 V E0cell = ?
Using Nernst equation
(b) Element A will be better for coating the surface of iron than element B because its E°
value is more negative.

81.(a) The conductivity of 0.001 mol L-1 solution of CH3COOH is 3.905 × 10-5 S cm-1.
Calculate its molar conductivity and degree of dissociation (α).
Given: λ0(H+) = 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λ0 (CH3COO– ) = 40.9 S cm2 mol-1
(b) Define electrochemical cell. What happens if external potential applied becomes
greater than E0cell of electrochemical cell? (All India 2016)
(a) Concentration = 0.001 mol L-1

(b) Electrochemical cell: It is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical
energy i.e., produced as a result of redox reaction taking place in the electrolyte.
The reaction gets reversed and it becomes non-spontaneous. It starts acting as an
electrolytic cell.
82.(a) Define the following :
(i) Molar conductivity
(ii) Fuel cell
(b) The molar conductivity of a 1.5 M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 S
cm2 mol-1 Calculate the conductivity of the solution. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
(a) (i) Molar conductivity Λm): Molar conductivity can be defined as the conductance of
the volume V of electrolytic solution kept between two electrodes of a conducting cell at
distance of unit length but having area of cross section large enough to accomodate
sufficient volume of solution that contains one mole of the electrolyte.
Λm = KV
(ii) Secondary batteries: Those cells which can be recharged on passing electric current
through them in opposite direction and can be used again are called secondary batteries,
e.g. Lead-acid storage cell.
(iii) Fuel cell : Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the chemical energy of
combustion of fuels like hydrogen, methane etc. into electrical energy are called fuel cells,
e.g. H2 – O2 fuel cell
(b) Λm = k× 1000c S cm2 mol-1
138.9 = k× 10001.5
k = 0.208 S cm-1
83.(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Primary batteries
(ii) Corrosion
(b) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is
1500 Ω . What is the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001 M KCl solution at 298 K is
0.146 × 10-3 S cm-1? (Comptt. Delhi 2016)

(a) (i) Primary batteries : Batteries which can’ t be rechared/reused.

(ii) Corrosion : Loss of useful metals due to oxidation on exposure to atmospheric gases
and moisture.
(b) k = 1R(lA)
lA = k × R = 0.146 × 10-3 S cm-1 × 1500 Ω
lA = 0.219 cm-1
84.(a) What are the two classifications of batteries? What is the difference between
them?
(b) The resistance of 0.01 M NaCl solution at 25° C is 200 Ω . The cell constant of the
conductivity cell is unity. Calculate the molar conductivity of the solution. (Comptt. All
India 2016)

(a) Two types of batteries are Primary batteries and Secondary batteries. Primary
batteries are non-chargeable whereas secondary batteries are rechargeable.

85.(a) What are fuel cells? Give an example of a fuel cell.

(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant (log Kc) and ΔrG° for the following reaction at
298 K.
Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) ⇌ Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)
Given E0cell = 0.46 V and IF = 96500 C mol -1 (Comptt. All India 2016)

(a) Cell which converts energy of combustion of fuel directly into electricity.
Example : H2 – O2 fuel cell.
Or
Those cells which convert fuel energy directly into electrical energy.
Example : H2 – O2 fuel cell

86.(a) When a bright silver object is placed in the solution of gold chloride, it acquires a
golden tinge but nothing happens when it is placed in a solution of copper chloride.
Explain this behaviour of silver.
[Given : E 0Cu2+/Cu =+0.34V,E0Ag+/Ag =+0.80V, E0Au3+/Au = +1.40V]
(b) Consider the figure given and answer the following questions :
(i) What is the direction of flow of electrons?
(ii) Which is anode and which is cathode?
(iii) What will happen if the salt bridge is removed?

(iv) How will concentration of Zn2+ and Ag+ ions be affected when the cell functions?
(v) How will concentration of these ions be affected when the cell becomes dead?
(Comptt. Delhi 2017)
(a) The standard electrode potential, E° for silver is 0.80 V and that of gold is 1.5 V,
hence silver can displace gold from its solution. The replaced gold is deposited on silver
object due to which golden tinge is obtained. On the other hand E° for Cu is 0.34 V which
is lower than that of silver, thus silver cannot replace copper from its solution.
(b)

(i) Electrons flow from anode (Zinc plate) to cathode (Silver plate).
(ii) Zinc plate where oxidation occurs acts as anode and silver plate where reduction
occurs acts as cathode.
(iii) If the salt bridge is removed then electrons from zinc electrode will flow to the silver
electrode where they will neutralize some of Ag+ ions and the SO2− 4 ions will be left and
the solution will acquire a negative charge. Secondly the Zn2+ ions from zinc plate will
enter into ZnSO4 solution producing positive charge. Thus due to accumulation of
charges in two solutions, further flow of electrons will stop and hence the current stops
flowing and the cell will stop functioning.
(iv) As silver from silver sulphate solution is deposited on the silver electrode and
sulphate ions migrate to the other side, the concentration of AgSO4 solution decreases
and of ZnSO4 solution increases as the cell operates.
(v) When the cell becomes dead, the concentration of these ions become equal due to
attainment of equilibrium and zero EMF.

87.(a) What is limiting molar conductivity? Why there is steep rise in the molar
conductivity of weak electrolyte on dilution?
(b) Calculate the emf of the following cell at 298 K :
Mg (s) | Mg2+ (0.1 M) || Cu2+ (1.0 × 10-3M) | Cu (s)
[Given = E0 Cell = 2.71 V]. (Comptt. Delhi 2017)
(a) The molar conductivity of a solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar
conductivity and is represented by the
symbol Λ∘m
There is steep rise in the molar conductivity of weak electrolyte on dilution because as the
concentration of the weak electrolyte is reduced, more of it ionizes and thus increase in
the number of ions in the solution.