Ch2:

Equation & Inequalities

 Equation & Inequalities
2.1 Equations
• Solving simultaneous linear equations, equation
in three variables, simultaneous linear and
quadratics equations

2.2 Quadratics Equations

• Types of roots for a quadratic equation
• Relationship between the roots and the
coefficient of a quadratic equation.
• Solving quadratic equations
 Equations
• An equation is a statement that two mathematical
expressions are equal
3+5=8

• Most equations that we study contain variables

3 + 5x = 18 x →“unknown”
Two equations equivalent if they both have the
same solution set.
 Linear Equations
• An equation in which each term is either a
constant or a nonzero multiple of the variable
Which one is a linear equation?
Solving linear equation

X=8

Equation Involving Fractional Expressions

X=8/7

X=4
Linear equations with More Than One
Variable
If a,b and r are real numbers (and if a and b are not
both equal to 0) then,
ax + by = r
is called a linear equation in two variables. (The “two
variables” are the x and the y.)

Example : Solve the equation Solution method:

4x + 2y = 6 -substitution
3x - 2y = 8 -elimination
X= 2
Y= -1
Solving an Equation with More Than
One Variable

X= 1
Y= -1
Z= 2
Simultaneous linear and quadratics
equations

y = -1
x 2

y=5-x
SOLUTION:
x2 -1 = 5-x
x2 + x - 6 = 0
(x+3)(x-2) = 0
x=2, -3
Modeling with Equations
 1. Identify the Variable
– Identify the quantity that the problem asks
you to find.
– This quantity can usually be determined by
a careful reading of the question posed at
the end of the problem.
– Then introduce notation for the variable.
– Call this x or some other letter.
2. Translate from Words to Algebra

– Read each sentence in the problem again,

and express all the quantities mentioned
in the problem in terms of the variable you
defined in Step 1.

– To organize this information, it is sometimes

helpful to draw a diagram or make a table.
 3. Set Up the Model
– Find the crucial fact in the problem that gives
a relationship between the expressions you
listed in Step 2.

– Set up an equation (or model) that expresses

this relationship.
4. Solve the Equation and Check Your
Answer

1. Solve the equation,

2. Check your answer,

3. And express it as a sentence that answers

the question posed in the problem.
 Modeling a Physical Situation
When we use algebra to model a physical
situation, we must sometimes use basic
formulas from geometry.

For example, we may need

– A formula for an area or a perimeter, or
– A formula that relates the sides of similar
triangles, or
– The Pythagorean Theorem.
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Garden
A square garden has a walkway 3 ft wide
around its outer edge. If the area of the
entire garden, including the walkway, is
18,000 ft2. What are the dimensions of the
planted area? GUIDELINES:
1. Identify the Variable
2. Translate from Words to Algebra
3. Set Up the Model
4. Solve the Equation
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Garden
Step 1: We are asked to find the length
and width of the planted area.

– So we let:
x = the length of the planted area
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Garden
Step 2: We translate
the information into
the language of
algebra.

In Words In Algebra
Length of planted area x
Length of entire area x+6
Area of entire garden (x + 6)2
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Garden

We now set up the model.

Area of entire garden = 18,000 ft2

(x + 6)2 = 18,000
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Garden
Now we solve for x.

x + 6 = 18,000
x = 18,000 − 6
x  128

The planted area of the garden is about 128 ft

by 128 ft.
 Example 2: Problems About Mixture
Many real-world problems involving mixing
different types of substances.

For example,
– Construction workers may mix cement, gravel, and
sand;
– Fruit juice from a concentrate may involve mixing
different types of juices.
 Concentration Formula
Problems involving mixtures and concentrations
make use of the fact that if an amount x of a
substance is dissolved in a solution with volume
V, then the concentration C of the substance is
given by

C=x/V
 Concentration
So if 10 g of sugar is dissolved in 5 L of water,
then the sugar concentration, C is

C = 10g/5L = 2 g/L
 Mixture Problems
Solving a mixture problem usually requires us to
analyze the amount x of the substance that is in
the solution.

– When we solve for x in this equation, we see that

x = CV

– Note that in many mixture problems the

concentration C is expressed as a percentage.
 Class, could you try this ?
E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
A manufacturer of soft drinks advertises their
orange soda as “naturally flavored,” although it
contains only 5% orange juice. A new federal
regulation stipulates that to be called “natural,” a
drink must contain at least 10% fruit juice. How
much pure orange juice must this manufacturer
add to 900 gallons of orange soda to conform to
the new regulation? GUIDELINES:
1. Identify the Variable
2. Translate from Words to Algebra
3. Set Up the Model
4. Solve the Equation
 E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
Step 1:
The problem asks for the amount
of pure orange juice to be added.

– So let:
x = the amount (in gallons)
of pure orange juice to be added
 E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
Step 2:
In any problem of this type—in which two different
substances are to be mixed—drawing a diagram helps us
organize the given information.
 E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
To set up the model, we use the fact that the
total amount of orange juice in the mixture is
equal to the orange juice in the first two vats:

amount of orange juice in first vat

+ amount of orange juice in second vat
= amount of orange juice in mixture
 E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
Step 2: We now translate the information in
the figure into the language of algebra:

In Words In Algebra
Amount of orange juice to be added x

Amount of orange juice in the first vat 0.05(900) = 45

Amount of orange juice in the second
1∙x=x
vat
Amount of orange juice in the mixture 0.10(900 + x)
 E.g. 2—Mixtures and Concentration
45 + x = 0.1( 900 + x )
45 + x = 90 + 0.1x
0.9 x = 45
45
x= = 50
0.9
– The manufacturer should add 50 gal
of pure orange juice to the soda.
Quadratic Equations

quadratic expression
 Solving Quadratic Equations by
Factoring
Quadratic equations can be solved by factoring
and using basic property of real numbers.

This method works only when the

Eg: x2 + 5x = 24
right-hand side of the equation is 0
(x+8) (x-3)=0
x = 3, -8
 Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square

If a quadratic equation does not factor readily,

then we can solve it by completing the square.

 Solving Quadratic Equations by
Completing the Square
• Solve each equation

a) x2 - 8x = -13 b) 3x2 – 12x = -6

x2 – 8x + (-8/2)2 = -13 + (-8/2)2 x2 – 4x = -2
(x – 4)2 = -13 + 16 x2 – 4x + (-4/2)2 = -2 + (-4/2)2
(x – 4)2 = 3 (x - 2)2 = -2 + 4
x–4=± 𝟑 (x - 2)2 = 2
x=4± 𝟑 x – 2 = ± √𝟐
x= 2 ± √𝟐
 The Quadratic Formula
A formula for the roots of the general
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be
derive using completing the square
 Using the Quadratic Formula
Find all solutions of each equation.

𝟓±√𝟑𝟕
X=
𝟔

Class, could you try this ? X= -3/2

Class, could you try this ?

 The Discriminant

D=20>0, has two

Example : distinct real solutions
D=0, has one real
solution
D= -4/3 no real
solution
Modeling with Quadratic
Equations
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
A rectangular building lot is 8 ft
longer than it is wide and has an area
of 2900 ft2.Find the dimensions of the lot.
GUIDELINES:
1. Identify the Variable
2. Translate from Words to Algebra
3. Set Up the Model
4. Solve the Equation
E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
Step 1: We are asked to find the width
and length of the lot.

– So, let:
w = width of lot
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
Step 2: Then, we
translate the
information
in the problem
into the language
of algebra.
In Words In Algebra
Width of lot w
Length of lot w+8
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
Step 3: Now, we set up the model.

Width of Lot . Length of Lot

= Area of Lot
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
Step 4: Solve the equation
w(w + 8) = 2900
w2 + 8w = 2900 (Expand)

w2 + 8w – 2900 = 0

(w – 50)(w + 58) = 0 (Factor)

w = 50 or w = –58
 E.g. 1—Dimensions of a Building Lot
Since the width of the lot must be a positive
number, we conclude that:
w = 50 ft

The length of the lot is:

w + 8 = 50 + 8 = 58 ft
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
An object thrown or fired straight upward
at an initial speed of v0 ft/s will reach a height of
h feet after t seconds, where h and t are related
by the formula:

h = –16t2 + v0t
GUIDELINES:
1. Identify the Variable
2. Translate from Words to Algebra
3. Set Up the Model
4. Solve the Equation
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
Suppose that a bullet is shot straight upward
with an initial speed of 800 ft/s.

a) When does the bullet fall back

to ground level?
b) When does it reach a height
of 6,400 ft?
c) How high is the highest point
the bullet reaches?
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
The initial speed is v0 = 800 ft/s.

Thus, the formula is:

h = –16t2 + 800t
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
a) Ground level corresponds
to h = 0.
So, we must solve:
0 = –16t2 + 800t (Set h = 0)
0 = –16t(t – 50) (Factor)

– Thus, t = 0 or t = 50.
– This means the bullet starts (t = 0) at ground level
and returns to ground level after 50 s.
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
b) Setting h = 6400 gives:

6400 = –16t2 + 800t

(Set h = 6400)
16t2 – 800t + 6400 = 0
(All terms to LHS)
t2 – 50t + 400 = 0
(Divide by 16)
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
(t – 10)(t – 40) = 0
(Factor)

t = 10 or t = 40 (Solve)

– The bullet reaches 6400 ft

after 10 s (on its ascent)
and again after 40 s
(on its descent to earth).
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
c) Each height the bullet
reaches is attained twice—once
on its ascent and once on its
descent.

– The only exception is

the highest point of its path,
which is reached only once.
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
This means that, for
the highest value of h,
the following equation has
only one solution for t:
h = –16t2 + 800t
16t2 – 800t + h = 0

– This, in turn, means that the discriminant D

of the equation is 0.
 E.g. 2—The Path of a Projectile
So,
D = (–800)2 – 4(16)h = 0
640,000 – 64h = 0
h = 10,000

– The maximum height

reached is 10,000 ft.