Characteristics of a great literature (Literary standard: IRON MAN 21" CENTURY LITERATURE REVIEWER, Definitions of Literature: * Literature is the total of preserved writing belongings to a given language or people. * Literature consist of those writings which interpret the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the personality of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interst ( Henry Van Dyke) * Literature isa written record of man’s best thoughts and feelings. + Literature is the written or printed productions of the human mind collectively, which deals with themes of permanent and universal interest, characterized by creativeness and grace of expression, as poetry, as fictions, essay, etc, Types of Literature: A. Oral Literature ~is generally the literature of the ancient times. Its preserved and handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth. Oral literature started unwritten, but eventually captured for writing. B. Written literature: is one that gets its form from the use of the pen by literary genius, Compared to oral form, its likely to be permanent in form because once written, it remain asis. Reasons why people write: ‘© Forself expression ‘© To spread knowledge and information ¢ To pass on ideas and values ‘* Toimpart truth, accuracy and evaluation. 41). Permanence- Great literature stands through ages and still opens new world of meaning and experience 2) Universality- Great literature appeals to anyone, anywhere, anytime forever relevant. 3) Artistry: Great literature appeals to our aesthetic sense or sense of beauty. 4) Intellectual value- Great ur thought. It makes us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature 5) Spiritual value- great literature inspires and brings out moral values making us better persons rature stimulates 6) Style- Great literature is marked with the peculiar way in which the writer sees life, forms his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly. 7). Suggestiveness- Great literature appeals to our ‘emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, moves us deeply and evokes visions over and beyond the level of ordinary life experience. Prose- is a discourse that follows the usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings and actions. Divisions of Prose Fiction-is a literary work which is a result of the author's imagination. a. Short story- is a narrative involving one or more characters, one plot, and one single impression, (Dead stars by Paz Marquez Benitez) b. Novel-is a true-to-life story divided into chapters where many characters are involved and spans long period of time. (Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe) ©. Play- isa scripted story executed on stage. (Call me Flory by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero) d. Legend: is a narrative about the origin of man, place, event and happenings. fe. Fable- is a narrative where the characters are animals and inanimate objects that speak and act like people, Usually ends with values that can mold their attitudes. Non-Fiction a. Essay- is an attempt to express the viewpoint and opinion of the writer on a particular problem or event © Formal essay Informal essay b. Oration-is a formal treatment of the subject and intended to be spoken before a crowd. Biography- Isa literary work that gives the life account of a person written by another person. d. Autobiography- is a literary work where the author writes his own life account fe. News: is a report of expected and unexpected events in society and government and incidents in the field of, science, business,ete. f Letters g Diaries and Journals. Poetry: is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings taking it’s origin from emotion”(William, Wordsworth)‘© Isa type of literature that combines the sound and meaning of language to create and express ideas and feelings. ‘© Uses imagery and figurative language closely related terms is very rich, suggestive and powerful ‘© Itisa rhythmical creation of beauty (Edgar Allan Poe) Three types of poetry: 1. Narrative Poetry: tells stories and has two forms: ‘a. Epics- are long poems that exemplify the adventures of epic heroes and divine forces. They are oldest surviving form of poetry. b. Ballads- are narrative poems intended to be sung, They are shorter than the epics and they usually tell stories about a particular person. Ballads use repetitive and use simple language as well as supernatural touches. 2. Dramatic poetry- tells stories but one or more characters act out the poem. There are plays that are written as dramatic poetry. -William Shakespeare, An English Playwright, is. the most famous dramatic poet. - In the dramatic monologue, the story is ‘dramatically told by only one character, Robert Browning, an English poet of the 18~, wrote many poems of this style. 3. Lyric Poetry- the most common of the three, is ‘a short poem that expresses the poet's thoughts and feeling. - The word lyric comes from the Greek word ‘hein which means lyre, a harp-like musical instrument used by poets in ancient Greecy. Forms of Lyrics Poetry: ‘a. Haiku- one of the shortest lyric poems, is a Japanese verse of 17 syllables arranged in three lines, the first line has 5, the second 7, and the third 5. b. Ode-is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises and noble feelings. (Ex. Ode to Evening by William Collins (1721-1759) c._ Elegy- is a poem of meditation on life and death. d. Sonnet: is a 14-line lyric poem with a certain pattern of rhyme and rhythm. e. Song-is a lyric poem intended to be sung. Imagery- refers to the sensation that languages creates in this mind. Images are words and phrases that appeal to the senses. Figurative Language- makes language more colorful, suggestive, powerful and therefore excitin -also means the use of word or phrase which refers to ‘something familiar in our experience to stand for the idea, feeling or attitude we wish to communicate. ‘The figures of speech: ia 10. 1. 2, 2B. Simile- I an explicit or direct comparison between two things of different classes) (Ex. She turns cold as a freezer) Metaphor- is bolder than simile and the comparison i limited or indirect between two objects of different classes. (ex. The Lord is my shepherd) Personification- gives human qualities or attributes to non-human or inanimate object. ‘Synecdoche- names a part of an object to stand for the whole, or whole for a part. (ex. He is my right arm (trusted ass) Metonymy- involves the use ofa term connected with an object to represent that object. Ex. | give you the floor to speak Hyperbole- involves a deliberate exaggeration used for the effect. (ex. milion thanks to you) Oxymoron- is putting side by side of two normally contradictory words. (ex. Cruel kindness, btter-sweet) Parodox- Is saying something which seems untrue, but on close examination, proves to be ‘true or partly true. (Ex. What you keep, you lose; what you lose, you keep) Allusion- is a casual reference either by directly or by borrowing familiar phrases from the bible, history or literature. Irony- involves a contrast, a discrepancy between expected and what actually happens (ex. You're so kind to answer back to your parents) Onomatopoeia- is the formation or use of words having a sound that imitates what they denote. (ex. Don’t bang the door) Litotes- is a deliberate understatement used to affirm by negating its opposite Apostrophe- is a direct address to someone absent, long dead or even to inanimate objects or ideas. (€x. Jose Rizal, where are the youth today?)14, Alliteration-is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in the sentence. Iti also known as “tongue twister” 15. Assonance- Is the repetition of the middle vowel sounds. (Ex. Race and make, foolish and crooning) 16, Consonance-is sometimes called “slant” rhyme. Both consonants occur at the end of the word as in odds and ends; (€x. Dreary and weary) Purpose of Art: To express man's feelings about his, ‘surroundings, through the means and mater available to him, depending on his style, capability and concept of beauty. Classification olin, = Architecture ‘truetural materials for bulldogs © Sculpture + Materials for caving, casting, modeling * Painting = Pigment on smooth surface '¢ Music & Dance = Sounds-vocal or man-made, body ‘movernents Literature ~ Language 4 &Cinema - Picture frames, story and music oF visual performing arts Importance of literature: {wm we stay tert importante ‘mora that tard suport tp vey teipettor ees seeps, ce ah + Urata preserve of dea tons, and actin ent te Bast Understanding our pas wi helps strengihen or preset a tur om Iessoncof tne post ‘© Unerstare 2 mira of coture provides was experiences that wi enh ‘ur knowlege ana perceptions of ite and human “+ Uuerture i an agent of chang. Utero contuts to cant charges 6 ‘socey by inclating the prometion of eal anders 9 poten force ts Infoeces people's thoughts nto acton. |= Lterature ia sure of pease tetera and ges pleasure. The sory, the ‘sound, and the images presented Stray paces ae the sual sources of hnowlede, espa ae eapacty for mre doce we already poses Rous -Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. -Our forefathers also had their own alphabet which was different from the alphabet brought by Spaniards, but similar to that of Malayo-Polynesian alphabet. Pre-Spanish literature is chacaterized by: ‘A. Legends- are a form of prose and the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing, location or name. ‘Ang alamat ng Mount Makiling © Ang alamat ng Pinya ‘+ Why women wash the dishes: ‘+ Ang alamat ng Olongapo B, Folktales- are made up of stories about life, adventure, love and humor where one can derive lessons about life. ._Epics-are long narrative poems where a series of heroic achievements or events, usually by a hero, are dealt with. ‘© Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) of the Hocanos is the adventure of prodigious epic hero, Lam-ang who exhibits extraordinary powers at an early age. At rine months, he is able to go to war to look for his father’s killers. ‘* The Agyu or Olahing of the Manobos is. a three-part epic that starts with the pahmara (invocation) then the Kepu’unpuun (a narration of the past) and the sengedurog (an episode ‘complete in itself) ‘* Sandayo- of the Subanon tells the story of the hero with the same name, who is born through extraordinary circumstances, as he fell out of the hair of his mother while she was combing it Con the ninth stroke. D. Myths: are narratives that describe and portray in symbolic language the origin of the basic elements and assumptions of a culture, ‘* Simalakas at si maganda. E, Folk songs- are one of the oldest forms of Philippines literature that emerged in the Pre- spanish period, ‘© Kundiman + Kumintang ‘+ Ang Dalito imno Ang Oyayi o Hele Soliranin + TalindawOther forms of Pre-Spanish Poetry: > Epigrams (Salawikain}- They served as laws on rules on good behavior by our ancestors. > Riddles(Bugtong) or Palaisipan- These are made up of one or more measure lines with rhyme which consists of 4 to 12 syllables. > Chant (bulong)- this is used in witchcraft or enchantment. > Maxims- These are verses with rhyming couplets of 5,6 or 8 syllables, each line has the same number of syllables. > Sayings (Kasabihan)- There are used in teasing or giving remarks or comments on a person’s actuations > Sawikain (sayings)- these sayings do not have hidden meaning. ‘SPANISH PERIOD. ‘* Spanish colonized the Philippines for more than 3 centuries. ‘* They embraced the Catholic religion. Spanish influences on Philippine Literature: ‘+ AUBATA was the first Filipino alphabet which was replaced by the Roman alphabet Lessons on Christian Doctrine ‘© Spanish language which became the medium of instruction and literary. ‘+ Legends and traditions from Europe ‘were assimilated in our songs, corridos ‘and moro-moros ‘© Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects ‘© Grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, tlocano and Visayan. © Ourmagazines and periodicals gained a religious tone. The first books: The Christian Doctrine (Doctrina Cristiana)- First book printed in the Philippines in 1953 9} Xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. Nuestra Senora del Rosario- Second book printed in the Phil written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in 1602. Y Libro de los Cuatro Post primeras de Hombre (in Spanish and tagalog)- First book printed in ‘typography. Recreational Pla ‘Ang Barlaan at Josephat- First Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translate from Greek to Tagalog by Fr. Antonio de Borja. ‘The Passion- Book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ, and itis read only during lent. ‘© Pilapil version by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814 ‘©The de belen version by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bataan, 1704 ‘* The de la Merced version by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan, 1856 © The de Guia version by Luis de Guia in 1750 Urbana at Felisa: -Written by Modesto de Castro- Father of Classis Prose in Tagalog. ‘Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)- Collection of songs praising Virgin Mary. It was written in 1865 by a Filipino priest, Fr. Mariano Sevilla, became popular during Flores de Mayo. Folk Songs: Leron-Leron Sinta Dandansoy Atin Cu Pung singsing Pamulinawen Sarong Banga Tibag- means to excavate. Lagaylay-is a special occasion to get together during the month of may for the Pilarenos of Sorsogon, Cenaculo- is a dramatic performance to re- enact the passion and death of Jesus Christ: -Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses in each stanza. -It takes 3 nights to stage the full length version. a) Cantada- chanted like the passion b) Hablada- has a more dignified theme where the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner. Panunuluyan- is a reenactment of Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph in search of an inn to deliver the baby Jesus. Salubong- Is an easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Jesus Christ and His Mother. Carillo or Shadow Play- is a dramatic entertainment performed on dark nights projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet, Zarzuela- Is considered the Father of Drama. It is a musical comedy or melodrama in three acts.‘Tagalog Short Stori * Sainete- isa short exaggerated musical comedy performed by characters from lower class. * Moro-moro- is performed during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion ‘* Karagatan- is a poetic contest where a ritual is, performed based on a legend about a princess who dropped her ring in the middle of the sea and offered her hand in marriage to anyone who can find + Balagtasan-is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a topic or issue. > Held in honor of Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar. * Dung-aw- in a chant in free verse by a bereaved person beside the corpse of the dead. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD(1910-1945) > During the Period of Apprenticeship, (1910-1930}- the Filipino writers imitated English and American models. The Period of Emergence (1920-1930) was highly influenced by Western literary trends like Romanticism and Realism. Short stories: > Dead stars was the first short story written in English by Paz Marquez Benitez > The Small Key was written by Paz Latorena > Footnote to Youth was written by Jose Garcia villa Novels: > The Child of sorrow was the first novel in English by Zoilo Galang > Mga Kwentong Ginto (Golden Stories) was published in 1936 > Kwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang Kwentista was published in 1939 Tagalog Poetry © Tagalog poets during the American Period were able to compose beautiful poems. Poetry of the heart (Makata ng Puso) © Inigo Ed. Regalado © Carlos Gatmaitan ‘© Pedro Deogracias del Rosario © Ildefonso s Poet of the Laborers (Makata ng Manggagawa) © Amado V. Hernandez- He pictures in his poems the intense love of the poor workers or laborers. Hocano Literature: Pedro Bukaneg- Father of llocano Literature. ‘+ His name was derived from the word Bukanegan which means Balagtasan. Claro Caluya- Prince of llocano poets; Known as poet and novelist. Leon Pichay- Known as the best Bukanegero. He {s also known as poet, novelist, short story writer, dramatist and essayist. Kapampangan Literature: ‘* Juan Crisostomo Soto- Father of Kapampangan Literature, © The word Crisotas ( meaning Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his name. ‘© Aurelio Tolention- Translated Kahapon, Ngayon at bukas into Kapampangan Napon, Ngeni at Bukas Visayan Literature: * Eriberto Gumban- Fataher of Visayan Literature -He wrote a Zarzuela, Moro-moro and play in Visayan language. © Magdalen Jalandoni- wrote the novel Tunuksan Isa Ca Bulaklak. JAPANESE PERIOD (1941-1945) Victoria Abelardo describe the Filipino writings during the Japanese occupation as pessimistic and bitter. -The weekly magazine Liwayway was placed under strict surveillance until it was managed by a Japanese named Ishiwara. -The only contact with the outside world was done with utmost secrecy through the underground radio program, called “The Voice of Freedom” Playwrights: Jose Ma Hernandez- wrote PANDAY PIRA Francisco Soc Rodrigo- wrote sa PULA sa PUTI Clodualdo del Mundo- wrote BULAGA (hide and seek game) Julian Cruz Balmaceda- wrote SINO BA KAYO? DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. vv ¥ - PALANCA AWARDEES FOR LITERATURE: > Jose Garcia VillaNick Joaquin NVM Gonzales Bienvenido Santos Gregorio Brilantes Gilda Cordero Fernando vvvvy National Artist Awards: > Jose Garcia Villa > Nick Joaquin Carlos P. Romulo Isee the Ph. Rise | saw the fall of the Ph. Mother America vy vy My brother americans Japanese Musical missions: > Headed Kosak Yamada > Held on May 7, 1943 New Ph. Symphony Francisco Santiago as Conductor21" CENTURY REVIEWER WEEK 1 LESSON ‘+ LITRATURE-Literature is the total of preserved writings belongi + Literature is any piece of writing that is valued as work of art. ‘+ Example: Novels, poems, short stories plays, etc. toa given language or people. ‘TIMELINE OF LITERARY HISTORY PREHISPANIC LITERATURE Baybayin -Ancient writing ‘+ FOLKTALES- stories about life, adventure, horror, and humor where one can drive lessons about life. Ex. The Moon and the sun ‘+ EPIC-long narrative poem in which a series of heroic achievement or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at length. Ex. Biag ni Lam-Ang, © FOLKSONGS- one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. Ex. Kundiman, Kumintang or Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning and Talindaw SPANISH REGIME ‘Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature Baybayin was replaced by the Roman alphabet. The teaching of the Christian doctrine (Catholicism) became the basis of religious practices. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and moro-moro Folk songs - It manifest the artistic feelings of Filipinos and shows their innate appreciation for the love of beauty. €xample: Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing-sing. 5. Recreational Plays ~ There are many recreational plays performed during the Spanish times. Almost all of them are poetic forms such as Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong and Zarzuela. Period of Enlightenment (1872111898) ‘+The Propaganda Movement ~ This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle class like Jose Rizal, ‘Marcelo Del Pilar, Graciane Lopez Jena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban and Pedro Paterno. ‘Some of Rizal's Works + Noli Me Tangere & 1 Flibusterismo ‘Some of Del Pilar’s Works ‘© Pag:ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country) ‘© Kaingat Kayo (Be Careful) * _Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes) ‘Some of Jaena’s Works + Ang Fray Botod Labia Del Fraile (The Child and the Friar) Everything is Hambug (Everything is mere show) Sa Mga Pilipino...1891 Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus) appre ‘THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 ~ 1946) + Jose Garcia Villa became famous for his free verse. Characteristics of Literature during this period: ‘+ Languages used in writing were Spanish and Tagalog and the dialects of the different regions. + Writers in Tagalog continued their lamentations on the conditions of the country and the ‘one's native tongue. + Writers in English imitated the theme and methods of the Americans. ‘THE JAPANESE PERIOD (1941711945) + Because of the Japanese invasion Philippine literature in English came to a halt. ~_AllEnglish newspapers were stopped except for the Tribune and Philippine Review = The common theme of most poems was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion, and the arts + Three types of poems emerged during this period: — Haiku, a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. It was made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines.The first noted Filipino poet to write haiku was Gonzalo K. Flores, also known as Severino Gerundio. — _Tanaga is like Haiku, is short, but it had measure and rhyme. Example: Tanaga written by Bannie Pearl Mas —_ Karaniwang Anyo or the usual form. tempts to arouse love for PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGUSH + Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period, + For the first twenty years, many books were published both in Filipino and English. ‘+ Inthe New Filipino Literature, Philippine literature in Tagalog was revived. ‘+ Most of the themes dealt with Japanese brutalities, the poverty of life under the Japanese government, and the brave guerila exploits.PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (197011972) + According to Ponciano Pineda, youth activism in 1970-72 was due to domestic and worldwide causes, + Because ofthe ils of society, the youth moved to seck reforms. + Literary revolution = The youth became vocal with their sentiments. = They demanded a change in government. — {twas manifested in bloody demonstrations, sidewalk expressions and in literature, Period of the New Society + This started on September 21, 1972. ‘+ The Carlos Palanca Awards continued to give annual awards. + Poems dealt with patience, regard for native culture. customs, and the beauties of nature and surroundings. + Newspapers donned new forms PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981 - 1985) + This started on January 2, 1981. + Poems during this period were romantic and revolutionary. + Many Flipino songs dealt with themes that were true-to-life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of God, of country and of fellowmen. + Song of ASIN POST EDSA REVOLUTION (1986 ~ 1995) + EDSA People Power ~ February 21 to 25, 1986 + There is evident changes in Filipino songs, newspapers, speeches and even in television programs. + Newspapers lie The Inquirer, Malaya and People's Journal increased circulation. 21" Century Period 21" century literature deals with current themes and issues and it also reflects a technological culture, it also breaks traditional writing rules; hence, themes and issues now are freely written, expressed, and conveyed through technology. WEEK 2 LESSON IMAGERY + Imagery is a poetic element that tries to create a picture in the mind of the reader or a mental image through the use of figural language. + Itrepresents objects, places, ideas, or even actions that appeal to the senses of the readers. A Taste of Philippine Poetry = GABU by Carlos A. Angeles A Taste of Tagalog Essay + CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) is a home to Tagalog-speaking people in the Philippines, ‘+ Recognized all over the country for their bravery and fearlessness in battles, CALABARZON has participated actively in the ‘country's fight for freedom, ‘+ Examples: Essays of Rizal, Mabini and Aguinaldo ‘A Taste of Creative Nonfifiction WEEK 3 LESSON ‘4 Major Literary Genres * Drama ~ is 2 composition in prose or verse presenting in a dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict more contrast ff character, especially intended to be acted on a stage; a play. It may be any situation or series of events having vivid, ‘emotional, conflicting or striking interest + Poetry ~ is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices to ‘evoke an emational response. It employs meter and rhyme. + Fiction ~ is a literature created from the imagination not presented as fact, though it may be based on a true story or situation. Types of literature in fiction include the novel, short story and novella, + NonfiFiction - is based on facts and the author's opinion about a subject. The purpose of non-fiction writing s to Inform and ‘sometimes to persuade. Its examples are biographies, articles from textbooks, magazines and newspapers 21” CENTURY LITERATURE GENRES. illustrated Novelf Story through text and illustrated images. — _S0ti of the narrative is presented without words. DiginFictionfi Triple Media Literature = _ Combines three media: book, movie/video and internet website Graphic Novelft Narrative in comic book formats ‘Mangafl Japanese word for comics Doodle Fiction Literary presentation where the author Incorporates doodle writing and drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font. Chick Lit or Chick Literaturefl Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly Flash Fictionfl ls the style of fictional iterature of extreme brevity. Six Word Flash Fictionf It allows reader to consume an entire narrative ina just a moment’ time. Creative NonfiFictionAlso known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction, ‘genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives.Science NonflFictionfl It is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, a parallel universe and extra-terrestrial life Blogfl A weblog, a website containing short articles called posts that are changed regularly Hyper Peetryfl Digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-up, WEEK 4 LESSON PADRE FAURA WITNESS THE EXECUTION OF RIZAL Author: Danton Remoto CONTEXT originates from the notion of weaving together. Its defined as the circumstances that form the setVng of events, statements, or ideas and in the way of which it can be fully understood and assessed Writer's context is knowing about the writers life, values, assumptions, gender, race, race, sexual orientation, and the politcal and economic isues related to the author Reader's context is about the reader's previous reading experience, valves, assumptions, political and economic issues. Text's context is about its publishing history It is part of the larger text such as newspaper, history, events, translated in it. Social context and socioficultural of a text feature the society in which the characters live and in which the author's text was produced. Structure of the poem refers to words that are put together or arranged such that they make sense, Imagery is creating a picture in the reader's mind by using words that appeal to the senses. = Visual imagery procluced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of sight. — Auditory imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the sense of hearing = Kinesthetic imagery produced by the use of words that appeal to the actions and movernent. + Literary Techniques are methods the author or writer ofa literary piece used to convey what they want to impart to the reader + Flashback is where the events have taken place before the present time the narration is following, WEEK 5 86 LESSON PRESENTED MUSIC VIDEO “ANG PIPIT" py LEVI CELERIO MULTIMEDIA is a computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally. 1. Blog or a “weblog” is a website containing informational articles about a person's own opinions, interests and experiences. These are usually changed regularly 2. Mind mapping is a graphical technique to visualize connections of ideas and pieces of information. Ths tool structures information to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall and generate new ideas. 3. Mobile phone text tula is a traditional Filipino poem. A particular example of this poem isa tanaga that consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line. 4, Slideshow presentation is created with the use of Micrasoft PowerPoint. It contains series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large sereen using a video projector 5. Tag cloud isa visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches and databases 6. Video is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media (Lexico 2020). ‘An anecdote isa short entertaining or interesting story about areal incident tr person. Anecdotes tell about a variety of stories and tales, since they can be about any topic under the sun. It isa short story about a real person or event which usualy intends to make the listeners laugh or ponder over a topic. Some of the purposes of anecdotes: 4. To Bring Cheer Stories pop up anywhere and these are just sometimes making people laugh to brighten their mood. 2.To Reminisce They try to look back on moments in thei ives and share the joy of that time with athers, 3. Te Caution Sometimes, just giving rules for individuals is not effective. Sharing to them frightening stories of dangers can be helpful for them to realize the possible consequences of their actions. 4.To Persuade or Inspire Sometimes, people share stories on how they surpassed their struggles in lfe that give encouragement to others who have been in Similar situations, The message usually conveys successes in life a a fruit of hard work HOME OF THE ASHFALL (an excerpt) by John Jack G. Wigley ‘About experiences during eruption of Mt. Pinatubo PURPOSE OF THIS ANECDOTE IS To CautionWeeK 718 BASIC ELEMENTS OF & SHORT STORY 4. Character~ A character in a short story Isa person, in some stories an animal, who takes part in the action of the story or other literary work. 2, The protagonist is considered asthe main character or most important of al the characters. Its the character who learns something or undergoes some changes throughout the course of the story, b. The antagonist I the character that challenges the main character. It as no concern forthe well-being of the main character: 2. SetYng- The place (locale} and time (period) when the story happens is called the set¥ng. 3.Plot- A piot is the actual story. Its what the storys all about. It is also the series of events and characters! actions that lead to the highest point of interest ina short story The following are the different parts ofa story's structure: 2, Exposition -This isthe beginning ofthe story. This s where the author introduces the characters, identities where the story Is happening. and establishes the main conflict. ». Rising Action - This event occurs as you begin to move throughout the story, This Is where conflicts start to bull «. Climax- ti the most exciting part of a short story. This isthe part inthe story when important decisions are made, or important things are discovered. 4d. Falling Action This point occurs after the climax as the problems in the story stat to work themselves out. The excitement becomes less and less asthe conflct Is resolved. €. Resolution- This Is the solution to the problem in a story. The solution may ‘not be what you hoped for but as long ast fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has been resolved. 4. Conflct- Every story needs to have a problem and this problem Is called confi. ‘The main character may be faced with one of the four different types of conflict. These four types of confit are: ‘man versus nature: ‘man versus himself; and man versus society. 5. Theme: This Is the central idea in a short story and a general truth. This Is considered as the author's message to the readers. 6. Point of View - This is the way the story is told or narrated. Its also known as the vantage point that a writer uses to narrate the story. The following are the types of point of view ina short story: 2, First Person - the narrator participates in and tells the story using the pronoun b. LUmited Thied Person - the narrator Is not inthe story and narrates using the pronouns ‘she! or ‘he'. Als, the narrator fs unable to see into the minds ofthe characters. . Omniscient Third Person ~ the natrator is notin the story and tes the story using the pronouns ‘she! or ‘he’. In this point of view, the narrator can tel the thoughts of the characters as he can see Into their minds21°" CENTURY REVIEWER INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY 1, Pre-colonial Period (1 ‘© Oral Traditions - era was dominated by rich oral traditions, including epic poems, chants, and folktales passed down through generations. ‘+ Mythical Narratives - myths, legends, and creation stories reflected the spiritual beliefs and worldviews of diverse Philippine ethnic groups. ©. FolkTales - These are made up stories aboutlife, adventure, love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons. © Epic - one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation. © Legend - a story from the past that is believed by many people but cannot be proved to be true. © Myth-atraditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. Fables - story which teaches a moral lesson and sometimes have ‘animals as the main character. 2. Spanish Colonial Period (1566-1871) ‘+ Linguistic shifts - Filipino alphabet called Alibata was replaced by the Roman alphabet; The teaching of Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices + Thematic influences - Colonial-era literature often reflected the social, political, and religious concerns of the colonizers, incorporating themes of Catholicism, Spanish nationalism, and the subjugation of indigenous cultures. ‘+ Hybridity unique blend of indigenous and foreign elements in literature. + Resistance and Nationalism - towards the end of the colonial period, Philippine literature increasingly engaged with themes of resistance, independence, and the assertion of distinct national identity. 3. Period of Enlightenment (1872-1896) + Illustrados - Filipino intellectuals educated in Europe. + The Propaganda Movement - spearheaded by the illustrados; a reform and national consciousness movement that arose among young Filipino expatriates in the late 19th century. 4, American Colonial Period ‘English ~the language introduced by the Americans ‘+ New generation of Filipino writers in English. 5. Japanese Period (1941-1945) + The dark period of Philippine Literature. ‘© PhiLLit. in English came to a halt ‘+ Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese brutalities, the poverty of life under the Japanese government, and the brave guerilla exploits ‘+ Types of poems emerges during this period:i. Haiku - a poem of free verse that the Japanese like. Made up of 17 syllables divided into three lines and is written in a 5/7/5 syllable count. ii, Tanaga - like the Haiku, is short, but it had measure and rhyme. 6. Period of Activism youth became vocal with their sentiments 7. Period of New Society «Newspapers donned new forms; «Filipinos before were hooked in reading magazines and comics. 8. Period of the Third Republic * Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic and revolutionary. 9. Post-EDSA/ Post Colonial literature emerged after the country’s independence from Spanish and American colonial rule ‘themes of nationalism, cultural identity, and decolonization. 10.21" Century ‘* new trends have been used and introduced to meet the needs and tastes of the new generation. learners are demanded to be ICT inclined ‘+ Themes/Motifs in PH Lit i. Cultural identity Social Justice Spirituality and Folklore Nature and the Environment 21°" CENTURY LITERARY GENRE Four Conventional Literary Genres: 1. Poetry~expressed through meaning, sound and rhythmic language. it has been known to employ meter and rhyme. 2. Drama a composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story; intended to be acted on a stage. 3. Fiction literature created from the imagination. 4. Non-fiction - based on facts and the author's opinion about a subject; to inform and sometimes to persuade. 21" Century Lit. Genre 1. Illustrated Novel ‘© Story through text and illustrated images © 50% of the narrative is presented without words ‘© The reader must interpret the images to comprehend the story completely.2, Digi-Fiction ‘Triple media literature: book, movie/video and website. 3. Graphic Novel ‘© Narrative work in which the story is conveyed to the reader using a comic form. 4, Manga * used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally published in Japan. 5, Doodle Fiction + the author incorporates doodle writing, drawings and handwritten graphics in place of the traditional font. 6. Text-Talk Novel * Stories told almost entirely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges. 7. Chick Lit * fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously and lightheartedly. 8. Flash Fiction * Isastyle of fictional literature of extreme brevity 9, Creative Non-fiction © genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives. * “creative nonfiction” can be applied to a number of nonfiction genres, including: memoir, biography, travel writing, nature writing, sports writing, and personal essay. 10. Science Fiction (SciFi) © genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, a parallel universe and extre-terrestrial life. 11, Blog weblog, a website containing short articles called posts thatare changed regularly. © Some blogs are written by one person containing their own opinions, interests and experiences, while others are written by different people. 12, Hyper Poetry © Digital poetry that uses links and hypertext mark-up * _Itcan either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move and transform.‘CONTEXT AND TEXT'S MEANING Factors that help the readers understand and appreciate the text: 1. Context ‘* the background, environment, setting, framework, or surroundings of events or occurrences from which the writer get or pull its inspiration from. ‘© Implicit or explicit information that helps readers closely if not accurately interpret the meaning of a text. © Purpose: to clarify the meaning of a work of writing or text. ‘+ Types of Context: ¥ Writer's Context = knowing about the writer's life, values, assumptions, gender, race, race, sexual orientation, and the political and economic issues related to the author. ¥ Reader's Context = about the reader's previous reading experience, values, assumptions, political and economic issues. ¥ Social Context = Refers to the specific setting in which social interaction takes place. Y — Text’s Context = about its publishing history. It is part of the larger text such as newspaper, history, events, translated in it. 2. Imagery make use of the sensory Y — Visual-eyes Auditory-ears Gustatory -taste/tongue Olfactory - smelt Tactile -felt/touch 3. Figurative language ‘* describe something by comparing it to something else ‘* meaning goes beyond the literal meaning of words ¥ — Metaphor - indirect comparison; DO NOT use words like “like” and ‘as” in comparing things. ¥ _ Simile - direct comparison; used words like “like” and “as” ¥ Allusion - Something that is said or written that is intended to make you think of a particular thing or person. 4, Literary Techniques ‘Flashback ~ recurring of past incident * Foreshadowing - hint of what comes later. ‘© Symbolism - An indirect suggestion to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. v v v vREGIONAL AUTHORS AND REPRESENTATIVES: NCR (National Capital Region) 1. Ricardo Lee (Ricky Lee) ‘+ Screenwritter, journalist, novelist and playwright with more than 180 screenplays ‘+ Notable Works: Himala, Anak, Muro-Ami 2. NVM Gonzalez (Nestor Vicenti Madali Gonzalez) ‘+ Novelist, short story writer, essayist and poet who preserved Filipino culture roots through his stories. ‘+ Notable Works: The Winds of April, Bread of Salt 3. Ronald Allan Poe (Fernando Poe Jr.) ‘© Actor, film maker, politician; known as “Da King” ‘* Notable Works: Ang Panday, Ang Padrino, Batang Quiapo 4. Edith Tiempo * Fictionist known for her style of blended prose and psychological theme. ‘+ Notable Work: Bonsai LUZON 1. Bienvenido Lumbera ‘© Anorphan, poet, critic, dramatist, activist ‘+ Known for his leading role in the Filipinization Movement. ‘Notable Works: Noli Me Tangere, ang Musical 2. Manuel Conde * Actor, director, producer of localized Filipino cinema, revitalizing folk culture with urgent issues. © Screenname: Juan Urbano ‘© Notable Works: Juan Tamad, Ibong Adarna 3. Jose Garcia Villa * Poet and literary critic, short story writer and painter ‘© Pen name: “Doveglion” ~ Dove, Eagle, Lion Reverse Consonance © Notable Works: Footnote To Youth 4. Nick Joaquin ‘+ How colonization influences and shapes the Filipino culture. ‘Notable Works: May Day Eve, The Woman Who Has Two Navels VISAYAS 1. Eddie Romero © Screenwriter, director, film maker © Genre: exploitation, horror and action movies * Notable Works: Blood Istand, “Ganito Kami Noon, Pano Kayo Ngayon?” 2. Ramon Munzones © Writer and tawyer ‘© King of Hiligaynon Novels‘* Notable Works: Tibud nga Bulawan, Babae Batuk sa Kalibutan 3. Resil Mojares historian and critic of Philippine Literature Visayan Titan of Letters 4, Carlos P. Romulo ‘© Founder of the Boys Scout ‘* Diplomat/ Soldier/ Author Notable Works: The Last Man of Bataan MINDANAO 1. Ricardo de Ungria * Poem about social and political issues as well as personal experiences and emotion. ‘+ Notable Works: Waking Ice, M’mry Wire 2. Tita Lacambra Ayala © poet and short story writer whose theme revolves around love, nature, and spirituality. ‘+ Notable Works: Sunflower Poems 3. Jhoanna Lynn B. Cruz «Fiction writer who focuses on LGBTQ+ works explore the struggle and triumphs of the queer community in the Philippines, shedding light on issues on discrimination, acceptance and self- discovery. ‘Notable Works: Women Loving, Abi Nako 4, Grace Nono Singer, ethnomusicologist, and cultural activist born in Butuan, Philippines ‘+ Spirituality and ancestral connections; empowerment and cultural legacy «Notable Works: Song of Babaylan: Living Voices, Medicines, Spiritualities of Philippine Ritualist-Oralist-HealersREVIEWER FOR 21" CLPW Before any country came up with its writing system, information was handed down orally. The oral literary forms that were produced in that period were mostly folklore, and they came in the form of proverbs or sayin or legendary accounts, and Since our country is made up of islands, provinces, and regions with different languages, that include proverbs, riddles, tales, legends, myths, epic songs and poems, prayers, chants, dramatic performances, and alot more. These oral traditions serve to pass on the knowledge, cultural and social values, and collective memory of a people. Oral traditions play a crucial role in keeping cultures alive. Languages live in songs and stories, riddles and proverbs so they also serve to protect languages and keep them alive. An important part of safeguarding oral traditions is fy ‘E/Aisenio’ Manuel, a respected name in Philippine anthropology, cited “traditionality” as an important feature of oral traditions and gave guidelines as well to ensure this, The best way to secure oral traditions, according to Manuel, is by Using the origifial engage since translations are at best just approximations. We need to remember that ‘oral literature is part of our national. literature, a source that existed thousands, of years before. Proverbs - It contain words of wisdom, are handed down from one generation to another. It could talk about prescribed forms ‘of conduct or statements concerning accepted behavior “Do not do unto your fellow men what you do not wish done to you.” + Ang masama sa iyo, huwag mong gawin sa kapwa mo. - Tagalog + Saan mo aramiden iti padam a tao, ti di ca cayat a maaramid kenca, — llocano * Dili mo pagpuhaton ngato sa uban, ang alang kanimo dautan, — Cebuano + Kung ano ang maraot sa imo, dai mo gibuhon sa iba. — Bicol + Noagmo labay ya pagawad sica, agmo gagaween edkaparam a too, — Pangasinense ‘+ Parinen mo ava du capayengay mo, a tawo u ichaskej mo a parinen dimo, - Ivatan + Con ano ang guinbuhat mo, amo man ang buhaton sa imo. - llonggo The Tagalog and the llocano proverbs that follows have more than one equivalent proverb in English “Daig ng maagap ang masipag.” ~ Tagalog Equivalent proverb in English + Astitch in time saves nine. + Do not put off for tomorrow what you can do today. + The early bird catches the worm, + Ibagam no sinno (ti amam) (ti caduam), ta ibagac no sino ca, — Hlocano + Tell me who your (father is) (companions are) and I'l tell who you are. ~ English* Birds of the same feather, flock together. — English The English translations of these proverbs in Bikol, Cebuano, and Tagalog have equivalent proverbs in English “Putusan mo man an amo sa bulawan amo man giraray.” ~ Bikol ‘+ Wrap a monkey in gold, he will stay a monkey yet. — Translated in English * Looks do not make a man. - English Proverb “Unsa ang tawo, maila sa iyang binuhatan’ — Cebuano + Makikilala sa gawa ang totohanang dakila. - Tagalog + Aman is known by his acts. — Translated in English + By their fruits, you shall know them. —English Proverb Filipino Fiddles, also known as bugtong or palaisipan consist of two-liner statements, questions, or phrases that have double or hidden meanings. A riddle uses symbolism to describe a specific object which one can guess by using imagination. Riddles of Three Ethnolinguistic Groups Describing the Same Object Taas ug puti nga babaye, Nagka-on sa yang lawas. - Visayan A tall white lady eating her own body. ~ English Answer: aide Haan nga tau, haan nga hayup, agtedtedted ti luwa na. — llocano Not human nor animal yet tears flow from its eyes. — English Answer: Candle Sinni pano y tadday nga babay Kanan na baggi na a maguroray? — Ibanag Who can that lovely lady be, who eats her ‘own body? — English Answer: Cid Descriptive and Problem-Solving Riddles Adapted from Elma Herradura’s translation in Clavel, “The Oral Literature of Capiz” The sea is wrapped by the earth, the earth is covered by bone, the bone is covered by hair, the hair is covered by skin Answer: Caconiit The one sent to fetch someone, has not yet returned, but the one fetched, has already arrived. Answer: Baton Relay Historical Texts - use factual information and artifacts to account for the origin of nations and how they got their names. \Sciehiiic TeXS - likewise cite acts that indicate what led to inventions and discoveries. - use the imagination and show the origin of things and their names by way of legends. ‘Religiotis Texts - call them creation by a supreme being. As such, whereas there might be little to no difference in historical and scientific explanations of beginnings, there are varied accounts of creation that differ depending on the cultural group that produced them.Legends highlight cause-effect relationships to show how and why things came to be. Since a legend account for the creation of something and the origin of its name, it contains the elements of a narrative, namely the Setting (time and place), (protagonist and antagonist), and plot (conflict and resolution of the conflict) Halify Otley Bavyer (1883-1966) was an American anthropologist who spent most of his adult life in the Philippines doing field research and teaching Philippine indigenous culture in the Cordillera Mountains, Later he headed the Department of Anthropology of the University of the Philippines until his retirement in 1954 He described his collection of oral traditions and literature of different ethnolinguistic groups in the country as of the people of the Philippines. Because our country went through several colonial periods, a cry for freedom was, underscored in various patriotic literary output from different regions of our country Patriotism was expressed in songs addressed to our country, proverbs about freedom, and essays that paid tribute to men and women who risked their lives to secure our independence from foreign dominion, And since our country was colonized by Spain and later by the United States, some literary creations from the colonial period were in Spanish and later, some were in English It was only when we developed our national language as an independent country that ‘we had translations of those patriotic songs, proverbs, and poems in our native language One is our present-day national anthem which was originally a Spanish poem by Jose Palma. It was translated to Filipino after we gained our independence, but it uses the same musical score. The English translation of the anthem is also given. poem by . an American Baptist minister, fist set into music by ‘Efancisee Santiago in 1907. It is another popular patriotic song that hails and addresses the Philippines, even before the United States of America recognized the Philippine independence in 1946, The lyrics of its Filipino version, “Pilipinas |” which is stil sung today, was written by in 1934 to the same musical score by Eraficiseo Santiag9. Although the two hymns share the same musical score, the Filipino version is not a translation of the English version. During the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, José Rizal—our national hero— wrote novels and poems which were revolutionary in nature. This led to his arrest, imprisonment, and execution before a firing squad. His last poem, “Mi Ultimo Adios” (“Last Farewell’), written in his cell before his execution in 1896, is said to have been folded many times to fit in a lamparila which was smuggled out and that his sisters had to unfold it delicately with their hairpins, ‘Tales are another literary creation which were originally shared orally and later put down in writing. Various tales from past eras reflect the culture of the place where they were written, and have thus become widely popular and important parts of the canon.One popular collection of English tales is Sot features short narratives supposedly shared by pilgrims on their way to Canterbury There are also accounts about Robin Hood ‘Of Sherwood Forest, the champion of the masses exploited by barons and monarchs during the feudal ages in England. Still another classic collection of tales, this time in a Morrocean setting, is Nights. It consists of a thousand and one tales narrated by Shahrazad (Scheherazade), who managed to escape execution by starting a tale each night and leaving it unfinished to make the story hungry monarch, who wanted to know how each tale would end, put off her execution. describes herself as an “explorer.” She has travelled alone since she was 11 and enjoys experiencing new places. She maintains a lively blog (solitarywanderer.com) to document her travels around the world A 21st-century Philippine literary text entitled, by Tabociaon deals with our cultural belief in supematural beings in the distant past. Ina small town called Canda somewhere in South Bukidnon Itis Friday night, full moon from the small house of Tonyo's family, he went to the town to hunt the Manlalayug. On his way home, passing two rice fields, there he meets the Manlalayug and the events happened there + Apo (the grandfather, father of Carmencita) + Carmencita (mother) * Francisco (father) Femando (the first child) Alejandro (the second child) Tonyo (the third child, the main protagonist) + Doc Morales (the one who inspected the victim's body) + Manlalayug (ANTAGONIST) EX@0SitiON - The Tale of Tonyo, the Brave is an example of a mythical tale, a traditional story. It happened in the Philippines and depicted the life of the Filipinos in the past. The main character is Tonyo, the youngest in the household of six with two brothers, his parents and his grandfather, Apo, who always tells a story. One of which was about a Manlalayug and the possibility of it stil existing in the present. - Stories were constantly told by grandfather Apo when one day, a dead body with suspicious way of death was found from another barangay. It was found by a dog sniffing around, it was also said that when the dead body was inspected by the authorities and medical practitioners the report says that neither a bolo nor a knife was used for the crime. Grandfather Apo then suspected that a Manlalayug is the suspect and was able to convey his thoughts to the family. ‘Climax - It was predicted that in the next full moon, another attack may occur. The family was convinced that a Manialayug could have done it so before the full moon, the members of the family are tense. It was then at night that Tonyo was taunted again by his older brothers as wimp and dared to g0 out of the house to look for the Manialayug, he agreed and got out of the house with Apo's bronze dagger on hand. Falling Action - Tonyo encountered the Manlalayug on his way back home. He shivered both from the cold and from the fear he is experiencing. He stood unmovingly until a beautiful girl got close enough to touch him, it was then that he feltthe dagger nicked him and he stab towards to the illusion in front of him, On a spur of the moment, he remembered Apo's story — the right way in killing a Manlalayug, to stab backwards and run away as fast as he can —and so Tonyo did, executed poorly and running back without looking. Tonyo’s hands were covered in blood proof that the action that happened where he killed a Manlalayug is true. The family then went back to the place of the fight and confirmed that a puddle of blood was lying there in place. The whole town was in peace for the next few days and Tonyo was no longer called Tonyo, the Wimp but instead commemorated as Tonyo, the brave ~ a name like a stamp of recognition. The conflict of the story is manvs ‘supernatural being where Tonyo and his family are the only people who could stop the Manlalayug — a supernatural being killing men and eating their organs using her charm and illusions. ‘Type of Conflict q It is an interpersonal conflict because Tonyo is confronting the Manlalayug to stop the murders to protect his family and the barangay. Pantano ables are short literary accounts in verse or in prose which have animals as characters. They narrate an incident from which a lesson may be leaned, especially about responding to tempting situations. Most fables have a saying or proverb which indicates the lesson that the fable wants to send across. (Aesop, a Greek slave, is said to have created this literary form which eventually enabled him to win his freedom because of the many fables he authored. It started as tales he told his co-slaves as they journeyed to Rome, carrying their master's belongings and food they would need for the journey. His fellow slaves made him carry the food bags which were much heavier than the other baggage of their master. They did not realize that with each stop they made to eat and rest, the food bags would become lighter and lighter such that when they reached their destination, there was nothing left for Aesop to carry. 1. Characters - people, animals, other creatures, or sometimes inanimate objects that are like humans. There are two types of characters in a story: the hero and the villain. 2. Setting - which establishes where and when the story takes place. 3, Coffe - or the problem encountered by ‘the main character. 4, Resolution - how the problem is resolved 5, Moral - the lesson that readers can learn from the story. Benjamin PPasetial was born in Laoag, locos Norte, He won the Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature in 1965 and the Grand Prize of the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 1975. He was recognized by the Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (UMPIL) in 1994 for his valuable contributions to Philippine literature.