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1.5 Overviewof the technologies required for theSmart Grid
To fulfil the different requirements of the Smart Grid, the following enabling technologies
must be developed and implemented:

1. Information and communications technologies: These include:

(a) two-way communication technologies to provide connectivity between different com
ponents in the power system and loads:
(b) open architectures for plug-and-play of home appliances; clectric vehicles and micro
generation;
(c) communications, and the necessary software andhardware to provide customers with
greater information, enable customersto trade in cnergy markets and enable customers
toprovide demand-side response:
(d) software to ensure andmaintain the securityof information and standards to provide
scalability and interoperability of information and communication systems.
These topics are discussed in Chapters 2-4 of this book.
2. Sensing, measurement, control and automation technologies: These include:
(a) Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) to provide advanced protective relaying, measure
ments,fault records and event records for the power system;
(b) Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and Control
(WAMPAC) to ensure the security of the power system;
(c) integrated sensors, measurements, control and automation systems and information
and communication technologies to provide rapid diagnosis and timely response to
any event in different parts of the power system. These will support enhanced asset
management and efficient operation of power system components, to help relieve
congestion in transmission and distribution circuits and toprevent or minimise potential
outages and enable working autonomously when conditions require quick resolution.
(d) smart appliances, communication, controls and monitors to maximise safety,comfort,
convenience, and energy savings of homes;
customers
(e) smart meters, communication, displays and associated software to allow
to have greater choice and control over electricity and gas use. They will provide
consumers with accurate bills, along with faster and easier supplier switching, to give
consumners accurate real-time information on their electricity and gas use and other
related information and to enable demand management and demand side participation.
These topics are discussed in Chapters 5-8.
3. Power electronics and energy storage: These include:
(a) High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission and back-to-back schemes and Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) to enable long distance transport and integration of
renewable energy sources;
(b) different power electronic interfaces and power electronic supporting devices to provide
efficient connection of renewable energy sources and energy storage devices;
(UPFC) and other FACTS devices
(c) series capacitors, Unified Power Flow Controllers
to provide greater control over power fiows in the AC grid;communication and control
(d) HVDC, FACTS and active filters together with
integrated
power quality;
to ensure greater system flexibility, supply reliability and and control to support system
communication
(e) power electronic interfaces and integrated consumer
energy storage and
operations by controlling renewable energy sources,
loads;
flexibility and reliability of the power system.
(f) energy storage to facilitate greater
of this book.
These topicsare discussed in Chapters 9-12 different technologies.
Table 1.1 showsthe application matrix of