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Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions

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3 views6 pages

Section 2.5 Transformations of Functions

Uploaded by

astrid.solier.13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 Section 2.

5: Transformations of Functions
If a new function is formed by performing certain operations on a given
function f , then the graph of the new function is called a transformation
of the graph of f . The most important transformations are
1. Vertical and Horizontal shifts.
2. Reflections (about the x-axis and y-axis)
3. Vertical and Horizontal Stretching or Compressing.

1. Vertical and Horizontal Shifts


(a) Vertical Shift
Let c > 0. the graph of y = f (x) + c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c units
up, and the graph of y = f (x) − c is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c units
down.

Example 1.1. Sketch the graphs of


(a) y = x3 + 2, (b) y = |x| − 1

Example 1.2. Find the resulting function from shifting the graph of
f (x) = (x − 1)2 , four units down. Express your answer in the form
g(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

1
(b) Horizontal Shift
Let c > 0. the graph of y = f (x − c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c units
to the right. The graph of y = f (x + c) is the graph of y = f (x) shifted c
units to the left.

√
Example 1.3. Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x+2−3

Example 1.4. Find the resulting function from shifting the graph of
f (x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1, two units to the right and three units up. Express
your answer in the form g(x) = ax2 + bx + c.

2
2. Reflections
(a) Reflection in the x-axis
The graph of y = −f (x) is the reflection of the graph of y = f (x) in the
x-axis.

(b) Reflection in the y-axis


The graph of y = f (−x) is the reflection of the graph of y = f (x) in the
y-axis.

3
Example 1.5. Sketch the graph of
(a) y = −|x
√ − 2| + 3
(b) y = −x − 1
using transformations.

3. Stretching or Compressing
(a) Vertical Stretching or Compressing
The graph of y = af (x) is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by
multiplying the y-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = f (x) by a
and leaving the x-coordinate unchanged. The result is

1. A vertical stretch away from the x-axis if a > 1.

2. A vertical compression toward the x-axis if 0 < a < 1.

Example 1.6. Sketch the graph of the function and find the domain and
range.
(a) y = 3x2 where −1 ≤ x ≤ 2
(b) y = 0.5|x| where −4 ≤ x ≤ 2

4
(b) Horizontal Stretching or Compressing
The graph of y = f (bx) is obtained from the graph of y = f (x) by
1
multiplying the x-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = f (x) by
b
and leaving the y-coordinate unchanged. The result is

1. A horizontal stretch away from the y-axis if 0 < b < 1.

2. A horizontal compression toward the y-axis if b > 1.

Example 1.7. Stretching or Compressing a Function Horizontally

The graph of the function y = f (x) is given in the next figure. No formula
for f is given. Sketch the graph of each of the related function and find the
domain and range.

1
a. f ( x)
2
b. f (−2x)

5
Application

Example 1.8. Let f be the function that associates the employee number
x of each employee of the ABC Corporation with his or her annual salary
f (x) in dollars.

1. Across-the-board raise. Each employee was awarded an


across-the-board raise of 800 dollars per year. Write a function g(x)
to describe the new salary and mention the type of transformation
from f (x).

2. Percentage Raise. Suppose each employee of the company was


awarded a 5% raise. Write a function h(x) to describe the new salary
and mention the type of transformation from f (x).

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