Program : Diploma in Civil Engineering

Course Code : 3017 Course Title: Construction Materials Lab

Semester : 3 Credits: 1.5

Course Category: Program Core

Periods per week: 3 (L:0, T:0, P:3) Periods per semester: 45

Course Objectives:

 To provide hands-on experience for the students with the construction materials by
performing masonry construction, plumbing, wiring and painting activities.
 To identify natural, artificial and processed materials available for various purposes
of construction activities.

Course Prerequisites:

Course
Topic Course name Semester
code
Concrete technology 3
Building construction and
3
construction materials

Course Outcomes:

On completion of the course, the student will be able to:

Duration
COn Description Cognitive Level
(Hours)
Perform setting out of a building and
CO1 15 Applying
demonstrate brick masonry

CO 2 Perform the plumbing works and bar bending 13 Applying

Carry out the painting works on different

CO3 6 Applying
surfaces

CO4 Execute the electrical wiring works 7 Applying

Lab Tests 4
CO-PO Mapping:

Course
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7
Outcomes
CO1 3 2
CO2 3 2
CO3 3 2
CO4 3 2

3-Strongly mapped, 2-Moderately mapped, 1-Weakly mapped

Course Outline:

Module Duration
Description Cognitive Level
Outcomes (Hours)

CO1 Perform setting out of a building and demonstrate brick masonry

Measure dimensions of 10 bricks and find

average dimension, weight & density.
M1.01
Perform field tests - dropping, striking and Applying
3
scratching by nail and correlate the results
obtained.
M1.02 Setting out a small building in the field. 3 Applying
Identify various layers and types of soil in
foundation pit by visiting at least 3
M1.03 construction 3 Applying
sites in different locations of city and prepare
report consisting photographs and samples.
Construct one brick thick & one and a half
M1.04 brick thick wall corner in English Bond and 3 Applying
Flemish bond
Construct one brick thick wall T- junction, one
brick thick pier in English bond and one and a
M1.05 3 Applying
half brick thick pier in English Bond and
Flemish bond.

CO2 Perform the plumbing works and bar bending

Identify and sketching of tools and fittings in

M2.01 Understanding
plumbing and sanitary wares 3

Perform thread cutting on G I pipe and PVC

M2.02
pipes 20mm &25mm 3 Applying
 Carryout fitting of pipes, specials, taps, shower
Connect different types of water traps.
M2.03 3
Installation of closets, wash basins, flushing Applying
cisterns, flushing valves
Identify different types of flooring tiles such as
vitrified tiles, ceramic tiles, glazed tiles, mosaic
M2.04 tiles, anti- skid tiles, chequered tiles, paving Understanding
2
blocks and prepare report about the
specifications
Perform bar bending for Hooks, Stirrups, Ties
M2.05 2 Applying
and Crank bars
Lab Test I 2

CO3 Carryout the painting works on different surfaces

M3.01 Perform white washing and Colour washing 3 Applying

Perform painting with enamel and emulsion

M3.02 3 Applying
paints.

CO4 Execute the electrical wiring works

Perform Single phase wiring- one lamp

M4.01 controlled by one switch and one lamp 3 Applying
controlled by two switches.

Perform connections to Plug & Socket, DP &

M4.02 TP main switch, MCB & ELCB, Earthing, 4 Applying
lightning arrester.

Lab Test II 2
Text / Reference:

T/R Book Title/Author

T1 Construction Materials, Ghose, D. N,Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Civil Engineering Construction Materials, S.K. Sharma, Khanna Publishing
R1
House, New Delhi
R2 Building Materials, Varghese, P.C, PHI learning, New Delhi.
R3 Engineering Materials, Rangwala, S.C, Charator publisher, Ahemdabad.
R4 Building Materials, Duggal, S. K, New International, New Delhi.

Online Resources:

Sl.No Website Link

https://theconstructor.org/building/types-bonds-brick-masonry-flemish-english-
1
wall/11616/
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3fb938iebg
3 https://theconstructor.org/tips/setting-out-a-building-plan-on-ground/5897/
4 https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/20/mcbmccbelcbrccb/
https://www.google.com/search?q=Identify+and+sketching+of+tools+and+fitti
ngs+in+plumbing+and+sanitary+wares+traps&sxsrf=ACYBGNQ54YjvwPMil
5 erXV3QLtgH5Xd2qow:1576126341634&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
=2ahUKEwjehtuVqK_mAhWNyjgGHVXaChMQ_AUoAXoECA4QAw&biw
=1536&bih=754
 INDEX
Sl. Page Initial of
Name of experiment Date
no no Teacher
Brick masonry - Introduction

1 Study of Brick masonry

2 One brick wall in English bond

3 One brick pier in English bond

4 One and half brick wall in English bond

5 One and half brick pier in English bond

6 Two brick wall in English bond

7 Two brick pier in English bond

8 One brick wall in Flemish bond

9 One and half brick wall in Flemish bond

10 One and half brick pier in Flemish bond

11 Two brick wall in Flemish bond

12 Two brick pier in Flemish bond

13 One brick thick cross wall in English bond

14 One and half brick thick cross wall in English bond

15 One brick thick cross wall in Flemish bond

16 One and half brick thick cross wall in Flemish bond

17 Plumbing – Study of Pipe fitting

18 Study of different types of Flooring tiles

19 Study on preparation of Bar bending schedule

20 Painting works on different surfaces

 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

INTRODUCTION

The art of construction on brick with common lime or mud mortar is called brick
masonry. Bricks are obtained by mould in clay in rectangular block in uniform size and then
drying and burning. The arrangement of brick without any vertical joint is known as bond.

Following are some bonds used in brick masonry.

1) English bond
2) Flemish bond
3) Stretcher bond
4) Header bond
5) Garden wall bond
6) Hacking bond

MORTAR:

Mortar is used to keep the brick in position the following are the four types of mortar
used in brick masonry.

1) Lime mortar
2) Mud mortar
3) Cement mortar
4) Surki mortar

Mortar is prepared by mixing cement or lime with sand and adding water. Bricks are
two types.

1) Wire cut bricks

2) Country burned bricks
The type of mortar depends up on the load coming on the stretcher. The gap between
two bricks on a layer is known as lap joint. First, third, fifth etc layers are odd and
second, fourth, sixth etc layers are even course.

BOND IN BRICK MASONRY

Bond is a process of arranging bricks and mortar. The bond can be classified as follows.

a) Stretcher bond

b) Header bond

2
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

1. TYPES OF BRICK AND BRICK BATS

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

3
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

c) English bond

d) Flemish bond

STRETCHER BOND:

In this type of bond all the bricks laid with their length in a longitudinal direction of
wall. All the stretcher are visible in direction.

HEADER BOND:

In this the bricks are laid in such a way that only heads are visible in elevation. Hence
the heads are visible in elevation. Hence the head bond is given. This bond is suitable for the
one brick wall and for curved construction. It is used for better transverse bond.

ENGLISH BOND:

Alternate bond of stretcher and header are layered. A queen closer is placed after the
first header in the header course to make the vertical joint of successive joints stronger.

FLEMISH BOND:

In this type of bond the header are distributed evenly and hence it creates a better
appearance than the English bond. In every course the headers and stretchers are placed
alternatively.

4
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

5
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

FIELD TEST ON BRICKS

These tests are very useful to assess the quality of bricks being used at site easily.
Color Test, Shape Test, Struck Test, Scratch Test, Transit and stacking Test, Dropping Test
1. Color Test:
Good quality bricks are always uniform in color throughout its entire surface. Well burnt bricks
are always copper color. In a lot, you can take the sample of the bricks and see its color on all
sides, if it is copper color and uniform it is quality one.
2. Shape Test:
For Shape test, take at least 10 samples of bricks from a lot and check if their length, breadth &
width are uniform and it must not vary from brick-to-brick for the quality bricks.
3. Struck Test:
For struck test, take 2 bricks and strike each other along the longer edge. If it produces metallic
or ring bell sound, the bricks are quality bricks.
4. Scratch Test:
When bricks are scratched by iron nail it does must produce any impressions on the surface, these
bricks are quality bricks.
5. Transit and stacking Test:
When bricks are transported or stacked in ordinary handling, the percentage of broken bricks
should below 3%. For example when we transit and stack 1000 bricks, the broken no’s of bricks
should be below 30. If it’s exceeds 30 the bricks quality must be considered poor these bricks are
quality bricks.
6. Dropping Test
When bricks are dropped from the height of 1 to 1.2m (4 feet), it should not crack or break. This
ensures the durability and quality of bricks.

6
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

SETOUT OF A BUILDING PLAN

7
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

SETTING OUT OF A BUILDING

AIM:
The student should set out a building (single room only) as per the given building planusing tape
only.

APPARATUS:

1.Thread 2. Pin 3.Tap 4.Ranging rods

PROCEDURE:

1. From the plan (fig 1), the centre line of the walls are calculated. Then the centre lines
of the rooms are set out by setting perpendiculars in the ratio 3:4:5. Suppose the corner
points are a, b, c, d, e, f and g which are marked by pegs with nails on top.

2. The setting of the corner point is checked according to diagonals ac, bd, cf and eg

3. During excavation, the centre points a, b, c, d, e, f, g may be removed. Therefore the

centre lines are extended and the centre points are marked about 2m away from the
outer edge of excavation.

4. Thus the points A1, A2, B1, B2 and likewise, are marked outside the trench. Centreline
is shown clearly by stretching thread or rope. The centre points fixed 2m awayfrom the
excavation are marked with sit out pegs.

5. From the plan details, the width of excavation to be done is also marked by thread with
pegs at appropriate positions.

6. The excavation width is then marked by lime or by with furrow with spade.

7. If the plan is much to complicate and follows a zigzag pattern, then the centre pegs are
kept at suitable positions according to site conditions.

RESULT:

8
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

9
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

STUDY OF BRICK MASONRY

AIM:
To study brick and brick bats, various tools used in brick masonry.

1. TYPES OF BRICK AND BRICK BATS:

1.1. Full Brick:
A full brick has dimension of 19 x 9 x 9cm.

1.2. Closer:
It is portion of brick with the cut made longitudinally and is used to closed up bond at
the end of the course. A closer helps in preventing the joints of successive sources (higher
or lower) to come in a vertical line. Closers may be various types defined below.
1.2.1. Queen Closer: It is a portion of brick obtained by cutting a brick lengthwise into
two portions. Thus, a queen closer is a brick which is half as wide as the full brick. This
is also known as queen closer half. When a queen closer is broken in to two pieces, it is
known as queen closer quarter. Such a closer is thus a brick piece which is one quarter
of the brick size.
1.2.2. King Closer: it is the portion of brick obtained by cutting the triangular piece
below the centre of one end and the centre of one side.
1.2.3. Bevelled Closer: it is the portion of brick in which the whole length of the brick
is bevelled for maintaining at half width at one end and full width at the other end.
1.3. Bat:
It is the portion of brick cut across the width.
1.3.1. Half Brick Bat: If the length of bat is equal to the half of the length of original
brick. It is known as half brick bat.

1.3.2. 𝟑⁄𝟒 Brick Bat: If the length of bat is equal to 3⁄4 of the length of original brick.
It is known as 3⁄4 brick bat.
1.4. QUOINS:

It is a corner or the external angle on the face side of a wall. Generally, quoins are at right
angles. But in some cases they may be at angles greater than 90⁰ also.

10
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

2. TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY

2.1. TRY SQUARE 2.2. PLUMB BOB

2.3. SPIRIT LEVEL 2.4. STRAIGHT EDGE

11
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

1.5. FROG:
A frog is an indentation in the face of a brick to form a key for holding the mortar. When
frog is only on one face, that brick is laid with that face on the top. Sometimes frogs are
provided on both the faces. However, no frogs are provided in wire cut bricks. A pressed
brick has two (as rule) and a handmade brick has only one frog.
2. TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY: -

2.1. Try Square:

It is used for marking and testing angles of 90⁰. It consists of a steel blade, riveted into a
blade and cast-iron stock sizes vary from 150 to 300mm according to the length of the
blade.

2.2. Plumb Bob:

It is used to check the verticality of the work in brick and stone masonry. If the work is
correct right angles, the plumb bob should go smoothly towards down from the top.

2.3. Spirit Level:

It is used to check the horizontality of the work. The work is leveled by placing the spirit
level on the work piece in two positions at right angles and getting the bubble control in
both positions.

2.4. Straight Edge:

The straight edge is a machined flat piece made of wood or metal having truly straight
and parallel edge. One of the longitudinal edge is generally made leveled. This is used to
test the trueness of large surfaces and edges.

2.5. Pan:
Pan is used to lift and transport mortar. There are different types and sizes of pans. Weight
pans are used to lift mortar in small works. Heavy weight pans are used in heavyworks.
These are made of iron.

2.6. Trowel:
It is used for filling and spreading mortar. It is made of iron and wooden handle.

2.7. Showel:
It is used to mix the concrete in large quantities and also to lift up thrown. It is made of
iron and wooden handle.
12
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

2.5. PAN 2.6. TROWEL

2.7. SHOWEL 2.8. INDIAN SPADE

2.9. FLOT

13
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

2.8. Indian Spade:

It is used to pick the sand and to put it to the pan. It is made of iron.

2.9. Flot:
It is for making and testing angles of 90⁰. It consists of a steel blade tightly attached to a
hard wood or metal stock.

RESULT: -
The various tools, brick and brick bats used in brick masonry are studied.

14
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

15
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY - ONE BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 1 brick in English bond for a
corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

INSTRUMENTS USED:

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot

THEORY:

English bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers. In this bond, the
vertical joints of the header courses come over each other, similarly the vertical joints of the
stretcher courses also come over each other. In order to break the vertical joints in the
successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header in each heading
course.

PROCEDURE:

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT:

One brick wall in English bond constructed.

16
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

17
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct one brick pier in English bond

TOOLS USED:

Mortar pan, Trowel, Scale, Plumb bob, Line and pin

PROCEDURE:

To construct one brick pier in English bond, at first ground was levelled and mortar is
placed. The joints are filled with mortar and spread over the layer. The verticality is checked
by the plumb bob. Closer and bats are used if necessary. Continuous vertical joints should be
avoided. Repeat the procedure to get the required pier.

RESULT:

One brick pier in English bond constructed.

18
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

19
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY – ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 1½ half brick in English bond
for a corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

INSTRUMENTS USED:

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot

THEORY:

English bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers. In this bond, the
vertical joints of the header courses come over each other, similarly the vertical joints of the
stretcher courses also come over each other. In order to break the vertical joints in the
successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header in each heading
course.

PROCEDURE:

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT:
One and half brick wall in English bond constructed.

20
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

21
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE AND HALF BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct one and half brick pier in English bond

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Scale, Plumb bob, Line and pin etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Water, Brick etc.

PROCEDURE:

To construct one and half brick pier in English bond, at first, the ground is levelled and
mortar is placed over it. Then first layer is placed. The joints are filled with mortar and it is
spread over the layer. The verticality was checked by the plumb bob. Closers and bats are used
if necessary. Continuous vertical joints should be avoided. Repeat the procedure to get the
required pier.

RESULT:

One and half brick pier in English bond constructed.

22
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

2 BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

23
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY - TWO BRICK WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 2 brick in English bond for a
corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

INSTRUMENTS USED:

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot.

THEORY:

English bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers. In this bond, the
vertical joints of the header courses come over each other, similarly the vertical joints of the
stretcher courses also come over each other. In order to break the vertical joints in the
successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header in each heading
course.

PROCEDURE:

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT:

Two brick wall in English bond constructed.

24
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

TWO BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

25
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

TWO BRICK PIER IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To constructed two brick pier in English bond

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

To construct two brick pier in English bond, at first the ground was levelled. Then first
layer is placed. The joints are filled with mortar and it is spread over the layer. The verticality
was checked by using plumb bob. Closer and bats are used if necessary. Continuous vertical
joints should be avoided. Repeat the procedure to get the required pier.

RESULT:

Two brick pier in English bond constructed.

26
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

27
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY - ONE BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM: -

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 1 brick in Flemish bond for a
corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

INSTRUMENTS USED: -

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot

THEORY: -

In Flemish bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers. Every
alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e. quoin header). Queen closers are placed
next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face top. Every header is centrally
supported over the stretcher below it.

PROCEDURE: -

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT: -

One brick wall in Flemish bond constructed.

28
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

29
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY – ONE AND HALF BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM: -

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 1½ brick in Flemish bond for a
corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

INSTRUMENTS USED: -

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot

THEORY: -

In Flemish bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers. Every
alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e. quoin header). Queen closers are placed
next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face top. Every header is centrally
supported over the stretcher below it.

PROCEDURE: -

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT: -

One and half brick wall in Flemish bond constructed.

30
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK PIER IN FLEMISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

31
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE AND HALF BRICK PIER IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM:

To construct a one and half brick pier in Flemish bond

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Spirit level, Trowel, Line and pin, Square, Pan, Plumb bob, etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Cement, Sand, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

To construct one and half brick pier in Flemish bond, at first the ground was levelled.
The mortar was placed over it. Then first layer is placed. The joints are filled with mortar and
it is spread over the layer. The verticality was checked by using plumb bob. Closer and bats
are used if necessary. Continuous vertical joints should be avoided. Repeat the procedure to
get the required pier.

RESULT:

One and half brick pier in Flemish bond constructed.

32
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

TWO BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

All Dimensions are in Centimeter

33
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

BRICK MASONRY – TWO BRICK WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM:

To construct a wall of height 50cm and wall thickness of 2 brick in Flemish bond for a
corner of a wall, for a length of side walls 60cm.

TOOLS USED:

Try Square, Plumb Bob, Spirit Level, Straight Edge, Pan, Trowel, Showel, Indian Spade
and Flot

THEORY:

In Flemish bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers. Every
alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e. quoin header). Queen closers are placed
next to the quoin header in alternate courses to develop the face top. Every header is centrally
supported over the stretcher below it.

PROCEDURE:

1. At first level the ground and set up 90⁰ angle with the help of pegs and thread by using
3-4-5 method.
2. Arrange the brick as shown in figure over 10mm bed. Check the verticality of courses by
using plumb bob and straight edge, and check the horizontality using spirit level.
3. Fill the joints with mortar using trowel and make levelled to the wall. Then arrange two
consecutive courses.

RESULT:

Two brick wall in Flemish bond constructed.

34
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

TWO BRICK PIER IN FLEMISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

35
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

TWO BRICK PIER IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM:

To construct two brick pier in Flemish bond

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

To construct two brick pier in Flemish bond, at first the ground is levelled. Then first
layer is placed. The joints are filled with mortar and it is spread over the layer. The verticality
was checked by using plumb bob. Closer and bats are used if necessary. Repeat the procedure
to get the required pier.

RESULT:

Two brick pier in Flemish bond constructed.

36
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

37
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct consecutive layer of T junction of 20 cm thick in main wall and 20 cm

thick in cross wall in English bond.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

Level the ground surface and set out two mutually perpendicular length using peg with thread
representing outer edge of main wall and cross wall. The bricks are arranged as shown in figure
for odd and even course in line with the thread. In one of the layers of cross wall a queen closer
is placed at the starting portion in order to break the continuous vertical joint. The length of
main wall to be constructed is 80 cm. The horizontality and verticality are checked by spirit
level and plumb bob respectively.

RESULT:
A consecutive course of T junction of one brick thick in English bond is thus constructed.

38
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

39
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE AND HALF BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN ENGLISH BOND

AIM:

To construct consecutive layer of T junction of 30 cm thick in main wall and 20 cm

thick in cross wall in English bond.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

Level the ground surface and set out two mutually perpendicular length using peg with thread
representing outer edge of main wall and cross wall. The bricks are arranged as shown in figure
for odd and even course in line with the thread.In one of the layers of cross wall a queen closer
is placed at the starting portion in order to break the continuous vertical joint. The length of
main wall to be constructed is 80 cm. The horizontality and verticality are checked by spirit
level and plumb bob respectively.

RESULT:
A consecutive course of T junction of one and half brick thick in English bond is thus
constructed.

40
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

41
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM:

To construct consecutive layer of T junction of 20 cm thick in main wall and 20 cm

thick in cross wall in Flemish bond.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

Level the ground surface and set out two mutually perpendicular length using peg with thread
representing outer edge of main wall and cross wall. The bricks are arranged as shown in figure
for odd and even course in line with the thread. In one of the layers of cross wall a queen closer
is placed at the starting portion in order to break the continuous vertical joint. The length of
main wall to be constructed is 80 cm. The horizontality and verticality are checked by spirit
level and plumb bob respectively.

RESULT:
A consecutive course of T junction of one brick thick in Flemish bond is thus constructed.

42
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

ONE AND HALF BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

All dimensions are in centimeter

43
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

ONE AND HALF BRICK THICK CROSS WALL IN FLEMISH BOND

AIM:

To construct consecutive layer of T junction of 30 cm thick in main wall and 20 cm

thick in cross wall in English bond.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Mortar, Pan, Trowel, Spirit level, Scale, Plumb bob etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Sand, Cement, Brick, Water

PROCEDURE:

Level the ground surface and set out two mutually perpendicular length using peg with thread
representing outer edge of main wall and cross wall. The bricks are arranged as shown in figure
for odd and even course in line with the thread. In one of the layers of cross wall a queen closer
is placed at the starting portion in order to break the continuous vertical joint. The length of
main wall to be constructed is 80 cm. The horizontality and verticality are checked by spirit
level and plumb bob respectively.

RESULT:
A consecutive course of T junction of one and half brick thick in Flemish bond is thus
constructed.

44
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

PIPE FITTINGS

1. COUPLER (COUPLING)

2. REDUCER COUPLER (REDUCER COUPLING)

3. 90⁰ ELBOW

4. 90⁰ REDUCER ELBOW

45
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No:
Date: …………………

STUDY OF PIPE FITTINGS

AIM:

To study the various types of pipe fittings.

PIPE FITTINGS:

Screwed pipe fittings (pipe specials) are removable or temporary pipe connections
which permit necessary dismantling or reassembly for the purpose of installation, maintenance,
cleaning, repair etc..,. The functions of pipe fittings can be broadly classified as:
1. To join two or more pipelines together.
2. To effect change in diameter.
3. To close the end of a pipeline.
The most common types of screwed pipe fittings used in Galvanized Iron (G.I)
pipelines and Plastic (P.V.C) pipe lines are given below.

1. COUPLER (COUPLING):
Two pipes lines of equal diameter and in axial can be joined by a coupler (coupling). It is
a short sleeve with internal thread.

2. REDUCER COUPLER (REDUCER COUPLING):

It is a coupler to join two pipe lines of different diameters in axial alignment.

3. 90⁰ ELBOW:
It is a pipe special used for effecting abrupt change in direction through 90⁰. Internal
threads are provided on both ends.

4. 90⁰ REDUCER ELBOW:

This is an elbow with outlet diameter less than that of inlet diameter. It is used to join two
pipe lines having different diameters and meeting at right angle.

5. BEND:
It is a pipe special used to affect gradual change in direction (usually 90⁰) the two ends of
the bend are externally threaded.
46
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

5. BEND

6. RETURN BEND

7. TEE

8. REDUCER TEE

47
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

6. RETURN BEND:
This bend is used to return the direction of pipe line through 180⁰. The ends are internally
threaded for fittings the pipelines.

7. TEE:
This pipe special is used to make a branch connection of same diameter to the main pipe
line at right angle. A Tee is internally threaded and it connects three ends of pipes.

8. REDUCER TEE:
It is a pipe special similar to Tee used to make a branch connection of reduced diameter
from the main pipe line.

9. CROSS:
This pipe special is used to take two branch connections at right angles to the main pipe
line. The threads are provided internally.

10. CLOSE NIPPLE:

A nipple is short straight piece of pipe with external on both ends, a close nipple is the
shortest on of this category with external thread for the full length. They are used to join
two internally threaded pipe specials and valves.

11. SHORT NIPPLE:

A short nipple has the same shape and function of close nipple, but it has a short un-
threaded portion at the middle of its length for gripping.

12. SHORT NIPPLE WITH HEXAGONAL GRIP:

This nipple has an additional hexagonal nut shape at the middle portion for easy screwing
with spanner. It is similar to an ordinary short nipple, except that difference.

13. HOSE NIPPLE:

A hose nipple is used to connect a hose to a pipe line. One end of the hose nipple has a
stepped tapper to fit the hose, while other end has thread. A hexagonal nut shape is given
to the middle portion for gripping with a spanner.

14. MALE PLUG:

A male plug is used to close an internally threaded end of a pipe line or pipe special. It has
external thread and a grip of square shape at the end.

48
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

16.9. CROSS

10. CLOSE NIPPLE

11. SHORT NIPPLE

12. SHORT NIPPLE WITH HEXAGONAL GRIP

49
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

15. FEMALE PLUG:

A female plug is used to close an external thread end of a pipe or pipe special. It has
internal thread and a grip of square shape at the end.

16. SCREWED UNION:

It consists of three pieces as shown in the drawing. The two end pieces save internal
threadsat their ends which are connected to the pipe ends. The central hexagonal (or
octagonal) piece (union nut) has internal thread at one end and a collar at the other end.
After the endpieces are screwed on to the pipes, the central piece (union nut) is tightened
to draw the end pieces together to get a watertight joint.
17. FLANGE:
This is a type pipe special having threaded hole at the center for screwing to the externally
threaded end of a pipe line. It will have holes around the central hole at equal angular
spacing (3, 4, 6 or 8 Nos.) for joining to another similar flange or flat surface using bolt
orstud.

RESULT:

The various types of pipe fittings are studied.

50
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

51
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

STUDY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORING TILES

1. Ceramic Tiles

Closest to nature, & made from clay, Ceramic tiles are among the star tiles due to their
popularity & affordability. They are quarried, prepared, and shaped as per your needs.
Properties of Ceramic Tiles:

 Long & Durable Service Life

 Larger adaptability
 Scratch-free finishing
 Versatility to fit any needs

Application of Ceramic Tiles:

Ceramic Tiles are a popular choice when it comes to housing; interiors especially. They are
famous due to their affordable nature & stylish decor. So, Ceramic tiles are largely utilized for
adding glow & glamor regions; especially with low-traffic applications.

Types of ceramic tiles:

 Glazed Ceramic Tiles

Glazed tiles are covered with a protective coating after quarrying & preparation; This coating
can be matte or glossy, depending on your choice. Matte coating are ideal for regular stone
patterns and popular for various applications. Glossy coatings are stylish by wrap up, offering
a highly cleaned & lustrous look to your space.Glossy coatings are suggested for wall
establishments.

 Unglazed Ceramic Tiles:

Unglazed tiles just don't have a coating or that glass-like surface covering.Such tiles
accomplish their surface quality through frequent polishing. By and large, they are slip-
resistant tile.

52
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

53
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

2. Vitrified Tiles

Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with very low porosity & great water and frost-resistant
qualities.

Silica, clay, quartz, and feldspar are the main ingredients used to make vitrified tiles.

Properties of Vitrified Tiles

 Consistency in grain, texture, and design.

 Easy installation procedure
 Impervious against stains and scratches.
 Really strong.
 Simple to maintain
 Superior aesthetics
 Negligible water absorption

Types of Vitrified Tiles

 Double Charged Vitrified Tiles

One of the better options that are frequently used for both residential and commercial
applications is double-charged vitrified tiles. By fusing the two layers of the tile together during
production, double charge vitrified tiles are thicker than regular tiles.For commercial
applications with high traffic volumes, double charge vitrified tiles are appropriate.

 Full Body Vitrified Tiles

Full-body vitrified tiles have a consistent tint that extends across their thickness. Because it is
scratch-resistant, full-body vitrified tile is employed in high-traffic areas.

 Glazed Vitrified Tiles

GVTs, or glazed vitrified tiles, are produced on a glazed surface and printed digitally.

Here, one can create a variety of patterns and styles on the tile, including imitations of materials
like wood, bamboo, marble, and more. Additionally called digital glazed vitrified tiles.

54
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

55
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

3.Mosaic Tiles

Mosaic tile is any blend of tile sizes, varieties, shapes, or potentially materials, set in a sheet
for simple establishment. They can be ceramic, porcelain, glass, regular stone, metal, or mirror,
put haphazardly or in an example, and typically on a lattice-mounted sheet.Propertiess of
mosaic tiles are Aesthetically Vibrant,High Strength & Easy MaintenanceDesign
Adaptability,Offers Uniqueness.

4. Chequered tiles

Chequered tiles are cement tiles or terrazzo tiles with the centre to centre distance of chequers
not less than 25 mm and not more than 50 rom, the groves in the chequers being uniform and
straight with the depth of grooves not less than 3 mm.

5. Paving blocks

A typical concrete block has two surfaces – one is smooth, and the other is a rough surface.
The concrete paving blocks are most suitable for heavy-duty applications, able to support
substantial loads and resist shearing and braking forces.

56
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

57
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

STUDY ON PREPARATION OF BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

Bar bending schedule or schedule of bars (BBS) is a list of reinforcement bars for a given
reinforced concrete work item, and is presented in a tabular form for easy visual reference.
Table of bar bending schedule summarizes all the needed particulars of bars - diameter, shape
of bending, length of each bent and straight portions, angles of bending, total length of each
bar, and number of each type of bar. This information is a great help in preparing an estimate
of quantities.

58
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

59
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

PAINTING WORKS ON DIFFERENT SURFACES

Enamel paint
Enamel paint is an oil-based paint you can use for painting everything from the wood trim
inside your home to the smooth surfaces found on metal outdoor furniture.
 Application of enamel paint
Sand the wood gently with fine-grit sandpaper.
Paint the furniture with an undercoat primer and a brush.
Brush the undercoat onto the furniture with a quality, natural-haired brush.
Run fine-grit sandpaper over the surface.
Paint the furniture with the enamel paint and a quality paintbrush.

Emulsion paint
Emulsion paint is water-based paint, which contains small polymer particles that have
pigments inside. The particles containing pigment are suspended in water. After the paint dries,
the particles combine, producing a film of paint on the wall. Emulsion paint contains binding
materials such as poly vinyl acetate, synthetic resins etc. This paint is easy to apply and it dries
quickly in about 1.5 to 2 hrs. The color of paint is retained for a long period and the surface of
paint is tough and it can be cleaned by washing with water. There is absence of odor and the
paint possess excellent alkali resistance. The application of emulsion paint can be carried out
either by brush or spray gun. For long service it is to apply two coats of emulsion paint.

60
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

61
 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

Exp. No :
Date: …………………

CIRCUIT WITH ONE LAMP AND ONE PLUG POINT

AIM
To wire up a circuit in conduit system one lamp and one pug point
TOOLS REQUIRED
Screw driver 200mm-1no,combination pair 150mm-1no,Line tester 500v-1no, Wire
stripper-1 no,pocker-1no, Mallet-1no,etc….

PROCEDURE

1. Draw the lay out and connection diagram.

2. Collect the required wiring materials.

3. Connect the required materials on the work board as per connection diagram.

4. Check the circuit for continuity.

5. Given the supply to the circuit after checking.

6. Finished the work neatly and correctly.

RESULT

Wired up a circuit in conduit system,one lamp controlled by one switch

62
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING LAB

63