Module 3 Cestodes

Classes General Characteristics Proglottids

1.​ Pseudophyllidae- False Cestodes ●​ Ribbon-like platyhelminthes Proglottids

●​ Operculated eggs - open (Tapeworms) Immature- proglottids near the scolex
operculum ●​ Multicellular animals characterized Mature- proglottids at the middle; contains
by a flat, bilaterally symmetric body both male and female reproductive organs
●​ Requires 2 larval stages and 2
●​ Dorsoventrally flattened and is solid (hermaphroditic)
intermediate hosts (no body cavity) Gravid- proglottids farthest from the scolex;
●​ D. latum and D. mansoni ●​ Most are hermaphroditic (both have filled with eggs
male and female characteristics)
2.​ Cyclophyllidae ●​ Mostly transmitted through Reproductive organs
●​ Eggs are not operculated; are laid INGESTION Male: testes are spread throughout the
mature ●​ Has 3 morphologic forms: Egg, segment; sperm is collected in the seminal
Larva, and Adult Worm vesicle; delivered to the female organ via
●​ Embryo has 6 hooks
copulatory spicules.
●​ Requires 1 larval stage and 1 Parts
intermediate host ●​ Scolex- the head. *Characterized by Female: ovaries produce eggs; these are
●​ Taenia spp., Hymenolepis spp., D. the presence of sucking disks or stored in the uterus (usually a multi-lobed
caninum, Echinococcus spp. lateral grooves, and hooks.(used to organ); often not discharged until the
attach) segment passes, dries, and bursts.
●​ Rostellum- present on the scolex of
“armed” tapeworms.
●​ Strobila-the body of the tapeworm
●​ Tegument- the “skin”; important in
nutrition of the worm (absorption)
●​ Proglottids- a few are usually shed
2-3 days; important in speciation.

Intestinal cestodes- 6
Extraintestinal cestodes- 3 *live in the small
intestines of animals but their larvae are
found in tissues of man.
Cestode Life Cycle Major Pathology

Diphyllobothrium latum Coracidia- larva ingested by crustaceans which ●​ Intestinal Obstruction

Common name: Broad fish tapeworm develop into; Procercoid larvae- in body cavity ●​ Exhibit vague diagnostic
Morphology: Adult- up to 15m Plerocercoid- last stage symptoms such as weight loss
Scolex: Almond shaped with a pair of suctorial grooves and weakness
(bothria)*ang gpangasupsop nga bilog sa scolex* Diagnostic Stage- eggs or proglottids in feces ●​ Cause a macrocytic anemia and
Proglottids: rosette-shaped uterus; the uterine pore is centrally Infective stage- Plerocercoid larvae; ingested from eventual nervous system
located, not lateral as with Taenia spp. raw or uncooked fish disturbances due to vitamin B
Eggs: measure 30x60 microns, and exhibit an operculum (this 12 deficiency
is the only cestode with an operculated egg). Transmission: from all three hosts, the parasite is ●​ Has an affinity for vitamin
eaten. B-12, and can selectively absorb
Copepod eats coracedium it.
Fish eats copepod with procercoid and; Intermediate ●​ Diphyllobothriasis caused by
Host adult tapeworm.
D.H. eats fish with plerocercoid ●​ Most cases are asymptomatic

Treatment:
●​ Praziquantel
●​ Niclosamide
Taenia Solium ●​ Definitive Host: Human ●​ Minimal pathology from adults.
●​ Common name: Pork Tapeworm ●​ Intermediate Host: Pigs ●​ Larval forms cause
●​ Morphology: 7 meters in length ●​ Transmission: Ingestion of undercooked pork cysticercosis. Cysticercus
●​ Life Expectancy: 25 years or more ●​ Location in D.H.: Small intestines develops in humans
●​ Scolex: armed, with 4 sucking disks; cushion-like ●​ Cysticercosis- a condition when
rostellum ●​ Infective Stage: ingestion of embryonated eggs man is the intermediate host.
●​ Proglottids: (mature) contain male and female from human feces and ingestion of cysticerci More serious than the infection
reproductive organs; (gravid)2 ovaries; median in pig muscle with the adult stage alone. As
club-shaped ●​ Diagnostic Stage: Eggs and proglottids found the oncosphere hatches, it
 ●​ Eggs- 40 microns in diameter; thick brown striated in feces penetrates the intestinal wall
embryophore surrounding a hexacanth embryo and larvae (cysticerci) lodge in
●​ T. solium is more dangerous when infecting body tissues, commonly the
lung, brain, eyes, connective
(a). Autoinfection may tissues, and especially in
occur- cysticercosis due muscles. This condition only
to ingestion of eggs from occurs with the pork tapeworm,
feces if infected with Taenia solium.
adult worms.
(b) Racemose form of
infection may develop in
the brain. A Racemose is a
larva which is branching,
spreading throughout the tissue
Taenia saginata ●​ Definitive Host: Human Prevention:
●​ Intermediate Host: Cattle ●​ Avoid undercooked pork, beef
●​ Common ●​ Transmission: Ingestion of larval form in ●​ In butcher shops, grinding
name: Beef undercooked beef machines must be cleaned
tapeworm ●​ Location in D.H.: small intestines between grinding beef and
●​ Morphology: ●​ Infective Stage: ingestion of cysticerci in grinding pork.
up to 10 infected meat ●​ Washing hands before preparing
meters ●​ Diagnostic Stage: Eggs and proglottids found food reduces incidence of
●​ Life in feces cysticercosis
expectancy: 25 years or more ●​ Proper Sanitation
●​ Scolex: unarmed (no hooks);
●​ Proglottids: gravid proglottids- one inch or slightly Diagnosis:
longer, the uterus contains 15 to 20 primary branches. Radiographic Dye (Neurocysticersosis)
The uterine pore is located in a lateral position. Immunoblot Assay
●​ Eggs: 40 microns in diameter; thick brown striated
embryophore surrounding a hexacanth embryo.
Dipylidium caninum Accidental Host: Humans Disease: Dipylidiasis
Intermediate: Fleas Signs and symptoms:
Common name: Definitive Host: Cats and Dogs ●​ Diarrhea
Cucumber Tapeworm, Diagnostic Stage: Egg pockets and proglottids ●​ Restlessness
Double pore Infective Stage: Cystecercoid larva ●​ Pain
Morphology: Adult- ●​ Pruritus
10-70 cm​
Scolex: 4 suckers, Diagnosis:
Cone-shaped Rostellum ●​ Egg packets in feces
w/ 1-7 rows of hooklike ●​ Gravid proglottids in feces
spines
Eggs:
●​ 30-60 um
●​ Colorless
●​ Spherical
●​ Thin-shelled
●​ w/hexacanth embryo

Proglottid:
●​ Narrow
●​ w/ 2 sets of male and
female reproductive
 organs w/ bilateral genital pore
Gravid Proglottid:
●​ Size and shape of pumpkin seed
●​ w/ 8-15 eggs w/o an embryonic membrane
Hymenolepis nana Definitive and Infective Stage: Embryonated Eggs

Common name: dwarf tapeworm

Autoinfection can occur
Morphology
Adult:
●​ 25-45mm
●​ w/ delicate strobila
Scolex:
●​ Subglobular
●​ 4 cup-shaped suckers
●​ Retractable rostellum w/ a
single row of 20-30 Y-shaped
hooklets
Neck: long and slender
Anterior Proglottids:
●​ Short
●​ 0.15-0.3 mm(l) x 0.8-1.0 mm(w)
Posterior proglottids:
●​ Broader than long
Mature proglottids: 3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary
Egg:
●​ Spherical or Subspherical
●​ 30-37 um
Oncosphere:
●​ w/ thin outer membrane
●​ Thick inner membrane w/
conspicuous bipolar
thickenings
Hymenolepis diminuta
Common name: Rat tapeworm Signs and Symptoms:
●​ Diarrhea
Morphology ●​ Abdominal pain
Adult: 60 cm ●​ Weight loss
Scolex: w/ rudimentary unarmed rostellum ●​ Embryonated eggs in feces
Proglottid: broader than long, 3 ovoid testes and 1 ovary
Genital pore: Unilateral Treatment:
Praziquantel and Niclosamide
Egg:
●​ Circular
●​ 60-80 um
Oncosphere:
●​ Enclosed in an inner membrane
●​ w/ bipolar thickenings
●​ Hooklets w/ fan-like arrangement
Spirometra spp. Accidental Host: Humans • Diagnostic Tests: Localization of the
S. mansoni, S. ranarum, S. mansonoides, and S. erinacei Definitive: crustaceans, reptiles, and amphibians lesion by computed tomography (CT) or
Intermediate: cats and dogs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is
Morphology helpful in diagnosing sparganosis.
●​ Sparganum is a wrinkled, whitish, ribbon-shaped Infective stage: Plerocercoid larva
organism, 3 millimeters in width and up to 30 Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated eggs in feces Removing the lesion and identifying the
centimeters long tapeworm is often required for definitive
●​ Is a solid-bodied larva that lacks a bladder, and has diagnosis.
three bothrids (two longitudinal grooves) at the
anterior end instead of suckers • In the case of cerebral sparganosis,
●​ Larva has an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of
unsegmented cerebrospinal fluid or serum may be
strobila 20-30 diagnostically helpful, but diagnosis is
cm in length, usually made after surgical resection.
●​ S. mansonoides
eggs resemble Management and Therapy:
eggs of D.
latum Surgical removal of sparganum larvae is
●​ S. mansonoides usually curative.
eggs measure
57-66 um by 33-37 um, which is smaller than the • Praziquantel may be effective when
eggs of D. latum. administered at a total dose of 120 to
●​ Eggs are ellipsoidal and have a conical, prominent 150 mg/kg body weight, over a 2-day
operculum period. However, treatment with
praziquantel has produced only limited
success.

• Cerebral sparganosis requires surgical

excision of the parasite; praziquantel has
no effect on adult worms in the central
nervous system.

• There is no available treatment for

proliferative sparganosis. Attempts at
surgical removal of S. proliferum have
been unsuccessful because of the
widespread dissemination of the larva.
 Extraintestinal Cestodes and Miscellaneous Cestodes
Cestode Life Cycle Lab Diagnosis Epidemiology Prevention and Pathology
Control

Echinococcus granulosus Definitive Host: Dogs and ▸ Radiological ‣ Incidence of human ▸ Education regarding ▸ Enlarging unilocular
Common name: “Hydatid other Canidae examination for infection is high in the transmisson of cyst evokes an
Tapeworm” Intermediate Host: Sheep, pulmonary cysts grazing countries where infection and the role inflammatory reaction
Goats, Swine, etc. association of dogs is of canine in its life to the surrounding
Morphology: Accidental Host: Humans ‣ Ultrasound intimate cycle tissues
Adult: examination ▸ Impairment of the
●​ Smallest tapeworm Infective Stage: ‣ 4-15 cases/100,000 ▸ Surgery removal organ is due to
(2.5-9.0 mm) Embryonated Eggs ▸ Finding of people pressure
●​ Pyriform scolex with 4 Diagnostic Stage: Hydatid protoscolices, brood ▸Chemotheraphy with ▸ Erosion of blood
suckers and rostellum cyst in liver, lungs, etc. capsules, or cysts after ●​ Australia albendazole vessels leads to
●​ Body consists of head, Transmission: Ingestion and surgical removal or ●​ New Zealand hemorrhage
neck, and 3 proglottids Physical Contact (licking) aspiration ●​ USSR Organs Affected: ▸ Torsion of the
●​ Lifespan: about 5 ●​ Northwest China 1%- Brain omentum leads to
months but can live for ●​ The adult ▸ Finding hydatid ●​ Southern Europe 2%- Skeletal system vascular constriction
more than 1 year Echinococcus segments from sputum ●​ Middle East 3%- Kidney ▸ Neighboring tissue
granulosus, resides or urine ●​ South America 22%- Lungs cells undergo atrophy
Scolex: Prominent rostellum in the bowel of its 66%- Liver ▸ Cysts give rise to
with a double crown of 30-36 definite host. ▸ Eosinophilia Few in North America increasing discomfort
hooks with 4 suckers ●​ Gravid proglottids ●​ Mississippi when found in the
Proglottids: Immature, More release eggs that are Diagnosis ●​ Utah abdomen
elongated on middle, Gravid passed in the feces. ▸ ELISA ●​ California ▸ Cysts in liver are
Proglottid ●​ These eggs are then ●​ Midwest of mostly found in the
Mature Proglottids: Contains ingested by a ▸ Indirect America right lobe, extending
the reproductive organ suitable intermediate Hemagglutination to the abdomen
Gravid Proglottid: Median host. Eggs then hatch In Canada ▸ Can be persistent up
uterus with 12-1 branches in the bowels and ▸ Indirect Fluorescence Indians infect their dogs to 30 years before
distended with 500 eggs release oncospheres Antibody by feeding them the producing symptoms
Hydatid Cyst: Spherical, that penetrate lungs of ▸ Pressure on bile
usually 1-7 cm in diameter intestinal wall & ▸ Complement moose and caribou ducts may produce
Consist of migrate to various Fixation obstructive jaundice
●​ External cuticula organs of the host. ▸ Rupture of a cyst
▸ Casoni Test sets free protoscolices,
 ●​ Inner germinal layer ●​ At the organ site, the ▸ Dog owners are 21x brood capsules and
●​ Light yellow fluid oncosphere develops ▸ Detection of Arc 5 more at risk than nondog bits of germinal
●​ Brood capsules which into a hydatid cyst. Antibody owners membrane
contain the This cyst enlarges, ▸ Secondary infection
protoscolices producing ▸ ▸ Muslims have lower may occur
●​ Daughter cyst protoscolices and Immunoelectrophoresis infection rate than ▸ Rupture could be
daughter cysts that humans because of their caused by coughing,
fill the cyst interior. belief in uncleanliness of muscle strain, surgery
●​ The scolexes of the canine and others
organisms attach to ▸ 30% of cases are
the intestine of the isolated from sheep and Latent= Inactive or
definite host and cattle; 10% from hogs asymptomatic
develop into adults
in 32-80 days. ▸Infection often takes ●​ Secondary
●​ These place in childhood infection
Eggs: cyst-containing ●​ Allergy,
●​ Resembles Taenia eggs organs are then ▸ Can be acquired from eosinophilia
●​ Around 30-38 microns ingested by the eating vegetables ●​ Coughing
in diameter definite host, causing contaminated with eggs with froth,
●​ Thick-shelled and infection. After blood, mucus
contain a hexacanth ingestion, the ▸ Canine digestive juices and bits of
embryo protoscolices are inimical to the cyst
evaginate, producing oncosphere, thus they are ●​ Chronic
protoscolexes. not infected with cysts pulmonary
abscess
●​ Dyspnea
●​ Thoracic pain
●​ Palpitation
●​ Pruritus
●​ Hematuria

Echinococcus multicularis Definitive Host: Dogs and ▸ Incidence of human

Common name: Alveolar other Canidae infection is high in ▸ alveolar
Hydatid Tapeworm Intermediate Host: Small echinococcosis is
mammals ▸ Russia highly lethal
Accidental Host: Humans ‣ Canada
Adult: ▸ The adult Echinococcus ‣ USA ▸ causes a cancer-like
●​ 4 to 6 mm multilocularis, resides in the ‣ Siberia destruction of vital
●​ Pyriform scolex with 4 bowel of its definite host. ▸ Alaska organs, mainly the
suckers and rostellum ▸ China liver. The problem is
▸ Gravid proglottids release
●​ Body consists of head, › Central Europe that it develops very
eggs that are passed in the feces.
neck and 3 proglottids slowly over years and
●​ Life span of about 5 ▸ These eggs are then ingested ▸ Can be acquired by without symptoms
months but can live for by a suitable intermediate host. eating food contaminated
more than a year Eggs then hatch in the bowels with feces of infected ▸ Cyst may undergo
and release oncospheres that foxes, sled dogs, cats, central necrosis or
penetrate intestinal wall & and others canines. calcification while
migrate to various organs of the continuing growth at
host. the periphery
▸ At the organ site, the
▸Metastases occur by
oncosphere develops into a
hydatid cyst. This cyst enlarges, direct by direct
producing protoscolices and extension or through
daughter cysts that fill the cyst the blood and lymph
interior.

▸ These cyst-containing organs

are then ingested by the definite
host, causing infection. After
ingestion, the protoscolices
evaginate, producing
protoscolexes.

▸ The scolexes of the organisms

attach to the intestine of the
definite host and develop into
adults in 32-80 days.

Multiceps multiceps and Intermediate Host: ●​ Widespread; ▸ Coenuri in the skin

Multiceps serialis (Taenia) Mammals most of the cases or subcutaneous tissue
Definitive: Canine are from usually present as
Common name: Coenurus ●​ Africa painless nodules.
Tapeworm Infective Stage:
Adult Tapeworm: Embryonated eggs ●​ although cases ▸ Coenuri in the neck
40-60 cm Diagnostic: eggs or gravid also appear in may affect neck
Pyriform scolex with rostellum proglottids in stool sheep-raising movement and
of 22-32 large and small hooks areas of Europe, swallowing
▸ Many canids can serve as South America,
Cyst: definitive hosts for T. multiceps, the United States ▸ Coenuri in the
▸ Globular to sausage- shaped but only dogs and foxes can and Canada. central nervous
cyst with a diameter of 20mm serve as hosts for T serialis. system may cause
headache, fever and
▸ Eggs and gravid proglottids
▸ Contain multiple small are shed in feces of canids into vomiting.
invaginated scolices that arise the environment, where they are
from the germinal wall ingested by an intermediate
host.

▸ Eggs hatch in the intestine,

and oncospheres are released
that circulate in blood until they
lodge in suitable organs
(including skeletal muscle, eyes,
brain and subcutaneous tissue).

▸ After about three months,

oncospheres develop into
coenuri. The definitive host
becomes infected by ingesting
the tissue of an infected
intermediate host containing a
coenurus.

The adult cestodes reside in the

small intestine of the definitive
host.

▸ Humans become infected after

the accidental ingestion of eggs
on fomites or in food and water
contaminated with dog feces.
Eggs hatch in the intestine, and
 oncospheres are released that
circulate in blood until they
lodge in suitable organs and
after about three months
develop into coenuri.

▸ Coenuri of T. multiceps are

usually found in the eyes and
brain; those of T. serialis are
usually found in subcutaneous
tissue..
​

Railietina garrisoni Definitive Host: Birds infection is directly Broad-spectrum Chronic infection
Common name: Madagascar Intermediate Host: Insects diagnosed by anthelmintics such as results in diarrhea,
Tapeworm ▸ Mature eggs are released identifying proglottids albendazole emaciation and
from the avian host through in the feces, or adult anemia, indicated by
Adult: feces by detaching the last worms in the intestine The most effective haemorrhage in the
●​ 60 cm gravid proglottid. control measure is intestine.
●​ Scolex is sub-globular disruption of the
with 4 suckers Eggs develop into larval habitat of intermediate Physiological
surrounded by very forms called oncospheres, hosts near poultry symptoms include
minute spines which are ingested by ants, farms. degeneration of
●​ Armed rostellum with 2 and enters the alimentary epithelial cells,
circular rows of 90-140 canal, from where they Protection of food enteritis, and
hammer-shaped hooks migrates into the abdominal from contamination of macrophage
●​ composed of a series of cavity of the insect and feces of flour beetles infiltration of
ribbon-like body develops into mature lymphocyte.
segments, gradually cysticercoids
enlarging from the
anterior end towards ▸ Development of the
the posterior. juvenile stage in the
●​ It is whitish in colour & intermediate host comprises
entirely covered with a 5 stages, namely (1)
tegument oncosphere stage, (2) lacuna
stage, (3) cystic cavity stage,
●​ The entire body is (4) scolex formation stage
divisible into 3 parts, and (5) cysticercoid stage,
namely the head region which is the ultimate
called scolex, followed infective form.
by an unsegmented
neck or growth region, ▸ When the insect with
and then by highly infective larvae is ingested
segmented body proper by birds, the cysticercoid is
called strobila released in host by the action
of digestive juices. The
rostellar hooks then become
attached to the intestinal
wall.