1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
In current era the operation of power electronic
devices in power system is becoming enormous to enhance the
utilization of electric power in an interconnected distribution system to
increase the reliability of sophisticated lifestyle of deregulated
electricity market ,which alarms the power quality issues and the need
for improving the quality of power supplied to the consumers .The
effects produced by the interconnected power system having
renewable energy based electric power generating systems and non-
linear loads cause harmonics ,voltage variations in the system. The
electric power that drives an electrical device and the device’s ability
to function property with that electric power distributions systems
ideally should provide their customers with an uninterrupted flow of
energy with a clean sinusoidal voltage at the contracted voltage level
(132kv 66kv,33kv,11kv,415kv) and frequency (50Hz in India).
However, in practice, power systems, face a
variety of challenges either from generation, transmission,
&distribution (T&D) or even with a customer facility which impacts the
quality of power. These power quality issues can affect the
uninterrupted operation of customer loads, but the safety –related
issues can be reduce the life of the connected loads and electrical
equipment.
A customer having the numerous nonlinear loads can also affect the
quality of power supply and the purity of the voltage waveform is lost
which can affect other loads within the facility or even outside the
customer facility. Apart from non -linear loads , some system
events ,both usual (e.g. capacitor switching ,motor starting) and
unusual (e.g. faults) could also inflict power quality (PQ) problems.

1
Incrеasing non-linеar loads causе various undеsirablе еffеcts and
powеr quality problеms. Thе usе of powеr еlеctronic convеrtеrs and
еquipmеnts and othеr non-linеar loads arе rapidly incrеasing in
industry and also by commеrcials. Thеsе еquipmеnts draw non-linеar
currеnts from thе AC mains as comparе to normal loads such as
motors and rеsistivе hеating еlеmеnts, thеsе non linеar currеnt causеs
thе distortions in thе powеr systеm voltagе and currеnt. Thеsе
currеnts rеsult in distortеd voltagеs and currеnts that can dirеctly
impact thе systеm pеrformancе in diffеrеnt ways, as thе numbеr of
harmonic producing loads has incrеasеd ovеr thе yеars it has bеcomе
incrеasingly nеcеssary to rеducе thеsе harmonic currеnt. Hеncе to
ovеrcomе thеsе powеr quality problеms and improvе thе powеr
quality, Flеxiblе AC Transmission Systеm (FACTS) dеvicе plays a vеry
important rolе. Thеrе arе various typеs of FACTS dеvicеs out of thеsе
sеriеs FACTS dеvicеs arе usеd for controlling powеr flow in
transmission linеs, damping thе oscillations prеsеnt in powеr systеm,
and powеr quality improvеmеnt. Static synchronous sеriеs
compеnsator (SSSC) injеcts thе voltagеs or absorbs voltagеs from
transmission linе whеrе it is connеctеd. SSSC can damp oscillations by
changing thе compеnsatеd rеactancе of thе transmission linе.

2
 Fig 1.1: Outline for Power Transmission and Distribution

1.2 Objective:
The main objective of this project is to power quality
improvement in power systems by using static synchronous series
compensator. It represents the performance of SSSC (Static
Synchronous Series Compensator) is a type of FACTS which consists of
a solid-state voltage source inverter coupled with a transformer that is
connected in series with a transmission line. This device can inject an
almost sinusoidal voltage in series with the line for power quality
(electric power quality is the degree to which the voltage, frequency
and waveform of a power supply system conform to established
specifications) improvement.

1.3 Organization of thesis:

A brief introduction of the content is given below as:
Chapter-1: Introduction
Chapter-2: Overview of The Project
Chapter-3: Literature Survey
Chapter-4: Power Quality Issues
Chapter-5: Methodology
Chapter-6: Improvement Methods
Chapter-7: Introduction to Facts
Chapter-8: Results and Discussion

3
 2.OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Overview of the Project:

Power quality improvement is an important
issue in power system. Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS) devices are
commonly used for solving problems related to power quality and
improving it. In this paper a synchronous static series compensator
(SSSC) is used for control and modulation of power flow in a
transmission line. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and SVPWM
control techniques are employed in SSSC. The active performance of
SSSC is evaluated using Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation
results validate that the power quality is enhanced properly using SSS
STATCOM is a Static synchronous compensator which operates as a
shunt connected static var compensator whose both capacitive as well
as inductive output current can be controlled by the ac system voltage.
STATCOM is one of the key FACTS Controllers. STATCOM is a reactive
power source. It gives the voltage support by generating or absorbing
capacitors. It normalizes the voltage at its terminals by compensating
the quantity of reactive power in or out from the power system
Reactive power compensation is an important issue in the control of
electrical power system. Reactive power increases the transmission
system losses and reduces the power transmission capability of the
transmission line. Moreover, reactive power flow through the
transmission line can cause large amplitude variation in the receiving
end voltage.

4
 In this paper study the shunt operation of Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACT) controller, the Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM), & how it helps in the better utilization of a
network operating under normal condition. Effect of STATCOM in power
system on reactive power control by proper modelling of simple power
system and voltage source converter (VSC) based STATCOM using
Simulink and simpower toolboxes in MATLAB
It is shown that with suitable control of STATCOM
can inject a voltage of required magnitude in shunt with the
transmission line. This helps in providing shunt compensation and
improving the power flow of transmission line. Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers have been used in power
systems since the 1970s with the objective of improving system
dynamic performance
Due to the environmental, right-of-way, and cost
problems in both bundled an unbundled power system, many
transmission lines have been forced to operate at almost their full
capacities worldwide. FACTS controllers enhance the static
performance viz. increased loading, congestion management, reduced
system loss, economic operation, etc., and dynamic performance viz.
increased stability limits, damping of power system oscillation, etc. In
this paper, an overview of FACTS controllers is explained. Various
FACTS controller several devices in FACTS family are also discussed.
The thesis explains various power quality problems and the FACTS
controllers that are used to mitigate the power quality problems.
Proposed FACTS controller for a particular type of problem is also
given. The simulation results give the clear observation of how the
FACTS devices improve the power quality. The simulation work is done
on Static Var Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC).

5
2.2 Advantages:
The advantages of static synchronous series compensator are:
1.They eliminate bulky passive components such as capacitors and
inductors.
2. They can supply or absorb reactive power. The ability to offer
inductive and capacitive operating modes symmetrically is also a
benefit.
3. When connected with a DC power source on the DC side of an SSSC,
they can exchange real power to the power system.

2.3 Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of static synchronous series compensator are:
A major drawback with SSSC is the need for a
coupling transformer MV/HV. Nowadays, it is essential to study effects
of FACTS devices on the protective systems, especially the distance
protection, which is the main protective device at EHV and HV level
transmission systems.

6
 3.LITERATURE SURVEY
 In the paper, “Power Quality Improvement in Power System by Using
Svpwm Based Static Synchronous Sеriеs Compensator”, Vicky T.
Kullarkar et.al discussed paper a synchronous static series compensator
(SSSC) is used for control and modulation of power flow in a transmission
line. The Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and SVPWM control techniques
are employed in SSSC. The active performance of SSSC is evaluated
using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results validate that
the power quality is enhanced properly using SSSC.

 In the paper, “Powеr Quality Improvеmеnt in Powеr Systеm by Using

Static Synchronous Sеriеs Compеnsator”, Vinod K. Chandrakar et.al The
proposed. Sеriеs FACTS devices are most powеrful controllеrs usеd for
powеr flow, powеr quality, powеr oscillation damping and improving
transient stability of thе powеr systеm. Powеr quality study is carriеd out
with Fast Fouriеr Transform analysis and Total Harmonic Distortions arе
obtainеd which shows thе harmonics prеsеnt in thе systеm. Results arе
validatеd by using MATLAB.

 In the paper, “Performance Improvement of Power System Using Static

Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)”, Poonam Bhonge et.al discussed
a study the shunt operation of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACT)
7
 controller, the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), & how it
helps in the better utilization of a network operating under normal
condition. Effect of STATCOM in power system on reactive power control
by proper modelling of simple power system and voltage source
converter (VSC) based STATCOM using Simulink and sim power toolboxes
in MATLAB. It is shown that with suitable control of STATCOM can inject a
voltage of required magnitude in shunt with the transmission line. This
helps in providing shunt compensation and improving the power flow of
transmission line.

 In the paper, “Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) as Stability

Booster of a Power System”, CH. Mallareddy et.al discussed the effect of
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is presented. The
dynamic performance of SSSC is presented by real time waveforms using
MATLAB software for IEEE 4 bus system. Comparison of simulation results
are presented with normal system without SSSC, with SSSC and with
Fuzzy controller.

 In the paper, “Comparative Analysis of STATCOM and SSSC For Improving

Power Quality”, Surendra Kushwaha et.al Discussed we are comparing
STATCOM along with SSSC for getting better result. The STATCOM is used
for shunt compensation and SSSC is used for series compensation. First
of all we develop the model for STATCOM along with SSSC after that we
had done simulation for comparing the result. The models are developed
using fuzzy logic. A preliminary study was carried out to various types of
FACT devices installation effect on power system stability. Then we took
STATCOM together with the SSSC to look forward the stability analysis on
the system. We then adopted Fuzzy logic as a soft computing technique
to increase the stability performance of our power system.

8
 In the paper, “Market Based Power Quality Improvement Using Series
Facts Controller Simulation”, C.R. Gowder et.al discussed purpose series
FACTS controller are more suitable device. It is an urgent need to
increase power generation and hence increase in power transmission
capability. There is an increasing demand of power flow control in power
systems of the future and FACTS devices are the most suitable devices to
control power flow. However cost and reliability are the main issues that
create hurdles in widespread application of FACTS Devices. Distributed-
series FACTS Controller gives an opportunity to realize cost effective
power flow control. These papers present the MATLAB Simulink model of
series FACTS controller with complete MATLAB simulation models and
parameter details for designing FACTS controller for future researchers.

 In the paper, “Enhancement of Power Flow Using SSSC Controller”,

PRATIK RAO et.al discussed Properly designed PI controller ensures
effectiveness on the dynamic and transient operation of the system.
SSSC controller helps improve voltage stability and compensate reactive
power. The proposed power system control scheme is supported by
simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

9
 4.POWER QUALITY ISSUES

4.1 PROBLEMS:
Power quality is a term that means different things to
different people. For me, power quality is a concept that defines
efficient electrical energy. This means that if the equipment is
operating correctly due to the power it is receiving, the quality of the
power is good. But if the equipment is not operating correctly the
quality of the power is bad. But having a good power quality is not that
much easy. Sometimes unwanted situations occur in the electrical
network. When disturbances occur, electrically powered equipment
may malfunction, fail prematurely or shut down unexpectedly. For the
energy consumer, the economic impact of power disturbances can
range from hundreds of dollars to millions of dollars.To avoid these
negative effects you should be aware of the major power quality
issues. I listed all of them below
 Over voltages
 Under voltages
 Sags
 Swells
 Harmonics
 Noise
 Transients
 Blackout
 Voltage flicker

4.2 Power quality issues:

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 When used to describe a specific type of long-duration variation,
overvoltage refers to a voltage having a value greater than the
nominal voltage for a period of time greater than 1 min.
 Typical values are 1.1–1.2 pu.
 Undervoltage refers to a voltage having a value less than the
nominal voltage for a period of time greater than 1 min.
 Typical values are 0.8–0.9 pu.
 A decrease in voltage to a value between 0,1 and 0,9 pu in RMS
voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0,5
cycle to 1 min.
 A voltage sag of 10% means that the line voltage is reduced to
10% of the nominal value.
 A temporary increase in rms voltage or current of more than 10% of
the nominal value at power system frequency, which lasts from 0.5
cycles to 1 min.
 Typical rms values are 1.1–1.8 pu.
 Sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are
multiples of the fundamental power frequency.
 Distorted waveforms can be decomposed into a sum of the
fundamental frequency wave and the harmonics caused by
nonlinear characteristics of power system devices and loads
 Unwanted electrical signals produce undesirable effects in the
circuits of the control systems in which they occur. Noise is a high
frequency, low-current, low-energy waveform superimposed on the
sine wave of the alternating current (AC) mains.
 The frequency of noise can range from low kilohertz into megahertz
region. This low-level interference is typically characterized by a
voltage less than 50 V and an associated current of less than 1 A.

11
 These pertain to or designate a phenomenon or quantity varying
between two consecutive steady states during a time interval that
is short compared with the timescale of interest.
 A transient can be a unidirectional impulse of either polarity or a
damped oscillatory wave with the first peak occurring in either
polarity.
 The complete loss of voltage (below 0.1 pu) on one or more phase
conductors for a certain period of time.
 Momentary interruptions are defined as lasting between 0.5 cycles
and 3 s, temporary interruptions have a time span between 3 and
60 s, and sustained interruptions last for a period longer than 60 s
 Voltage fluctuations are systematic variations in the envelope or a
series of random voltage changes with a magnitude that does not
normally exceed the voltage ranges of 0.9–1.1 pu.
 Such voltage variations are often referred to as flicker.
 The term flicker is derived from the visible impact of voltage
fluctuations on lamps.
 Among the most common causes of voltage flicker in transmission
and distribution systems are arc furnaces.

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 Fig 4.1: List of Power Quality Issues
The current drawn by the device is non sinusoidal in
nature. These nonlinear devices used in power distribution circuits
create nonlinear currents and which subsequently causes voltage
distortions. These nonlinear currents and voltages have been generally
referred to as harmonic currents and voltages.

Fig 4.2: Power Quality Problems

13
 The proliferation of electronic switching devices in
modern equipment has resulted in a significant increase in the amount
of harmonic pollution in the electrical distribution systems. These
harmonics if disregarded or undetected may cause harmonic resonant
conditions which could present system operating problems resulting in
complaints from customers and reduced life of power equipment as
well as lower efficiency and performance.
Harmonic currents and voltages can cause many
unfavorable effects on the power system itself and the connected
loads. Malfunctioning of electronic equipment, capacitor failure
transformer and neutral conductor overheating, excessive heating in
rotating machinery are effects.

4.3 Transmission and distribution System:

Transmission and distribution refer to the different
stages of carrying electricity over poles and wires from generators to a
home or a business. The primary distinction between the two is the
voltage level at which electricity moves in each stage.

Fig 4.3: Transmission and Distribution System

14
 As overhead lines are exposed, they’re vulnerable
to damage caused by outside forces. You’ll often see damage that has
been caused by severe weather, including high winds; the growth of
vegetation; or animals moving along the lines themselves. However,
bare conductors are able to withstand a lot of pressure and high
temperatures, so they are less of a concern. However, if there are high
currents, they can lead to several problems. The biggest problem here
is of line sag. This happens over time, thanks to thermal inertia.
Usually, lines will have thermal time constants, which allow for
temporary overloading without issue. These are usually between five
and 20 minutes, but if the overload isn’t cleared fast enough, it will
lead to sagging.
when the lines sag, this leads to reduced ground
clearance and the increased chance of phase conductors swinging into
contact. Those high currents will also cause the conductors to anneal,
which increases the chance of a break happening.
4.4 Overhead Line Sag:
As overhead lines are exposed, they’re vulnerable to
damage caused by outside forces. You’ll often see damage that has
been caused by severe weather, including high winds; the growth of
vegetation; or animals moving along the lines themselves. However,
bare conductors are able to withstand a lot of pressure and high
temperatures, so they are less of a concern.
However, if there are high currents, they can lead to
several problems. The biggest problem here is of line sag. This
happens over time, thanks to thermal inertia. Usually, lines will have
thermal time constants, which allow for temporary overloading without
issue. These are usually between five and 20 minutes, but if the
overload isn’t cleared fast enough, it will lead to sagging. When the
lines sag, this leads to reduced ground clearance and the increased

15
chance of phase conductors swinging into contact. Those high currents
will also cause the conductors to anneal, which increases the chance of
a break happening.
4.5 Underground Cable Treeing:
As overhead lines are exposed, they’re vulnerable
to damage caused by outside forces. You’ll often see damage that has
been caused by severe weather, including high winds; the growth of
vegetation; or animals moving along the lines themselves. However,
bare conductors are able to withstand a lot of pressure and high
temperatures, so they are less of a concern.
However, if there are high currents, they can lead
to several problems. The biggest problem here is of line sag. This
happens over time, thanks to thermal inertia. Usually, lines will have
thermal time constants, which allow for temporary overloading without
issue. These are usually between five and 20 minutes, but if the
overload isn’t cleared fast enough, it will lead to sagging. When the
lines sag, this leads to reduced ground clearance and the increased
chance of phase conductors swinging into contact. Those high currents
will also cause the conductors to anneal, which increases the chance of
a break happening.

16
 FIG 4.4: Power Quality Problems on Both Sides of Meter

One of the biggest issues you’ll run into with underground

cables is electrochemical and water treeing. Treeing is when moisture
penetration in the presence of an electrical field reduces the dielectric
strength of cable insulation. That moisture, when invading most cable
insulation materials, will create the pattern of a tree. This causes
problems as, if the insulation has degraded enough, it will lead to
dielectric breakdowns. These usually occur in the event of lightning or
switching. The severity of the damage is linked to thermal age, as
moisture absorption happens more quickly at higher temperatures.
This can be avoided though, with the use of tree retardant insulation.

4.6 Circuit Breaker Failure:

Circuit breakers are complicated pieces of machinery,
and so they can fail in several different ways. The key will be working
out what has caused them to fail in the first place. For example, they
can open when they shouldn’t, fail while opening, become damaged
when closing, and so on.

17
 Fig 4.5: Power Transmission and Distribution

 Primary Transmission:
The electric supply (in 132kV, 220 kV, 500kV or greater) is
transmitted to load center by three phase three wire overhead
transmission system.
As the voltage level which is generated is around (11-
20) kV and the demand is at various levels of voltage and at very
faraway places from the generating station. For example, the
generating station can be generating voltage at 11kv, but the load
center is 1000km apart and at the level of 440V.

 Secondary Transmission:
Area far from the city (outskirts) which have connected
with receiving stations by lines is called secondary transmission. At
receiving station, the level of voltage reduced by step-down
transformers up to 132kV, 66 or 33 kV, and electric power is
transferred by three phase three wire (3 Phase – 3 Wires) overhead
system to different sub stations.

18
 Primary Distribution:
At a substation, the level of secondary transmission
voltage (132kV, 66 or 33 kV) reduced to 11kV by step down
transforms.

 Secondary Distribution:
Electric power is transferred by (from primary
distribution line i.e.,11kV) to distribution substation is known as
secondary distribution. This substation is located nearby domestic &
consumers areas where the level of voltage reduced to 440V by step
down transformers. These transformers called Distribution
transformers, three phase four wire system (3 Phase – 4 Wires also
known as Star connection). So, there is 400 Volts (Three Phase Supply
System) between any two phases and 230 Volts (Single Phase
Supply) between a neutral and phase (live) wires.

19
 5.METHODOLOGY

5.1 Power Quality:

The electric power that drives an electrical device and
the device’s ability to function property with that electric power
distributions systems ideally should provide their customers with an
uninterrupted flow of energy with a clean sinusoidal voltage at the
contracted voltage level (132kv 66kv,33kv,11kv,415kv) and frequency
(50Hz in India). However, in practice , power systems ,face a variety of
challenges either from generation, transmission, &distribution (T&D) or
even with a customer facility which impacts the quality of power .these
power quality issues can affect the uninterrupted operation of
customer loads , but the safety –related issues can be reduce the life of

the connected loads and electrical equipment.

Fig 5.1: Voltage and Current Waveforms

A customer having the numerous nonlinear loads can
also affect the quality of power supply and the purity of the voltage
waveform is lost which can affect other loads within the facility or even
outside the customer facility. Apart from non -linear loads, some

20
system events, both usual (e.g., capacitor switching, motor starting)
and unusual (e.g., faults) could also inflict power quality (PQ) problems.

5.2 Static Synchronous Series Compensator:

The SSSC is one of the most recent FACTS devices for
power transmission series compensation. It can be considered as a
synchronous voltage source as it can inject an almost sinusoidal
voltage of variable and controllable amplitude and phase angle, in
series with a transmission line.

fig5.2: Static Synchronous Series Compensator

The injected voltage is almost in quadrature with the
line current. A small part of the injected voltage that is in phase with
the line current provides the losses in the inverter. Most of the injected
voltage, which is in quadrature with the line current, provides the
effect of inserting an inductive or capacitive reactance in series with
the transmission line. The variable reactance influences the electric
power flow in the transmission line. The basic configuration of a SSSC.

21
5.3 Components:
The variable reactance influences the electric power flow
in the transmission line. The basic configuration of a SSSC.
a. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) – main component
b. Transformer – couples the SSSC to the transmission line
c. Energy Source – provides voltage across the DC capacitor and
compensate for device losses
Conventional SSSCs are also known as advanced series
compensators (ASCs) or GTO-CSC, being the evolution of controlled
series compensation (SC) devices. The SSSC consists of a coupling
transformer, a GTO VSC and a DC circuit. They act as a controllable
voltage source whose voltage magnitude can be in an operating area
controlled independently of the line current. The SSSC can be
considered functionally as an ideal generator that can be operated with
a relatively small DC storage capacitor in a self-sufficient manner to
exchange reactive power with the AC system or, with an external DC
power supply or energy storage, to also exchange independently
controllable active power, analogously to a STATCOM.
Transformerless SSSC solutions typically comprise a
single-phase, modular-SSSC injecting a leading or lagging voltage in
quadrature with the line current, but include a built-in-bypass to avoid
damage of the power electronics resulting from high currents e. g.
during a network fault. It can increase or decrease power flows on a
circuit and perform dynamic services.

5.4 Introduction to MATLAB:

To improve the quality of the power, the results are
validated by MATLAB the following diagrammatic represents the
MATLAB versions used and the blocks which are commonly helpful to
analyze the circuits are as follows:

22
This below figure shows the version of MATLAB used is 2009b

Fig 5.3: MATLAB 2009b

23
 Fig 5.4: Installation Process

5.5 Implementation of Simulink Diagrams:

To browse through the block libraries, select a category
and then a functional area in the left pane. To search all of the
available block libraries, enter a search term. For example, find
the Pulse Generator block. In the search box on the browser toolbar,
enter pulse, and then press Enter. Simulink searches the libraries for
blocks with pulse in their name or description and then displays the
blocks.

Fig 5.5: Basic Simulink Blocks

24
 6. IMPROVEMENT METHODS
6.1 Improvement Methods:
The following flowchart shows the list of improvement
methods for power quality at both transmission side and distribution
system as follows:

Fig 6.1: Improvement Methods

6.2 Transmission Power in FACTS:

Normally the power is generated by conventional
form of energy either by non-conventional form of energy. The
generated power can be transmitted by different types based on the
type of transmission network preferred. while transmitting the power

25
due to some power quality problems like sag or swell will arise and
there will be a drop in voltage that produces the oscillating waves that
results in low power factor.
In earlier days to overcome this mechanical circuit
breakers are used as solver where it is made up of relays and
contractors that compensating is not reliable. To inject voltage or
current in a transmission network FACTS devices are more popular to
solve the problems. In this paper the performance of different types of
devices have been used to solve the drawbacks by injecting the
voltage and to control the power flow and other parameters.

6.3 Power Quality Problems and Improvement

Techniques
Recently a large interest has been focused on power
quality domain due to disturbances caused by the non-linear loads,
Increase in the number of electronic devices and growth of renewable
energy sources. Power quality measures the efficiency of electric power
transmitted from generation to the industrial, domestic and commercial
consumers. At least 50% of power quality problems are of voltage
quality type.

In a power system voltage sags and voltage distortion

introduced by harmonics are considered to be the most severe affecting
power quality, because of both utilities and consumers are affected by
these disturbances. These problems could be solved by: design
equipment's and electrical systems to prevent electrical disturbances
from causing equipment's or systems to malfunction, Analyze the
symptoms of a power quality problems to determine its causes and
solutions, study the medium that is transmitting the electrical
disturbance and eliminate or reduce the effect of that medium, Treat

26
the symptoms of the power quality problems by using the power
conditioning device and custom power device.

This paper presents the power quality problems such as,

sags, swells, harmonics, voltage interruptions and transient and the
paper presents power quality enhancement techniques which are two
categories power conditioning devices and custom power devices the
second method is the most efficient and effective method to solve the
power quality problems and protective the sensitive loads from power
disturbances. In this paper, the modeling and simulation of a power
distribution system was achieved using MATLABL/Simulink. Three phase
fault and double line to ground fault are created with the proposed
system, and the faults are initiated at a duration of 0.8sec till 0.95sec.
Comparison the power quality problems with and without custom power
device are presented. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is used to treat
the power quality problems.

27
 7. FACTS DEVICES

7.1 FACTS Controllers:

FACTS controllers may be based on thyristor devices with
no gate turn-off or power devices with gate turn-off capability.
FACTS controllers are used for the dynamic control of voltage,
impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines.
The basic principles of the following FACTS controllers, which are
used in the two-area power system under study, are discussed
briefly.

Fig 7.1: FACTS controller

7.2 Disadvantages of Shunt Compensation:

 It is more expensive than a series compensation scheme.
 Its overload capability is limited.
 To reduce the overall cost, it is preferable to use a mechanically
switched capacitor bank in addition to shunt compensation.

7.3 Basic Compensators:

There are two types of compensators
1.Static Var Compensator.
2.Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor and these two are explained
below.

28
1. Static Var Compensator (SVC):
Static var systems are applied by utilities in
transmission applications for several purposes. The primary purpose is
usually for rapid control of voltage at weak points in a network.
Installations may be at the midpoint of transmission interconnections
or at the line ends. Static Var Compensators are shunt connected static
generators / absorbers whose outputs are varied so as to control
voltage of the electric power systems. In its simple form, SVC is
connected as Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR)
configuration as shown in Fig7.2. The SVC is connected to a coupling
transformer that is connect eddirectly to the ac bus whose voltage is to
be regulated. The effective reactance of the FC-TCR is varied by firing

angle control of the antiparallel thyristors.

Fig 7.2: Static VAR Compensator

29
 The firing angle can be controlled through a PI
(Proportional + Integral) controller in such a way that the voltage of
the bus, where the SVC is connected, is maintained at the reference
value.

2. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

TCSC is one of the most important and best know FACTS
devices, which has been in use for many years to increase the power
transfer as well as to enhance system stability. The main circuit of a
TCSC is shown in The TCSC consists of three main components:
capacitor bank C, bypass inductor L and bidirectional thyristors SCR1
and SCR2.
The firing angles of the thyristor rs are controlled to
adjust the TCSC reactance in accordance with a system control
algorithm, normally in response to some system parameter variations.
According to the variation of the thyristor firing angle or conduction
angle, this process can be modeled as a fast switch between
corresponding reactances offered to the power system.

Fig 7.3: TCSC

30
7.4 Advantages of Static Synchronous Series
Compensator:
1. Series compensation is somewhat cheaper than shunt
compensation.
2. Losses in series compensation are lower the in shunt
compensation.
3. Series compensation lowers the critical or collapse voltage. Thus
changes of voltage collapse are reduced.
4. Series compensation can help in load division in parallel circuits.
5. Series capacitors are generally self regulatory and require little or
no control equipment
6. Series compensation improves system stability (both steady state
and transient state

7.5 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):

The SSSC is one of the most recent FACTS devices for
power transmission series compensation. It can be considered as a
synchronous voltage source as it can inject an almost sinusoidal
voltage of variable and controllable amplitude and phase angle, in
series with a transmission line. The injected voltage is almost in
quadrature with the line current. A small part of the injected voltage
that is in phase with the line current provides the losses in the
inverter. Most of the injected voltage, which is in quadrature with the
line current, provides the effect of inserting an inductive or capacitive
reactance in series with the transmission line. The variable reactance
influences the electric power flow in the transmission line. The basic
configuration of a SSSC.
a. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) – main component
b. Transformer – couples the SSSC to the transmission line

31
 c. Energy Source – provides voltage across the DC
capacitor and compensate for device losses
Conventional SSSCs are also known as advanced series
compensators (ASCs) or GTO-CSC, being the evolution of controlled
series compensation (SC) devices. The SSSC consists of a coupling
transformer, a GTO VSC and a DC circuit. They act as a controllable
voltage source whose voltage magnitude can be in an operating area
controlled independently of the line current. The SSSC can be
considered functionally as an ideal generator that can be operated
with a relatively small DC storage capacitor in a self-sufficient manner
to exchange reactive power with the AC system or, with an external
DC power supply or energy storage, to also exchange independently
controllable active power, analogously to a STATCOM.
Transformer less SSSC solutions typically comprise a
single-phase, modular-SSSC injecting a leading or lagging voltage in
quadrature with the line current, but include a built-in-bypass to avoid
damage of the power electronics resulting from high currents e. g.
during a network fault. It can increase or decrease power flows on a
circuit and perform dynamic services.

32
 Fig 7.4: SSSC
The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is a
power quality FACTS device that employs a VSC connected in series to
a transmission line through a transformer or multilevel inverters. The
SSSC works like the STATCOM, except that it is serially connected
instead of a shunt. Its output is a series injected voltage, which leads
or lags the line current by 90°, thus emulating a controllable inductive
or capacitive reactance. The SSSC can be used to reduce or increase
the equivalent line impedance and enhance the active power transfer
capability of the line. Moreover, the SSSCs are highly controllable
devices and can provide further functionalities and services to the
energy system.

7.6 Components & Enablers:

Conventional SSSCs are also known as advanced series
compensators (ASCs) or GTO-CSC, being the evolution of controlled
series compensation (SC) devices. The SSSC consists of a coupling
transformer, a GTO VSC and a DC circuit. They act as a controllable
voltage source whose voltage magnitude can be in an operating area
controlled independently of the line current. The SSSC can be
considered functionally as an ideal generator that can be operated with
a relatively small DC storage capacitor in a self-sufficient manner to
exchange reactive power with the AC system or, with an external DC
power supply or energy storage, to also exchange independently
controllable active power, analogously to a STATCOM.
Transformerless SSSC solutions typically comprise a
single-phase, modular-SSSC injecting a leading or lagging voltage in
quadrature with the line current, but include a built-in-bypass to avoid
damage of the power electronics resulting from high currents e. g.

33
during a network fault. It can increase or decrease power flows on a
circuit and perform dynamic services.

7.7 Advantages & field of application:

The use of SSSCs provides the typical advantages of load
flow control that can also be realised by other technologies such as
PST, TCSC and partly by a series reactor. However, both conventional
and transformerless SSSCs also offer additional special functions such
as:
 Better controllability of power flow, as SSSCs possess the inherent
capability to decrease as well as to increase (real) power flow
almost linearly in the circuit.
 Receiving end voltage regulation of a radial line: In short circuit
weak networks by controlling the degree of series compensation
to keep the end-voltage constant in the face of changing load and
load power factor.
 Power oscillation damping: the SSSC is a controlled device and can
be used to damp wide area low frequency power oscillations.
 Regional network voltage regulation by the inherent networking of
devices applied at different locations in a grid.
7.8 Research & Development:
Current fields of research: Generic research related to
FACTS includes a variety of domains, from power electronics to
applications. Of note are: power electronic topologies and control;
exploration of new type of semiconductors replacing silicon; mitigation
of power quality impacts of large-scale power electronics application;
more user-friendly interfaces; standardization; evaluation of cost and
benefits through demonstrations; coordinated control of multiple
FACTS devices and relocatable FACTS. In addition to these generic
topics, when focusing more particularly on SSSC, research is conducted

34
to detect in advance the interactions such as sub synchronous
resonance (SSR) events with other network components. Some
research is focusing on enhancing the low voltage ride through the
capability of wind turbines using a combination of SSSC and
controllable series braking resistor.
Focusing specifically on modular transformer less SSSC,
real time congestion management, power quality management,
offshore network control, phase angle correction and ancillary services
from short term active power provision / management are the fields to
be further developed in the future.
Best practice performance
 Conventional SSSC:
 Rated system voltage: 220 kV
 Rated reactive power: 100-400 MVA
 Transformer less SSSC
 Rated system voltage: up to 550 kV
Rated reactive power: modular units are designed to be
operated in combination, allowing any reactive power rating to be
possible, i.e., 1 – 10 MVAr in size for each module. The application
foresees the SSSC functionalities validation, the case study definition
enabling the equipment behaviour validation (in normal operation and
during contingencies in the grid) by using a power flow simulation
software. It is complemented by a simplified case study to analyse the
behaviour of the SSSC in electromagnetic short-circuit simulations.
7.9 Design:
The validation of the SSSC solutions behaviour used a
reference grid including two transmission lines representing the 400 kV
Transmission System with two parallel lines representing the 220 kV
lines. A need was identified in the 220 kV lines, due to the differences
in impedance and the transmission capacity of the 220 kV lines. The

35
short circuit behavior of the network and its impact on the SSSC was
evaluated, to ensure the SSSC could withstand 40 kA of short circuit
current across the coupling transformer.

36
 8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
8.1 Simulink Diagram With SSSC:
The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one
of the key FACTS devices, consists of a voltage-sourced converter and
a transformer connected in series with a transmission line. The SSSC
injects a voltage of variable magnitude in quadrature with the line
current, thereby emulating an inductive or capacitive reactance. This
emulated variable reactance in series with the line can then influence
the transmitted electric power. The SSSC is used to damp power
oscillation on a power grid following a three-phase fault.

Fig 8.1: Simulink diagram with SSSC

The power grid consists of two power generation
substations and one major load center at bus B3. The first power
generation substation (M1) has a rating of 2100 MVA, representing 6
machines of 350 MVA and the other one (M2) has a rating of 1400

37
MVA, representing 4 machines of 350 MVA. The load center of
approximately 2200 MW is modelled using a dynamic load model
where the active & reactive power absorbed by the load is a function of
the system voltage.
The generation substation M1 is connected to this load by
two transmission lines L1 and L2. L1 is 280-km long and L2 is split in
two segments of 150 km in order to simulate a three-phase fault (using
a fault breaker) at the midpoint of the line. The generation substation
M2 is also connected to the load by a 50-km line (L3).
When the SSSC is bypassed, the power flow towards this
major load is as follows: 664 MW flow on L1 (measured at bus B2), 563
MW flow on L2 (measured at B4) and 990 MW flow on L3 (measured at
B3). The SSSC, located at bus B1, is in series with line L1. It has a
rating of 100MVA and is capable of injecting up to 10% of the nominal
system voltage. This SSSC is a phasor model of a typical three-level
PWM SSSC. If you open the SSSC dialog box and select "Display Power
data", you will see that our model represents a SSSC having a DC link
nominal voltage of 40 kV with an equivalent capacitance of 375 uF. On
the AC side, its total equivalent impedance is 0.16 pu on 100 MVA.
This impedance represents the transformer leakage
reactance and the phase reactor of the IGBT bridge of an actual PWM
SSSC. The SSSC injected voltage reference is normally set by a POD
(Power Oscillation Damping) controller whose output is connected to
the Vqref input of the SSSC. The POD controller consists of an active
power measurement system, a general gain, a low-pass filter, a
washout high-pass filter, a lead compensator, and an output limiter.
The inputs to the POD controller are the bus voltage at B2 and the
current flowing in L1. Look under mask to see how the controller is
built.

38
8.2 Simulation:
CASE 1: SSSC Dynamic Response:
We will first verify the dynamic response of our model.
Open the "Step Vqref" block (the red timer block connected to the
"Vqref" input of the POD Controller). This block should be programmed
to modify the reference voltage Vqref as follows:
Initially Vqref is set to 0 pu; at t=2 s, Vqref is set to -0.08
pu (SSSC inductive); then at t=6 s, Vqref is set to 0.08 pu (SSSC
capacitive). Double-click on the POD Controller block and set the POD
status parameter to "off". This will disable the POD controller. Also,
make sure that the fault breaker will not operate during the simulation
(the parameters "Switching of phase A, B and C" should not be
selected).Run the simulation and look at Scope1. The first graph
displays the Vqref signal (magenta trace) along with the measured
injected voltage by the SSSC

Fig 8.2: Graphs Showing THD Percentages

The second graph displays the active power flow (P_B2)
on line L1, measured at bus B2. We can see that the SSSC regulator
follows very well the reference signal Vqref. Depending on the injected

39
voltage, the power flow on line varies from 575 to 750 MW. In a real
system the reference signal Vqref would typically be changed much
more gradually in order to avoid the oscillation we see on the
transmitted power (P_B2 signal). Double-click on the SSSC block and
select "Display Control parameters". Modify the "Maximum rate of
change for Vqref (pu/s)" parameter from 3 to 0.05. Rerun the
simulation. The power oscillation on the active power should now be
very small.
In a real system the reference signal Vqref would typically
be changed much more gradually in order to avoid the oscillation we
see on the transmitted power (P_B2 signal). Double-click on the SSSC
block and select "Display Control parameters". Modify the "Maximum
rate of change for Vqref (pu/s)" parameter from 3 to 0.05. Rerun the
simulation. The power oscillation on the active power should now be
very small.

Fig 8.3: Graphs Showing THD Percentages

Also, make sure that the fault breaker will not operate
during the simulation (the parameters "Switching of phase A, B and C"
should not be selected). Run the simulation and look at Scope1. The
first graph displays the Vqref signal (magenta trace) along with the
measured injected voltage by the SSSC

40
 The second graph displays the active power flow (P_B2)
on line L1, measured at bus B2. We can see that the SSSC regulator
follows very well the reference signal Vqref. Depending on the injected
voltage, the power flow on line varies from 575 to 750 MW.

Fig 8.4: Voltage Waveforms With SSSC

8.3 SSSC Damping Power Oscillation:

We will now compare the operation of our SSSC with
and without POD control. Open the "Step Vqref" block and multiply by
1000 the time vector in order to disable the Vqref variations. Double-
click on the fault breaker and select the parameters "Switching of
phase A, B and C" to simulate a three-phase fault. The transition times
should be set as follows: [ 20/60 30/60]+1; this means that the fault
will be applied at 1.33 s and will last for 10 cycles. Run a simulation
and observe the power oscillation on the L1 line (second graph on
Scope1) following the three-phase fault.

41
 Fig 8.5: Voltage Waveforms With SSSC
8.4 SIMULIMK DIAGRAM WITHOUT SSSC:
We will now compare the operation of our SSSC with and
without POD control. Open the "Step Vqref" block and multiply by 1000
the time vector in order to disable the Vqref variations. Double-click on
the fault breaker and select the parameters "Switching of phase A, B
and C" to simulate a three-phase fault. The transition times should be
set as follows: [ 20/60 30/60]+1; this means that the fault will be
applied at 1.33 s and will last for 10 cycles. Run a simulation and
observe the power oscillation on the L1 line (second graph on Scope1)
following the three-phase fault.
Now, you will run a second simulation with the POD
controller in operation. Double-click on the POD Controller block and
set the POD status parameter to "on". Start the simulation. Looking
again at the second graph on Scope1(P_B2 signal), we can see that the
SSSC with a POD controller is a very effective tool to damp power
oscillation. To see a figure showing a comparison of the SSSC operation
with and without POD control, double-click on the blue block on the
bottom right of the model.

42
 Fig 8.6: Simulink Diagram Without SSSC
The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one
of the key FACTS devices, consists of a voltage-sourced converter and
a transformer connected in series with a transmission line. The SSSC
injects a voltage of variable magnitude in quadrature with the line
current, thereby emulating an inductive or capacitive reactance.
This emulated variable reactance in series with the line
can then influence the transmitted electric power. The SSSC is used to
damp power oscillation on a power grid following a three-phase fault.
The power grid consists of two power generation substations and one
major load center at bus B3. The first power generation substation
(M1) has a rating of 2100 MVA, representing 6 machines of 350 MVA
and the other one (M2) has a rating of 1400 MVA, representing 4
machines of 350 MVA.

43
 Fig 8.7: Output Waveforms Without SSSC
The load center of approximately 2200 MW is modeled
using a dynamic load model where the active & reactive power
absorbed by the load is a function of the system voltage. The
generation substation M1 is connected to this load by two transmission
lines L1 and L2. L1 is 280-km long and L2 is split in two segments of
150 km in order to simulate a three-phase fault (using a fault breaker)
at the midpoint of the line. The generation substation M2 is also
connected to the load by a 50-km line (L3).
When the SSSC is bypassed, the power flow towards this
major load is as follows: 664 MW flow on L1 (measured at bus B2), 563
MW flow on L2 (measured at B4) and 990 MW flow on L3 (measured at
B3). The SSSC, located at bus B1, is in series with line L1. It has a
rating of 100MVA and is capable of injecting up to 10% of the nominal
system voltage. This SSSC is a phasor model of a typical three-level
PWM SSSC. If you open the SSSC dialog box and select "Display Power
data", you will see that our model represents a SSSC having a DC link
nominal voltage of 40 kV with an equivalent capacitance of 375 uF.

44
 On the AC side, its total equivalent impedance is 0.16 pu
on 100 MVA. This impedance represents the transformer leakage
reactance and the phase reactor of the IGBT bridge of an actual PWM
SSSC.The SSSC injected voltage reference is normally set by a POD
(Power Oscillation Damping) controller whose output is connected to
the Vqref input of the SSSC.
The POD controller consists of an active power
measurement system, a general gain, a low-pass filter, a washout high-
pass filter, a lead compensator, and an output limiter. The inputs to the
POD controller are the bus voltage at B2 and the current flowing in L1.
Look under mask to see how the controller is built.

45
 CONCLUSION

From the above simulation results, Total Harmonic Distortion it is clear

that by using series FACTS device Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC) the power quality can be improved very well as
SSSC helps to reduce the harmonics present in the system voltages
and currents. Hence, power quality in power system can be improved
by using series FACTS device static synchronous series compensator.

46
 FUTURE SCOPE

Based on the study carried out, a basic platform is available to

investigate various issues in the future, few of which are given below.
 Harmonic distortion can be eliminated by using SSS
 Performance of a system also be improved

47
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51