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Reflection

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5 views12 pages

Reflection

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pm7092263
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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➢ Optics is the branch of physics which deals with the behavior of light waves.

➢ Under many circumstances, the wavelength of light is negligible compared with the dimensions of the device as in the case
of ordinary mirrors and lenses.
Propagation of light :-
➢ Light travels along straight line path in a certain medium or in vacuum.
➢ The path of light changes only where the medium changes. We call this rectilinear (straight–line) propagation of light.
➢ A bundle of light rays is called a beam of light.
➢ Apart from vacuum and gases, light can travel through some liquids and solids as well.
➢ A medium in which light can travel without attenuation over large distances is called a transparent medium.
Ex :- Water, glycerine, glass etc.
➢ A medium in which light cannot travel is called opaque.
Ex :- wood, metals, bricks etc.
➢ In materials like oil, light can travel some distance, but its intensity reduces rapidly. Such materials are called translucent.

Types of objects :-
➢ An object is a source of light rays that are incident on an optical element.
➢ An object may be a point object or an extended object.
Objects are of two kinds which are as follows :-
a) Real object :-
➢ An object is real if two or more incident rays actually emanate or seem to emanate from a
point.
➢ As shown in the figure, two rays emanate from the object and are incident on the optical element and the
object is actually present. Hence, it is called a real object.

b) Virtual object :-
If the rays are intercepted by an optical element placed as shown in the figure, then the point of
convergence is a virtual point behind the optical element. This point is called the virtual object for the
optical element.

Types of images :-
➢ An image is the point of convergence or apparent point of divergence of rays after they interact with a given optical
element.
➢ The optical element reflects or refracts the incident light rays which then meet at a point to form an image.
➢ As in the case of objects, images too can be real or virtual.
Images are of two kinds which are as follows :-
a) Real image :-
➢ Real images are formed when the reflected or refracted rays actually meet or converge to a point.
➢ If a screen is placed at that point, a bright spot will be visible on the screen. Thus, a real image can be captured on a
screen.
d) Virtual image :-
If the rays do not meet at a point but appear to emanate from a point, then a virtual
image is formed.

Reflection of light :-
When light rays strike the boundary of two media such as air and glass, a part of light bounces back into the same medium.
This phenomenon of light is called Reflection of light.
a) Regular / Specular reflection :-
When reflection takes place from a perfect plain surface then rays remain parallel after
reflection. It is called Regular reflection.

b) Irregular / Diffused reflection :-


When the surface is rough, light is reflected from the bits of its plane surfaces in different
directions. This is called Irregular reflection. This process enables us to see an object from
any position.

Laws of Reflection :-
The reflection of light is the process of deflecting a beam of light in the same medium. It has been found experimentally that
rays undergoing reflection follow two laws called the laws of reflection :
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane. This plane is called the plane of
incidence or plane of reflection.
2. The angel of incidence (the angle between normal and the
incident ray) and the angle of reflection (the angle between the
reflected ray and the normal) are equal. i.e.,  i =  r .

❖ The angle between an incident ray (on a plane of surface) and the surface is called the glancing angle of incidence.
Simply it is the angle made by the incident ray with the plane of the surface (on which the light is incident)
❖ The angle between a surface and reflected ray is called glancing angle of reflection. Simply it is the angle made by
the reflected light with the plane of the surface (from which the light is reflected)
In case of reflection,
Glancing angle of incidence (𝛂) = Glancing angle of reflection (𝛃)

 Normal incidence :-
In this case light is incident normally i.e. i = r = 0
Reflection from plane mirror :-
➢ A plane mirror is a mirror with perfectly plane reflecting surface.
➢ Plane mirror is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining object and image.
➢ Distance of object from mirror = Distance of image from the mirror.
➢ The size of the image is the same as that of the object.
➢ For a real object the image is virtual and for a virtual object the image is real.
➢ The image formed by a plane mirror suffers lateral–inversion, i.e., left is turned into right and vice–versa with respect to
object in the image formed by a plane mirror.

 When a wall clock is placed in front of a plane mirror then the clock is the object and its time is object time and the
image of the clock is observed by a person standing in front of a plane mirror then time seen by him is as follows.
i) Object Time = AH
Image Time = 12 – AH
ii) Object Time = AH BM
Image Time = 11 – 60' – AH BM
iii) Object Time = AH BM CS
Image Time = 11 – 59' – 60" – AH BM CS
➢ A plane mirror behaves like a window to a virtual world.

➢ To see the complete image in a plane mirror the minimum length of plane mirror should be half the height of a person.
From figure, ∆HNM and ∆ENM are congruent
1
∴ EN = HN ∴ MD = EN = HE
2
Similarly ∆EN' M' and ∆LN' M' are congruent
1
∴ EN' = N'L ∴ M'D = EN' = EL
2
1 1
Length of the mirror MM' = MD + M'D = HE + EL
2 2
1 1
= (HE + EL) = HL
2 2
∴ Minimum length of mirror is just half the height of the person.
 This result does not depend on position of eye (height of the eye from ground).
 This result is independent of the distance of person from the mirror.
➢ Deviation for a single mirror  = 180 − ( i + r ) ; i = r

 = 180 − 2i
➢ Number of images formed by two inclined mirrors :
360 360
(i) If = even number ; number of image = −1
 

360 360
(ii) If = odd number ; number of image = − 1 , if the object is placed on the angle bisector.
 
360 360
(iii) If = odd number ; number of image = , if the object is not placed on the angle bisector.
 
➢ If the object is placed between two plane mirrors then multiple images are formed due to successive reflections. At each
reflection, a part of light energy is absorbed. Therefore, distant images get fainter.
➢ Keeping the mirror fixed if the incident ray is rotated by some angle, the reflected ray also gets rotated by the same angle
but in opposite sense. (See Fig. 1).

➢ Keeping the incident ray fixed, if the mirror is rotated by some angle, then the reflected ray rotates by double the angle in
the same sense. (See Fig. 2). Also the angular velocity and angular acceleration of new reflected ray becomes twice as that
of mirror.
➢ The frequency, wavelength and speed of light do not change after reflection.
➢ Eye is most sensitive for yellow green colour (555 nm.) and least sensitive for violet and red colours. Due to this reason :
(i) Commercial vehicles are painted with yellow colour.
(ii) Sodium lamps [yellow colour (5890 Å & 5996 Å)] are used in street lamps.

Spherical mirror :-
Spherical mirror is formed by polishing one surface of a part of sphere. Depending upon which part is shining the spherical
mirror is classified as :

(i) Concave mirror : If the inside surface of the mirror is polished, it is a concave mirror.
(ii) Convex mirror : If the outside surface of the mirror is polished, it is a convex mirror.
Terms related to spherical mirror :-
a) Pole is any point on the reflecting surface of the mirror. For convenience we take it as the central P of the mirror.
b) Principal-section is any section of the mirror such as MM' passing through the pole.
c) Centre of curvature is the centre C of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
d) Radius of curvature is the radius R of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
e) Principal-axis is the line CP, joining the pole and centre of curvature of the mirror.
f) Principal-focus is an image point F on the principal axis for which object is at infinity.

g) Focal-length is the distance PF between pole P and focus F along the principal axis.
h) Linear Aperture, in reference to a mirror, is the effective diameter of the light reflecting area of the mirror.
i) Focal Plane is the plane passing through focus and perpendicular to the principal axis.

j) Paraxial Rays : Those rays which make small angle with normal at point of incidence and hence are close to principal axis.

k) Marginal rays : Rays having a large angle of incidence.

l) Aperture (related to the size of mirror) : It is the diameter of the mirror. The aperture determines the amount of light
energy that is received by the mirror. In other words, it determines the light gathering capability of the mirror.

Relation between ‘f’ and ‘R’ for spherical mirrors :-


1. For marginal rays :-
In ∆ABC, AB = BC and AC = CD + DA = 2BC cosθ
 R = 2BC cosθ

R R
BC = and BP = f = PC – BC = R −
2cos  2cos 
2. For paraxial rays :-
Consider a paraxial ray AB incident on a spherical mirror of small aperature.
After reflection from the mirror, the ray converges to point F. Thus F is the focus of the
mirror, C is the centre of curvature, CP = R (radius of curvature), PF = f = focal length and
BC = normal to mirror at point B.
According to the law of reflection,
i =  r
As AB is parallel to PC,
 =  i
∴ In ∆ BFC,  r = 
Hence, CF = FB
For a mirror of small aperature,
FB FP  CF FP
Hence, CP = CF + FP = FP + FP = 2FP
R
R = 2 f or f =
2
Image formation by spherical mirrors :-

1) Concave mirror :-

Object : Placed at infinity


Image : Real, point image, at f

Object : Placed in between infinity and C


Image : Real, inverted, in between C and F

Object : Placed at C
Image : Real, inverted, equal in size, at C

Object : Placed in between F and C


Image : Real, inverted, magnified, beyond C

Object : Placed at F
Image : Real, inverted, highly magnified, at infinity
Object : Placed between F and P
Image : Virtual, erect, magnified, behind the mirror

2) Convex mirror :-

Image is virtual and erect, whatever be the


position of the object.

Image is virtual and erect, whatever be the


position of the object.

Sign convention :-

• Along the principal axis, distances are measured from the pole ( pole is
taken as the origin).
• Distances in the direction of incident light are taken positive while those
along opposite direction negative.
• The distances above the principal axis are taken positive while below it
negative.
• Whenever and wherever possible incident light is taken to travel from left
to right.

The mirror formula :-


Mirror formula is a mathematical relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length (f ) of a
spherical mirror and is given by,
1 1 1
+ =
u v f
The above formula is applicable to both the mirrors, whether the image formed is real or virtual.

Mirror formula for a concave mirror when it forms a real image :-


Consieder an object AB placed beyond the centre of curvature (C) on the principal axis.
Let a paraxial ray AM travels towards the mirror and after reflection from the mirror it passes
through focus. Another ray AP is incident on pole (P) and is reflected along PA such that
APB = BPA . The two reflected rays meet at point A forming a real and inverted image BA .
From the figure,
Δ A B P Δ A BP , therefore,

AB PB
= ...... (1)
AB PB
Similarly, Δ A B F Δ M P F
The concave mirror considered is of small aperture, so MP ≈ AB. Therefore,
PM PF
=

AB  B F
AB PF
 = ...... ( 2 )
AB  B F
From equation (1) and (2) , we get
PB PF
=
PB BF

According to the ray diagram,


PB = −u PF = − f

PB = −v BF = PB − PF = −v − ( − f ) = − ( v − f )

−u −f
 =
−v − ( v − f )

u f
 =
v (v − f )

 uv − uf = vf

Dividing both sides by uvf, we get,


1 1 1
 − =
f v u

1 1 1
+ =
v u f

Mirror formula for a concave mirror when it forms a virtual image :-


Consieder an object AB placed between the pole (P) and focus (f) on the
principal axis. Let a paraxial ray AM travels towards the mirror and after
reflection from the mirror it passes through focus. Another ray AP is incident on
pole (P) and is reflected along AP . The two reflected rays appear to converge to
a common point A forming a virtual, magnified and erect image BA .
From the figure,
Δ A B P Δ A BP , therefore,

AB PB
= ...... (1)
AB PB
Similarly, Δ A B F Δ M P F
The concave mirror considered is of small aperture, so MP ≈ AB. Therefore,
PM PF
=
AB  B F
AB PF
 = ...... ( 2 )
AB  B F
From equation (1) and (2) , we get
PB PF
=
PB  BF

According to the ray diagram,


PB = −u PF = − f

PB = v BF = PB + PF = v + ( − f ) = v − f

−u −f
 =
v v− f

u f
 =
v (v − f )

 uv − uf = vf

Dividing both sides by uvf, we get,


1 1 1
 − =
f v u

1 1 1
+ =
v u f

Mirror formula for a convex mirror when it forms a virtual image :-


Consieder an object AB placed on the principal axis of a convex mirror. Let
a paraxial ray AM travels towards the mirror and after reflection from the mirror, it
appears to come from the focus. Another ray AP is incident on pole (P) and is
reflected along PQ. The two reflected rays appear to diverge from a common point
A forming a virtual, diminished and erect image BA .
From the figure,
Δ A B P Δ A BP , therefore,

AB PB
= ...... (1)
AB PB
Similarly, Δ A B F Δ M P F
The concave mirror considered is of small aperture, so MP ≈ AB. Therefore,
PM PF
=
AB  B F
AB PF
 = ...... ( 2 )
AB  B F
From equation (1) and (2) , we get
PB PF
=
PB BF

According to the ray diagram,


PB = −u PF = f

PB = v BF = PF − PB = f − v = − ( v − f )


−u f
 =
v − (v − f )

u f
 =
v (v − f )

 uv − uf = vf

Dividing both sides by uvf, we get,


1 1 1
 − =
f v u

1 1 1
+ =
v u f

Magnification :-
There are three types of magnifications,
a) Transverse or lateral or linear magnification :-
The ratio of the height of the image to that of the object is called linear or lateral or transverse magnification and is
denoted by ‘m’.
height of image I
m= =
height of object O

Consider the real image formation of a concave mirror and we get,


Δ A B P Δ A BP , therefore,

AB PB
=

AB  PB 
Applying the cartesian sign convention, we get
AB = O PB = −u
AB = −I PB = −v

O −u
 =
− I −v
I v
 =−
O u
v
 m=−
u
linear magnification in terms of u and f :-
1 1 1
We know that, + =
v u f
Multiplying both sides by ‘u’, we get
u u
+1 =
v f
u u f −u
− = 1− =
v f f
v f
 m=− =
u f −u
linear magnification in terms of v and f :-
1 1 1
We know that, + =
v u f
Multiplying both sides by ‘v’, we get
v v
1+ =
u f
v v f −v
− = 1− =
u f f
v f −v
 m=− =
u f
b) Longitudinal magnification :-
If a rod is placed along the principal axis then linear magnification is called longitudinal or axial magnification.
length of image v2 − v1
Longitudinal magnification : mL = =
length of object u2 − u1

dv
For small object only : mL =
du
2
1 1 1 dv du dv  v 
Differentiation of + = yields − 2 − 2 = 0  − =   so,
v u f v u du  u 

− mL = m 2  mL = − m 2

c) Superficial magnification :-
If two dimensional object is placed with its plane perpendicular to the principal axis then its magnification is known
as superficial magnification.
I h w
Linear magnification m = = i = i
O hO wO

hi = ( m ) hO , wi = ( m ) wo Also Aobj = hO  wO and

Aimage = hi  wi = mhO  mwO = m 2 Aobj

Area of image Aimage


Superficial magnification mS = = = m2
Area of object Aobject

❖ Newton’s formula :-
In case of spherical mirrors if object distance (x1) and image distance (x2) are
measured from the focus instead of pole, then u = − ( f + X 1 ) and v = − ( f + X 2 ) ,

1 1 1 1 1 1
By + = − − =−
v u f ( f + X 2) ( f + X 1) f

On solving we get, X 1 X 2 = f 2 This is Newton’s formula.

Power of mirror :-
1 100
The power of a mirror is defined as P = − =−
f ( m) f ( cm )
❖ Uses of concave mirror :-
• It is used as shaving or make-u mirror.
• Doctors use concave mirrors as head mirror.
• A small hole at the centre of a concave mirror is used in the doctor’s ophtalmoscope.
• Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in automobile head lights and search lights.
❖ Uses of covex mirror :-
A convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in automobiles.

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