EX.

NO:01 LED BLINK PATTERN USING ARDUINO OR RASPBERRY PI

AIM:
To create an application to blink an LED and display different LED patterns using Arduino or
Raspberry Pi.

PROCEDURE:
1. Hardware Requirements:
 Arduino UNO or Raspberry Pi
 Breadboard
 LED
 Resistor (220Ω)
 Jumper wires
2. Circuit Setup:
 Connect the positive (long) leg of the LED to a digital pin (e.g., GPIO 17 for Raspberry
Pi or pin 13 for Arduino).
 Connect the negative leg to GND through a resistor.
3. Programming:
 Use Python with GPIO libraries (for Raspberry Pi) or Arduino IDE (for Arduino) to
blink the LED.
 Add multiple blink patterns such as fast blink, slow blink, or sequence.

PROGRAM:
Arduino version:
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as output
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn LED ON
 delay(500); // Wait for 0.5 second
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn LED OFF
delay(500); // Wait for 0.5 second
}
RASPBERRY PI VERSION:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(17, GPIO.OUT)

while True:
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(0.5)
GPIO.output(17, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(0.5)

OUTPUT:
The LED will blink ON and OFF at 0.5-second intervals.

RESULT:
Successfully developed and executed an LED blinking and pattern application using
Raspberry Pi / Arduino.
EX.NO:02 LED PATTERN WITH PUSH BUTTON CONTROL

AIM:
To develop an application where LED blinking patterns are controlled using a push button on
Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

PROCEDURE:
1. Components Required:
o Arduino UNO / Raspberry Pi
o LED
o 220Ω Resistor
o Push Button
o Breadboard and Jumper Wires
2. Circuit Connection:
o Connect the LED anode to digital pin (D13 for Arduino / GPIO17 for Pi)
through a 220Ω resistor, cathode to GND.
o Connect one leg of the push button to a digital input pin (D2 for Arduino /
GPIO27 for Pi), and the other to GND.
o Use internal pull-up resistor for button input (in software).
3. Code Logic:
o Detect button press.
o On button press, change the blinking pattern of the LED (slow, fast, double
blink, etc.).
4. Execution:
o Upload the code to Arduino using Arduino IDE or run Python script on
Raspberry Pi.

PROGRAM:
Arduino version:
int buttonPin = 2;
int ledPin = 13;
int pattern = 0;

void setup() {
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
if (digitalRead(buttonPin) == LOW) {
pattern = (pattern + 1) % 3; // Cycle through 3 patterns
delay(300); // Debounce delay
}

if (pattern == 0) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(1000);
} else if (pattern == 1) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(200);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(200);
} else if (pattern == 2) {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(100);
}
}
Raspberry Pi version:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

led = 17
button = 27
pattern = 0

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(led, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(button, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP)

def blink(pattern):
if pattern == 0:
GPIO.output(led, True)
time.sleep(1)
GPIO.output(led, False)
time.sleep(1)
elif pattern == 1:
GPIO.output(led, True)
time.sleep(0.2)
GPIO.output(led, False)
time.sleep(0.2)
elif pattern == 2:
GPIO.output(led, True)
time.sleep(0.1)
GPIO.output(led, False)
time.sleep(0.1)
try:
while True:
if GPIO.input(button) == False:
pattern = (pattern + 1) % 3
time.sleep(0.3) # Debounce
blink(pattern)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
GPIO.cleanup()

OUTPUT:
 LED blinks in different patterns.
 Each press of the button changes the pattern in sequence.

RESULT:
Successfully developed and tested an LED pattern application controlled by a push button on
Arduino/Raspberry Pi.
EX.NO:03 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR TO DISPLAY TEMPERATURE VALUES

AIM:
To develop an application that reads temperature from an LM35 sensor and displays the
values on a serial monitor or terminal using Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

PROCEDURE:
1. Components Required:
 Arduino UNO / Raspberry Pi
 LM35 Temperature Sensor
 Breadboard and Jumper Wires
 (Optional: LCD display module for visual output)
2. Circuit Connection:
For LM35:
 VCC → 5V (Arduino) or 3.3V (Raspberry Pi)
 GND → GND
 OUT → A0 (Arduino) / GPIO pin with ADC (for Pi: use an ADC module like MCP3008)
3. Logic:
 Read analog voltage from sensor.
 Convert analog voltage to Celsius using formula:
o Temp(°C) = (Analog reading × 5.0 × 100) / 1024
4. Execution:
 Upload to Arduino using Arduino IDE.
 For Raspberry Pi, connect through MCP3008 (external ADC), use SPI to read analog
input.

PROGRAM:
Arduino version:
int sensorPin = A0;
float temp;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
int reading = analogRead(sensorPin);
temp = (reading * 5.0 * 100.0) / 1024.0;
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.println(" °C");
delay(1000);
}

Raspberry Pi version:
import spidev
import time

spi = spidev.SpiDev()
spi.open(0, 0)
spi.max_speed_hz = 1350000

def read_channel(channel):
adc = spi.xfer2([1, (8+channel)<<4, 0])
data = ((adc[1]&3) << 8) + adc[2]
return data

def convert_temp(data):
volts = (data * 3.3) / 1024.0
 temp = volts * 100
return temp

try:
while True:
reading = read_channel(0)
temperature = convert_temp(reading)
print(f"Temperature: {temperature:.2f} °C")
time.sleep(1)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
spi.close()

OUTPUT:
The temperature is printed on the serial monitor (Arduino) or terminal (Raspberry Pi) in °C,
updated every second.

RESULT:
Successfully developed a temperature monitoring application using LM35 sensor on
Arduino/Raspberry Pi, displaying real-time temperature data.
EX.NO:04 FOREST FIRE DETECTION END NODE USING ARDUINO OR RASPBERRY PI

AIM:
To develop an IoT-based application using Raspberry Pi and fire/smoke sensor to detect
forest fires and send real-time alerts.

PROCEDURE:
1. Components Required:
o Raspberry Pi (any model with GPIO)
o Fire Sensor / Smoke Sensor (like MQ-2 or Flame Sensor)
o Buzzer / LED (for alert indication)
o Jumper wires, Breadboard
o (Optional: Wi-Fi / SMS alert module or integration with cloud)
2. Connections:
o Connect the VCC of the fire/smoke sensor to 3.3V/5V on Pi
o GND to GND
o Digital output pin of the sensor to a GPIO pin (e.g., GPIO17)
o Connect buzzer or LED to another GPIO pin for alert
3. Logic:
o Continuously monitor sensor output
o If fire/smoke is detected, trigger alert (LED/Buzzer) and print/log message

PROGRAM:
Raspberry pi version:
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

sensor_pin = 17 # GPIO pin for fire sensor

try:
while True:
if GPIO.input(sensor_pin) == 0: # 0 = fire detected in some sensors
print("** ALERT: Fire Detected! **")
GPIO.output(buzzer_pin, GPIO.HIGH)
else:
print("No fire detected.")
GPIO.output(buzzer_pin, GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(1)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
GPIO.cleanup()

OUTPUT:
 When the sensor detects smoke/fire, a message is printed:
"** ALERT: Fire Detected! **"
 Buzzer/LED is turned ON for visual/audio indication.
 When no fire is detected, it prints: "No fire detected."

RESULT:
Successfully implemented a forest fire detection end node using Raspberry Pi. The sensor
detects fire or smoke and triggers alerts through buzzer/LED and terminal output.

EX.NO:05 HOME INTRUSION DETECTION WEB APP

PROCEDURE:
1. Components Required:
 Raspberry Pi
 PIR Motion Sensor (HC-SR501)
 Jumper wires
 LED or Buzzer
 Flask (for web interface)
2. Connections:
 PIR sensor VCC → 5V
 GND → GND
 OUT → GPIO17
 Connect LED/Buzzer to GPIO27 for alerts
3. Logic:
 Monitor motion using PIR sensor
 On detection, trigger buzzer and send update to web interface
4. Software Setup:
 Install Flask: pip install flask
 Host a simple Flask server to show intrusion status

PROGRAM:
from flask import Flask, render_template_string
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
import threading
app = Flask(__name__)

motion_pin = 17
alert = False

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setup(motion_pin, GPIO.IN)

def detect_motion():
global alert
while True:
if GPIO.input(motion_pin):
alert = True
else:
alert = False
time.sleep(1)

@app.route('/')
def home():
status = "Intrusion Detected!" if alert else "All Clear"
return render_template_string("""
<h1>Home Security Status</h1>
<p>Status: <strong>{{ status }}</strong></p>
""", status=status)

if __name__ == '__main__':
t = threading.Thread(target=detect_motion)
t.daemon = True
t.start()
 app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000)

OUTPUT:
 The Flask web app displays the real-time intrusion status.
 Message like "Intrusion Detected!" appears when motion is sensed.

RESULT:
Successfully developed a home intrusion detection web application using Raspberry Pi and
PIR sensor with a real-time Flask web interface.

EX.NO:06 HOME AUTOMATION USING NODE MCU AND IOT CLOUD PLATFORM
AIM:
To develop a smart home automation system using NodeMCU and an IoT cloud platform like
Blynk or ThingSpeak to control devices remotely.

PROCEDURE:
1. Components Required:
 NodeMCU (ESP8266)
 Relay Module
 LED/Bulb or Appliance
 Jumper wires
 Blynk App (or alternative)
2. Connections:
 Connect relay IN to D1 (GPIO5)
 VCC → 3.3V
 GND → GND
 Connect LED or AC appliance to relay (with proper safety precautions)
3. Logic:
 Connect NodeMCU to Wi-Fi
 Use Blynk app to send ON/OFF commands
 Relay switches device accordingly
4. Software Setup:
 Install Blynk library in Arduino IDE
 Setup Blynk app and get authentication token

PROGRAM:
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
char auth[] = "YourAuthToken"; // From Blynk app
char ssid[] = "YourWiFiSSID";
char pass[] = "YourWiFiPassword";

int relayPin = D1;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
}

BLYNK_WRITE(V1) {
int pinValue = param.asInt();
digitalWrite(relayPin, pinValue);
}

void loop() {
Blynk.run();
}

OUTPUT:
 When you press the button on the Blynk app, the relay activates or deactivates the
device.
 Real-time control via cloud over Wi-Fi.

RESULT:
Successfully developed a smart home automation system using NodeMCU and IoT cloud
(Blynk) for remote control of home appliances.