Electrical Network Transfer Functions

suggests the series circuit shown in Figure 2.5. Also notice that the circuit of Figure 2.5
could have been obtained immediately from the circuit of Figure 2.3 simply by replacing
each element with its impedance.We call this altered circuit he transformed circuit.
Finally, notice that the transformed circuit leads immediately to Eq. (2.71) if we add
impedances in series as we add resistors in series. Thus, rather than writing the
differential equation first and then taking the Laplace transform, we can draw the
transformed circuit and obtain the Laplace transform of the differential equation simply
by applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the transformed circuit. We summarize the steps
as follows:
FIGURE 2.6 a. Two-loop electrical network;
Translational Mechanical System Transfer Functions

 Mechanical systems, like electrical networks, have three passive, linear

components.

 Two of them, the spring and the mass, are energy-storage elements; one of
them, the viscous damper, dissipates energy.

 The two energy-storage elements are analogous to the two electrical energy-
storage elements, the inductor and capacitor. The energy dissipator is
analogous to electrical resistance.

 Let us take a look at these mechanical elements, which are shown in Table 2.4.

 In the table, K, f v, and M are called spring constant, coefficient of viscous

friction, and mass, respectively
SOLUTION:
 Begin the solution by drawing the free-body
diagram shown in Figure 2.16(a).

 Place on the mass all forces felt by the mass.

 We assume the mass is traveling toward the

right. Thus, only the applied force points to
the right; all other
 forces impede the motion and act to oppose it.

 Hence, the spring, viscous damper, and the

force due to acceleration point to the left.

 We now write the differential equation of

motion using Newton’s law to sum to zero all
of the forces shown on the mass in Figure
2.16(a):
 Many mechanical systems are similar to multiple-loop and multiple-node electrical
networks, where more than one simultaneous differential equation is required to describe
the system.

 In mechanical systems, the number of equations of motion required is equal to the

number of linearly independent motions. Linear independence implies that a point of
motion in a system can still move if all other points of motion are held still.

 Another name for the number of linearly independent motions is the number of degrees of
freedom.

 This discussion is not meant to imply that these motions are not coupled to one another;
in general, they are.

 For example, in a two-loop electrical network, each loop current depends on the other
loop current, but if we open-circuit just one of the loops, the other current can still exist if
there is a voltage source in that loop.

 Similarly, in a mechanical system with two degrees of freedom, one point of motion can
be held still while the other point of motion moves under the influence of an applied force.
 In order to work such a problem, we draw the free-body diagram for
each point of motion and then use superposition.

 For each free-body diagram we begin by holding all other points of

motion still and finding the forces acting on the body due only to its
own motion.

 Then we hold the body still and activate the other points of motion one
at a time, placing on the original body the forces created by the adjacent
motion.

 Using Newton’s law, we sum the forces on each body and set the sum to
zero.

 The result is a system of simultaneous equations of motion.

Find the transfer function,X2(s)/F(s), for the system of Figure
SOLUTION:
 The system has two degrees of freedom, since each mass can be moved in the
horizontal direction while the other is held still.

 Thus, two simultaneous equations of motion will be required to describe the system.
The two equations come from free-body diagrams of each mass. Superposition is
used to draw the free body diagrams.

 For example, the forces on M1 are due to (1) its own motion and (2) the motion ofM2
transmitted toM1 through the system. We will consider these two sources separately.
 If we hold M2 still and move M1 to the
right, we see the forces shown in Figure
2.18(a).

 If we hold M1 still and moveM2 to the

right, we see the forces shown in Figure
2.18(b).

 The total force on M1 is the

superposition, or sum, of the forces just
discussed. This result is shown in
Figure 2.18(c).

 For M2, we proceed in a similar fashion:

First we move M2 to the right while
holding M1 still; then we move M1 to
 the right and hold M2 still. For each case
we evaluate the forces on M2. The
results appear in Figure 2.19.
Find the transfer function,X3(s)/F(s), for the system of Figure
[1]

[2]

[3]
Rotational Mechanical System Transfer Functions
Solution
SOLUTION:
The equations will take on the following form, similar to electrical mesh equations:

[1]

[2]
[3]
Analogous Systems
The systems which are physically different but can be represented by same type of differential
equations are called as Analogous Systems.

We can say two systems are analogous to each other if the following conditions are satisfied:
 These systems are physically different from each-other.
 The differential equation modelling of these systems should be same i.e. they should be
represented by same type of differential equations.

In analogous systems, a non-electrical system is expressed in terms of its equivalent electrical system.
The electrical equivalent systems of mechanical systems are called as Analogous Systems.

It is possible to draw an electrical system which will behave exactly similar to the given mechanical system. It
is called as the Electrical Analogous of the given mechanical system.
Advantages of Analogous Systems
While working on a non-electrical system, it is advantageous to convert them into their analogous
electrical networks. Some of the advantages are:

1. It is easier to study and analyse an electrical system as compared to a non-electrical or mechanical

system.

2. All the techniques of electrical circuit theory such as network theorems can be applied in the
analysis of the given non-electrical system.

3. Electrical components can be changed easily by connecting and disconnecting them in the circuit.
This helps in model construction and testing.

4. Once the circuit diagram of the analogous electrical system is determined, it is possible to visualize
and even predict the behaviour of the given mechanical system such as resonance, passband, damping
coefficient, time constant, etc.

5. I f analogous terms are known then equation of one system can easily be converted into other
system.
For example, mechanical translational system and mechanical rotational system are analogous to
each other. Their analogous terms and respective differential equation models are given in the
table below:
Methods of Obtaining Electrical Analogous Networks

When Force or Torque of mechanical system is assumed to be analogous with Voltage of electrical
system then we get our Force-Voltage Analogy and Torque-Voltage Analogy.
When Force or Torque of mechanical system is assumed to be analogous with Current of
electrical system then we get our Force-Current Analogy and Torque-Current Analogy.

Now to write these analogies we must find out the analogous terms of these
mechanical and electrical systems. And for that we must first write the
differential equation models for these systems and after that by simply
comparing those differential equations, we can easily establish analogous
terms of these systems and write all the analogies.
Mechanical Translational System Mechanical Rotational System
Electrical System with Voltage Source
Electrical System with Current Source
Force-Voltage Analogy / Torque-Voltage Analogy
In Force-Voltage Analogy and Torque-Voltage Analogy, Force or Torque of mechanical system is assumed
to be analogous with Voltage of electrical system.
By comparing eqn(1), eqn(2) and eqn(3), we can write Force-Voltage Analogy and Torque-Voltage
Analogy as shown in the Table .I.
Table .I: Force-Voltage Analogy and Torque-Voltage Analogy as shown in
Force-Current Analogy / Torque-Current Analogy
In Force-Current Analogy and Torque-Current Analogy, Force or Torque of mechanical
system is assumed to be analogous with Current of electrical system.

By comparing eqn(1), eqn(2) and eqn(4), we can write Force-Current Analogy and Torque-
Current Analogy as shown in the table II.
Table .II: Force-Current Analogy and Torque-Current Analogy as shown in