CHAPTER 1 (3x+ 4) (x - 4)

Example 3, factorize 6x2+ x – 22

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Solution
An equation is an expression used to find
6x2+ x – 22
unknown e. g x-a= 6
6x2- 11x-12x- 22
Quadratic equations are equations whose
highest power (exponent or degree) is 2. x(6x-11) +2 (6x-11)
e. g 2x2 −2x-3=0, ax2+bx+c are quadratic (x+ 2) (6x - 11)
FACTORISING QUADRATIC EQUATION EXERCISE
Factors are numbers which can be multiplied to Factorize the following
give a product.
1. x2+ x – 12
For example 12=4×3, in this case 4 and 3 are 2. 2x2-3 x +1
factors while 12 is a product 3. 2x2+ 17x + 30
4. x2- xy +6y2
Example 1; factorize x2+7x+6
Solution
FACTOSING USING DIFFERENT OF TWO
In the expression, 6 is constant SQUARES
We need two numbers whose sum is 7 and A square is a product found when you multiply
product is 6 the number by itself once.
The numbers we want are 1 and 6 e. g 25= 5 x 5
𝑥2 = 𝑥 × 𝑥
So x2+7x+6= x2+x +6x+6
A general formula for factorizing using different
= x(x+1) 16(x+1)
of two squares.
= (x+1) (x+6)
(A2 - B2)= (A+B) (A-B)
Example 2,factorize 3x2-8x-16
EXAMPLES
Solution
1. Factorize; a2-4
3x2-8x-16 Solution
a2 - 22
3x16=48, so we need to find two factors that A= a, B= 2
their summation should be -8 and their product (a +2) (a -2)
should be 48. 2. 4a2- 9
Factors are -12 and 4, Solution
3x2- 12x+ 4x- 16 (2a)2 - 32
3x(x - 4) + 4(x - 4) A=2a, B=3

1
4a2- 9= (2a+3) (2a- 3) x (x+3) = 0
x=0 or x+3=0
3. 2x2-18y
x= -3
Solution
2. Solve x2 - 5x + 6 =0
2x2-18y2=2x2-18y²
=2 (x2-(3y)2)
Solution
A= x, B= 3y
X2 - 5x + 6 =0
2x -18y2=2(x+3y) (x- 3y)
2
x2 - 2x -3x+6=0
NB: Different of two cubes and sum of two cubes x (x-2) -3(x-2)=0
are applied sometimes. The general formula; (x - 2) (x - 3) =0
(x - 2)=0 or (x - 3)= 0
A3- B3= (A-B) (A2+AB+B2)
X= 2 x= 3
A3+ B3= (A+B) (A2-AB+B2)
3. Solve 3x2-2x-8= 0
EXAMPLE
1. Factorize; r3-8 = r3- 23 Solution
A=r, B=2 3x2-2x-8= 0
3x2 - 6x +4x- 8=0
r3- 8=(r-2) (r2+2r+22) 3x(x-2) +4(x-2) =0
=(r-2) (r2+2r+4) (x - 2) (3x +4) =0
x – 2= 0 or 3x + 4=0
2. Factorize; 1-27y3= 13- (3y)3 x= 2 3x= - 4
A= 1, B=3y −4
x=
1-27y3= (1-3y) (12+3y+(3y)2) 3

= (1-3y) (1+3y+9y2)
EXERCISE 4. Solve x2 – 4 =0
Solution
1. 16- y2 x2 – 4 =0 = x2 - 22
2. 49x2-16 = (x + 2) (x - 2) = 0
3. (x2-x- 8)2- 4(2x-1)2 = x + 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
4. x3 + 1 x= - 2 x=2
5. Solve 2r2- 18 = 0
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS BY
Solution
FACTORIZATION
2r2- 18 = 0
To solve quadratic equations, we need to Divide by 2
factorize first then equate each factor to zero. r2 - 9= 0
r2 – 32= 0
EXAMPLES
(r - 3) (r + 3) = 0
1. Solve x2 + 3x =0 r = 3 or r = -3
Solution
x2 + 3x =0

2
EXERCISE
Solve the following equations 3 {(x + 1)² − 83}
8
1. x2 –3x – 10= 0 3 (x + 1)2 - ×3
3
2. a2 + 5a – 15= 0 (To remove brackets multiply it with 3)
3. x (x + 4) = 0
4. 4(x - 1)2 = 9 3 (x + 1)2 – 8

COMPLETING THE SQUARE SOLVING BY COMPLETING THE SQUARE.

A square is a product we get after multiplying a Solving by completing the square we factorize by
number by itself once e.g completing the square first.

3 x 3 =9 or 6 x 6 = 36 EXAMPLE

Completing the square refers to changing a Solve the following by completing the square
quadratic equation to the form a (x + b)2 + c. 1. x2+ 4x – 5= 0
When completing the square, multiply the 2. x2- 7x + 2= 0
coefficient of x by half, then add and subtract the Solutions
result while being squared. 1. x2+ 4x – 5= 0
{(x2 + 4x + (2)2} - (2)2- 5= 0
Brackets are introduced to prevent subtracting (x + 4)2- 4 – 5= 0
numbers. (x + 2)2- 9= 0
EXAMPLE (x + 2)2 = 9
x + 2= ±√9
Factorize the following by completing the
x= -2 + 3 or x = -2 – 3
square;
x= 1 x= -5
1. x2- 4x+12
2. 3x2+ 6x – 5 2. x2- 7x + 2= 0
Solutions −7 −7
x2 – 7x + ( 2 ) ² ( 2 ) ²+ 2=0
1. x2 - 4x+12 7 49
Divide -4 by half which is -2 (x - )2 - + 2= 0
2 4
{x2 - 4x +(-2)2}- (-2)2 + 12 7 2 41
(x - 2)2 - 4 + 12 (x - ) - = 0
2 4
(x - 2)2 +8 7 2 41
(x - ) =
2 4
2. 3x2+ 6x – 5 7 41
x - = ±√
5)takeout 2 4
3(x² + 2x −
3 7 √41 7 √41
coefficient x2 3) x= + or x = −
2 2 2 2
5
3{(x² + 2x + (1)²}– (1)2 – 7+ √41 7−√41
3 =
5 2 2
3(x + 1)2 – 1-
3 = 6.7O 0.30
3−5
3(x + 1)2 –
3
3
EXERCISE
2. Solve 3y2- 4y -8 = 0 using the formula,
1. Factorize the following by
leaving the answer to 2 decimal place.
completing the square
Solution
a. 2x2 + 8x + 3
b. 3x2 + 5x + 11 3y2- 4y -8 = 0
c. 2y2 - 7x + 4 A= 3 b= -4 c= - 8
2. The following by completing the
square −(−4)±√(−4)2 −4(3)(−8)
y=
2(3)
a. x2 + 6x – 1 = 0
b. 4x2 + 5x – 3= 0 4±√16+96
c. 3a2 – 7a + 7 =0 y=
6
d. x2 + 36x – 36= 0 4± √112
y=
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS USING 6
FORMULA
4+10.56 4−10.58
The general formula for solving quadratic y= or
6 6
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 14.56 −6.58
equations is 𝑥 = = =
2𝑎 6 6
EXAMPLE y = 2.43 or y= -1. 10
1. 2x2 + 3x – 5= 0, solve using the formula EXERCISE
leaving your answer to 2 decimal place.
Solution Solve the following using the formula leaving
your answer to 2 Dec. place
2x2 + 3x – 6 =0 1. x2+7x-3=0
2. 2x2-7x-3=0
a=2 b= 3 c= -6
3. 5x2+8x-2=0
−(𝟑)±√(𝟑)𝟐 −𝟒(𝟐)(−𝟔) 4. 3x2-12x+10=0
x=
𝟐(𝟐) Forming equations given its roots
−3±√9+48 EXAMPLES
= 1. The roots of quadratic equation are 4
4
and -3, formulate appropriate
− 3 ± √57 equation
= 4
Solution
−𝟑+𝟕.𝟓𝟓 −𝟑−𝟕.𝟓𝟓 The roots are 4 and -3
x= or
𝟒 𝟒
x= 4 or x= -3
4.45 −10.55
= = x -4=0 or x +3 =0
4 4

= 1.14 = -2.64 (x -4) (x +3) =0

4
x2 –x -12=0 ENGLISH MATHEMATIC
S
3. 5 is one root of the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑚𝑥 − Sum of +
15.find m and the other root The difference −
Solution between
The product of ×
x2+mx-15=0 The quotient of ÷
The number increased X+3
(5)2+m(5) -15=0
by 3
25+5m-15=0 The number X–3
decreased by 3
10 5𝑚 1
=− 5 Reciprocal of a
−5 number 𝑥
m=-2 An even number 2x

So the equation is x2-2x-15=0 Odd number 2x + 1

x2-5x+3x-15=0 Two consecutive even X and x + 2
or odd numbers
x(x-5)+3(x-5)=0
Two consecutive X and x+1
(x-5)(x+3)=0 numbers (They differ
by one) X and x – 1
x=5 or x=-3 NB:
The second root is -3 i. Even numbers are numbers that can
EXERCISE be exactly divided by two e.g 2, 4, 6 e.
t. c
1. Find the simplest version 5of the ii. Odd numbers are numbers that cannot
5
Equation whose roots are and -1 be divided exactly by 2 e.g 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
7
e. t. c
2. If 3 is one roots of equation x2-mx+16=0.
Find m and the other root. iii. Prime numbers are numbers that can
be dividend only by itself and 1 e.g 2,
3. Find the value of c if one root of 3x2-
8x+c=0 is three times the other. 3, 5, 7, 11 e.t. c
4. The equation 2x2-x+m=0 has one root of EXAMPLES
−3
. Find m and the other root. 1. Bertha’s father is six times as old as
2
Bertha’s age. The product of their ages is
WORD PROBLEMS 150years. What are their respective ages.
Translating the English into mathematical Solution
equation word problems is often quiet
challenging. Let Bertha’s age be𝒙

Here is the list of some of the phrases and ∴ Her father’s age is 6𝑥
their mathematical translations. 𝑥 × 6𝑥 = 150
6𝒙 2= 150
5
 150 Eugenio’s taxi age in two years =(y+5)
𝒙2=
6
(y+2) (y +5)= 54
𝒙= 25
y2 + 7y+ 10= 54
𝒙 = ±√25
y2 + 7y – 44=0
𝒙=5 or -5
y2 + 11y – 4y – 44=0
∴Bertha’s age is 5 and his father’s age is 6 × 5=
30 y(y + 11) – 4 (y+11)= 0

2. The product of two consecutive even (y- 4) (y+11)= 0

numbers is 168. Find the numbers y= 4 or y= -11
Solution ∴ Geoffrey’s taxi is 4years old and Eugenio’s taxi
Let the smaller number be 𝒙 is 4 + 3= 7 years old.

∴ The other number is 𝒙 + 2

x(x + 2)=168 EXCERCISE

x2 + 2x = 168 1. Lawrence is four times older than his

brother Geoffrey. If the product of their
x2 + 2x –168=0 ages is 96. What are their respective ages.
x2 + 14x – 12x – 168=0 2. If 2n (n + 1) and (n - 1) (3n - 1) are
consecutive numbers. What numbers are
x(x + 14) – 12 (x+14)= 0 they?
(x- 12) (x+14)= 0 3. Find the consecutive old numbers such
that the square of the smaller one added
x- 12 = 0 or x+14= 0 to the twice the square of greater is 211.
4. The sum of the square of two consecutive
x = 12 x= -14
positive old numbers is 650. Find the
∴ The numbers are 12 and 14 or -12 and-14. numbers.

3. Eugenio’s taxi is three years older than SOLVING SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION

Geoffrey’s taxi. In two years’ time, the
Example
product of their ages of two taxis will be
54. How old is each taxi at present. 1. Solve x2 – y2= 16
x +y=8
Solution
Solution
Let Geoffrey’s taxi age be y
x2 – y2= 16……………….i)
∴Eugenio’s age taxi will be y + 3
x + y = 8…………………ii)
In two years’ time each taxi age will increase by
2 x= 8 – y………………….iii)
Geoffrey’s tax age in two years’ time= (y+2)yrs Substitute x= 8 – y in i)

6
 (8 - y)2- y2 - = 16 CHAPTER 2
64 – 16y + y2- y2= 16
SURDS
64-16 = 16y
A surd is any expression that involve a root.
48= 16y
MULTIPLICATION OF SURDS
y=3
When two or more surds are to be multiplied,
Substitute y= 3 in iii)
they should be simplified first if possible, then
x=8–3 whole numbers should be taken with whole
numbers and surds with surds.
=5
EXAMPLE
2. solve x + y = 2
x2 – y2=52 1. √5 × √10
2. √12 × √3
Solution
3. (4√3)2
x + y = 2…………………..i)
𝑎 √𝑎
x2 – y2=52…………………...ii) NB; √𝑎 × √𝑏 = √𝑎𝑏 , √ =
𝑏 √𝑏
x = 2 – y……………………iii)
√a + √b ± √ab
Substitute x = 2 – y in ii)
Solutions
(2 – y)2 – y2 = 52
1. √5 × √10
4 – 4y + y2 – y2= 52 √5 × √5 × √2
-4y = 48
√25 × √2
y = - 12
5√2
Substitute y = -12 in iii)
2. √12 × √3
x = 2- (- 12) √4 × √3 × √3
= 2+12 2 × √9
2× 3
= 14 6
EXERCISE 3. (4√3)2

1. Solve a – b = 5, ab= 6 42 × (√3)2

2. Solve 3x + 4y= 5 16 × √9
x2 + xy= y + 1
3. Solve y = 2(x + y- 1)= -2 ( x + y+ 3) 16 x 3
4. Solve r + s = 2
48
r2 – s2 – rs – s = 0

7
 = √2
DIVISION OF SURDS
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF SURDS
If a fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is
Usually we add or subtract like surds and
usually best to rationalize the denominator. To
only whole numbers
rationalize the denominator means to make the
denominator into a rational number. This is done E. g 2√2 + 3√2 = 5√2
by multiplying the numerator and the
denominator of the fraction by a surd of the 2√2 - 3√2 = -√2
denominator. EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES 1. Simplify √12 + √3
√𝟏𝟖
1. Simplify Solution
√𝟐
= √4 × √3 + √3
Solution
= 2√3+ √3
√18 √18 √2 √36
= = × = = 3√3
√2 √2 √2 4
6
= 2. Simplify 𝟐√𝟏𝟓𝟎 - √𝟗𝟔 − √𝟐𝟏𝟔
2
Solution
=3
𝟏 =2√25 × √6 − √16 -√16 × √6 -√36 × √6
2. Simplify = 2× 5√6 - 4√6 - 6√6
√𝟐
= 10√6- 10√6
Solution =0
1 √2 √2 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
= 2× = 3. Simplify + −
√ √2 √4 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟐𝟕

√2 Solution
=
2 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟏
𝟐√𝟑 = + −
3. Simplify 𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟐𝟕
√𝟔

Solution √3 × √27+ √9−1

=
√27
2√3 2√3 √6 2√18
= = × =
=
√81+ 3−1
√6 √6 √6 √6
√27
2√2×√9 9+ 2
= =
√27
√36 11
=
2√2×3 √9 𝑥 √3
=
6
8
 11 √3 1 4−2√7
= × = ×
3 √3 √3 4+2√7 4−2√7
11√3
=
3 𝑥 √9
4−2√7
11√3 =
= 16−4 𝑥 7
9
CONJUGATE SURDS 4−2√7
=
A pair of expressions in a surd form are said 16−28
to be conjugate surds. E . g 2(2−√7)
=
2√2 - 3√2 , 3 + √2 and 3- √2 are examples −12
of conjugate surds.
(2−√7)
EXAMPLE = −6
1. Expand (√𝟐 + √𝟓) (√𝟕 + √𝟐)
(√7−2)
Solution = 6
=√14 +√4+√35 +√10 EXERCISE
=√14 + 2 + √35 +√10
1. Simplify
=√14 + √35 +√10 +2
a. (√2)2
b. √5 × √15
2. Expand (√𝟔 + √𝟑) (√𝟔 + √𝟑) c. 2√54 - √24 − √216
Solution d. (2√3 - 4√2) (√3 + 2√2)
= √36 +√18+√18 +√9 e. √75+√48 − 2√27
11+√𝟓
= 6 + 2√18 + 3 f.
3−√2
= 9 + 2× √9 × √2 2+√𝟐
= 9 + 2× 3√2 g. (2−√2)
= 9 + 6√2
√2+2√5
= 3(3 + 2√2) h.
(√5−√2)
RATIONALIZING CONJUGATE SURDS
When the denominator is a conjugate surd,
multiply both the numerator and the
denominator with the conjugate surds.
EXAMPLE
𝟏
1. Rationalize
𝟒+𝟐√𝟕
Solution
9
CHAPTER 3

CIRCLE GEOMETRY
PARTS OF A CIRCLE
1. Circumference
It is the distance around the circle
2. Diameter
It is a line that divide a circle into two equal
parts. CIRLCLE PROPERTIES (PART ONE)
3. Radius Theorems;
It is the half of the diameter 1. If a line is drawn from the center of the
4. Chord circle to the mid-point of the chord, it
bisects the chord.
Is a line which joins two parts of the circle. (Reason, perpendicular bisector)

5. Arc Given; circle Centre O, chord AB ⊥OM

Part of circumference or fractional of the To prove; AM = BM
circumference.
Construction: join A and B to O respectively
6. Segment
Proof; In ∆𝑠 AMO and BMO
Is an area between an arc and two radii.
AO= BO, radii
7. A sector
MO is common
Is area between an arc and two radii
∠AMO =∠ BMO, given right ∠𝑠
∴ ∆AMO ≡ ∆BMO , RHS
∴ AM = BM
10
 EXAMPLE
Theorem 2 converse 1. A chord 4.2cm long is 2.8cm from the
Centre of the circle. Calculate radius of the
If a line is drawn from the circle to the midpoint
circle.
of the chord, then that line is perpendicular to
Solution
the chord
PROVE

AD= BD, OD⊥bisector

4.2
Given; circle Centre O, AP=AB, mid-point ∴ 𝐵𝐷 =
2
P. = 2.1cm
To prove; OP⊥AB BO2= OD2 + DB2, Pythagoras theorem
Construction = join O to A and B BO2= 2.82 + 2.12
Proof; in ∆𝐎𝐏𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ∆𝐎𝐏𝐁 BO2= 7.84 + 4.41
AO= BO, radii BO= √12. 25
OP is common = 3.5cm
AP=BP, given
∴The radius is 3.5cm
∴ ∆OPA ≡ ∆OPB
∴ x1 = x2
X1 + x2 = 180o, adj ∠𝑠 on a str. line
2x = 1800
x=900
∴ x1 = x2 = 900
∴OP⊥AB

11
Theorem 3
Equal chords are equidistant from the Centre of
the circle.
PROVE

Given; circle Centre O, equal chords, ⊥ 𝑠 OB and

OE, chords AC and FD.
To prove; AC= FD
Construction; join OC and OD
Proof: AB = BC, OB⊥ bisector
Given; Centre O, chords AC=FD, OB and OE are ⊥
𝑠 FE= BE, OE⊥ bisector
To prove: OB=OE In ∆𝐎𝐁𝐂 and ∆OED
Construction; join OC and OD OB= OE, given
Proof; AC= FD, given OC= OD, radii
AB= BC, OB⊥bisector e= d, given right angles
FE= DE, OE⊥bisector ∴ ∆𝐁𝐎𝐂 ≡ ∆𝐎𝐄𝐃, (𝐑𝐇𝐒)
∴ BC= ED ∴BC= ED
In ∆𝐎𝐁𝐂 and ∆OED ∴AB= BC= FE= DE
OC=OD, given AB+BC=AC
BC= EB, proved FE+ DE = FD
̂= E
B ̂, given right angles ∴AC= FD

∴ ∆𝐎𝐁𝐂 ≡ ∆𝐎𝐄𝐃, (𝐑𝐇𝐒) AC= FD

∴OB=OE
Theorem 4
Chords which are equidistant from the Centre of
the circle are equal to each other.
PROVE

12
EXAMPLE
In a circle Centre C, if the chords XY, YZ are
equal. Prove that XY bisects CY and XY ̂ Z.

Solution

PART TWO
ANGLE PROPERTIES
Theorem 5
Angle at the center is twice angle formed at the
Given; Centre C, XY=YZ circumference.
̂ C = ZY
To prove; XY ̂C
̂ C or CY bisectsXY

Construction: join C to Z and X

Proof: in ∆𝐂𝐗𝐘 and∆𝐂𝐙𝐘
XY=ZY, given
CX= CZ, radii
CY is common
∴ ∆𝐂𝐗𝐘 ≡ ∆𝐂𝐙𝐘 (𝐒𝐒𝐒)
̂ C = ZY
∴ XY ̂C

̂C
∴ CY bisectsXY
̂ B at the
Given; center O, arc AB forming AO
EXERCISE ̂B at the circumference
Centre, AC
1. A chord 7cm long is drawn in a circle of ̂ B = AC
̂B
To prove: AO
radius 3.7cm long. Calculate distance of a
chord from the Centre of the circle. Construction: draw CO and produce it to K
2. The figure below shows a circle AYBX and
Proof: in figures above
Centre O. XY cuts AB at C such that angle
ACY=900 ̂ , ext. ∠𝑜𝑓 ∆=
y1= x1 + A
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑜𝑝𝑝 < 𝑠 in a ∆
̂,
But x = A
∴ y1 = x1 + x2
13
 = 2x2 EXAMPLES
In the figures a and b 1. Find the e, f, g, and h if O is the Centre of
the circle.
∴ y1 + y2= 2x1 + 2x2
y1 + y2= 2(x1 + x2)
̂ 𝐁 = 𝟐𝐀𝐂̂𝐁
∴ 𝐀𝐎
In figure c
Y2 - y1= 2(x2 – x1) = 2(x2- x1)
̂ 𝐁 = 𝟐𝐀𝐂̂𝐁
∴ 𝐀𝐎
Theorem 6
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
Reason, < 𝑠 in same seg. Solution
PROVE 𝑒 + 134° = 180°, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ∆
𝑒 = 180° − 134°
e = 46°
𝑓 = 2 × 𝑒, < @ the Centre= 2 ×< @
Circumference
𝑓 = 2 × 46°
= 92°
AO= BO, radii

̂ D and AĈD ∴ ∆ AOB is isosceles

Given; circle ABCD, AB
∴g=h
̂ 𝐃 = 𝐀𝐂̂𝐃
To prove; 𝐀𝐁
𝑔 + ℎ + 𝑓 = 180°, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆
Construction; join O to A and B respectively
2ℎ + 96° = 180°
̂ 𝐃 = 2𝑥, < at the Centre= 2 ×< @
Proof; 𝐀𝐎
Circumference 2ℎ = 180° − 96°
𝐀𝐎̂ 𝐃 = 𝟐𝒚, < At the Centre= 2 ×< @ 88°
ℎ=
Circumference 2

∴ 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 ∴ g = 44°

∴𝑥=𝑦 𝑦 = 44°

̂ D = AĈD
∴ AB
14
 2. Find all letters in the figure below

Solution Theorem 7
a = 30°, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔
c = 40°, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔 Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
c = d, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔 Reason= <s in a semicircle
∴ d= 40° PROVE
In ∆ ACE,
̂+C
A ̂+E
̂ = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ∆

(a + b) +d + 800= 180o
30°+b +40°+80°=180°
b = 180° − 150°
b = 30°

EXARCISE
Given; circle Centre O, diameter AB and <ACB
1. Find marked angles in the circles below
To prove: <ACB= 90
̂ 𝐁 = 𝟐𝐀𝐂̂𝐁, < At the Centre= 2
Proof: 𝐀𝐎 ×<
At circumference
̂ B = 180°, < 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
But AO

∴ 180° = 2AĈB
180°
= AĈB
2

15
∴ AĈB = 90° The sum of interior opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is 180o Or the interior opposite <s
EXAMPLE
of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
1. Find the marked angles in the figure
below.

Solution
𝑓 = 90°,<s in a semicircle Given; Centre O, cyclic quad ABCD
𝑓 + 𝑔 + 56° = 180°, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎∆
̂ D + AĈD = 180°
To prove; AB
90° + 𝑔 + 56° = 180°
Construction; join O to A and C respectively
𝑔 = 180° − 146°
̂ 𝐃 = 2b, < @ 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 =
Proof; reflex 𝐀𝐎
𝑔 = 34°
2 ×< @ 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚
𝒂 = 𝒈, 𝒂𝒍𝒕 < 𝒔 ̂ 𝐃 = 2d, < @ 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 =
Obtuse 𝐀𝐎
∴ a= 34o 2 ×< @ 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚

𝑡 = 90° < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 But 2b + 2d = 360o, <s @ a point

2(b + d) = 360o
ℎ + 𝑎 + 90° = 180°, 𝑠𝑢𝑚 < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎∆ 360°
b + d=
ℎ + 34° + 90° = 180° 2

ℎ = 180° − 126° b + d= 180o

= 56° ∴ 𝐴 ̂𝐵 𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵̂ 𝐶 = 180°

Theorem 9
The interior opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to the exterior angle.
CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
PROVE
A cyclic quadrilateral is the quadrilateral which
has a circle passing through its vertices.
Theorem 8

16
 ̂ D and DĈE
Given; cyclic quad, BA Solution
̂ D = DĈE
To prove: BA In ∆ 𝐋𝐏𝐍, LP = NP, given

Proof; 𝑥 + ℎ = 180°, sum int. opp. <s in ∴ ∆ LPN is an isoscles

Cyclic quad ̂ = x, base angles

∴N

∴ 𝑥 = 180° − ℎ ̂ + 110° = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆

x+N
𝑦 + ℎ = 180°, < 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 x + x + 110° = 180°
∴ 𝑦 = 180° − ℎ 2x = 180° − 110°
∴𝑥=𝑦 2x = 70°
̂ 𝐃 = 𝐃𝐂̂𝐄
∴ 𝐁𝐀 ∴ x = 35°

Reason, ext. <= inter. < in cyclic quad 110° + y = 180°, opp. int. < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞.

EXAMPLE y = 180° − 110°

y = 70°
Find the lettered angles.
In∆ 𝐋𝐌𝐍, LM = NP, given
∴ ∆ 𝐋𝐌𝐍 is an isoscles
∴ L̂ = z base angles

z + L̂ + y = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆

z + z + 70° = 180°
2z = 180° − 70°
2z = 110°
∴ z = 55°
z = a, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔
17
∴ a = 55°

2. Find lettered angles

2. AOB is a diameter. Find the value of g and

y

Solution
x = 120°, ext. < 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
y = 90°, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
z + y = 120°, ext. < 𝑖𝑛 ∆= 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑜𝑝𝑝. < 𝑠
z + 90° = 120° 3. AB is a diameter. AC and ED are straight
lines. Find all letters
z = 120° − 90°
z = 30°
EXERCISE
1. Find all lettered angles in the figures
below

CONCYCLIC POINTS
Concyclic points are points which lie on a
circle.
Points are concyclic;
I. If the angles subtended by the same
line such as APB, AQB, ARB.

18
 To prove; PQRS is a cyclic quad
Proof: w + PŜR= 180o, allied <s
W + 730= 180o
W= 180o- 73o
w = 107o

m+ PŜR= 180o, allied <s

m + 730= 180o
II. If the opposite angles of a
quadrilateral are supplementary, then m = 180o- 73o
the quadrilateral is a cyclic
m = 107o
∴m = w
∴ w + QR ̂ S = 180°,
but this is the sum of 2int opp <
s of a cyclic quad
∴PQRS is cyclic quad.
EXERCISE
If t + m = 180o, then WXYZ is cyclic
1. Figure below shows a circle ABCD in
Quad.
which AB and DC are produced to G and
If t = p, then WXYZ is cyclic quad respectively such that GF is parallel to AD.
(MANEB 2006)
EXAMPLE
PQRS is a trapezium having PQ parallel to SR and
𝐏𝐒̂𝐑 = 𝐐𝐑̂ 𝐒 = 𝟕𝟑°.Prove that PQRS is a cyclic
quadrilateral.
Solution
NB; A trapezium is a quadrilateral with two
opposite sides parallel

Prove that quadrilateral GBCF is cyclic

Given; trapezium PQRS, 𝐏𝐒̂𝐑 = 𝐐𝐑

̂ 𝐒 = 𝟕𝟑°. CHAPER 4
19
 Solution
ALGEBRIC FRACTIONS
This topic will deal with; 2 2
+
2(𝑥−2) 3(2−𝑥)
a. Adding algebraic fraction 3 2
b. subtracting algebraic fraction +
2(𝑥−2) −3(𝑥−2)
c. dividing algebraic fraction
d. multiplying algebraic fraction NB; a – b = - ( b- a)
A. ADDING ALGEBRAIC FRACTION
Thus 2 – x = - ( 2 - x)
EXAMPLE 3 2
-
Simplify the following 2(𝑥−2) 3(𝑥−2)
9−4
𝒚+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
1. + 6 (𝑥−2)
𝟐 𝟑

Solution 5
6 (𝑥−2)
𝑦+2 𝑥−2
+
2 3

3(𝑦+2)+2(𝑥−2) EXERCISE
6 Simplify the following
2𝑝+𝑟 4𝑝
3𝑦+6+2𝑥−4 1. +
𝑟 4𝑟
6 3𝑚𝑛 5𝑚𝑛
3𝑦+2𝑥+2
2. +
2𝑚+2𝑛 3𝑚+3𝑛
6 2𝑟− 3 2−𝑟
𝒏 𝒎−𝟏 𝒎
3. +
4 3
2. + +
𝟑 𝟑 𝟔 2𝑏
4. 3+
Solution 𝑎−𝑏
𝑛 𝑚−1 𝑚
+ + EXAMPLES
3 3 6
𝒎+ 𝟑 𝟕𝒎+ 𝟓
2×𝑛+2(𝑚−𝑛)+𝑚 1. Simplify 𝐦𝟐 – 𝟑𝐧+ 𝟐 +𝐦𝟐 +𝐦 – 𝟐
6
2𝑛+2𝑚−2𝑛+𝑚
Solution
6
𝑚+3 7𝑚+5
3𝑚 +
(𝑚−2) (𝑚−1) (𝑚+2) (𝑚−1)
6
𝑚 (𝑚+3)(𝑚+2)+(7𝑚+5)(𝑚−2)
2 (𝑚−2)(𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)
𝟑 𝟐 𝑚2 +3𝑚+2𝑚+6+7𝑚2 −14𝑚+5𝑚−10
3. Simplify +
𝟐𝒙−𝟒 𝟔−𝟑𝒙 (𝑚−2)(𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)
20
 8𝑚2 − 4m – 4 1 1 1
4. Simplify
2𝑛−3
+
2𝑛+1
−
𝑛−1
(𝑚−2) (𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)
Solution
4(2𝑚2 − m – 1) (2𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)+(2𝑛−3)(𝑛−1)−(2𝑛−3)(2𝑛+1)
(𝑚−2) (𝑚−1)(𝑚+2) (2𝑛−3)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)

4(2m+1)(m−1) 2𝑛2 −𝑛−1+2𝑛2 −5𝑛+3−(4𝑛2 −4𝑛−3)

(2𝑛−3)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)
(𝑚−2) (𝑚−1)(𝑚+2)
4𝑛2 −6𝑛+2−4𝑛2 +4𝑛+3
4(2m+1)
(2𝑛−3)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)
(𝑚−2) (𝑚+2)
5−2𝑛
(2𝑛−3)(2𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)
𝒂+𝒃 ( 𝒃−𝟐𝒂)
2. Simplify + EXERCISE
𝟒 𝟓
Simplify the following
Solution
5 2
𝑎+𝑏 ( 𝑏−2𝑎) 1. +
+ 𝑑 2 −16 (4𝑑−𝑑)²
4 5
5 2
5( 𝑎+ 𝑏)−4 (𝑏−2𝑎)
2. +
𝑑 2 −2𝑑− 8 𝑑²−6𝑑+8
20 3 1
3. -
2(𝑥+𝑦) 3(𝑥+𝑦)
5𝑎+ 5𝑏−4𝑏+8𝑎
2 3
20 4. +
𝑚−𝑛 𝑎+2
13𝑎 + 𝑏 2 1 1
5. + -
20 2𝑡 2 +3𝑡−2 𝑡+2 2𝑡−1

𝑐 ( 3−𝑐) 𝑐−1
3. Simplify +
c2 + 3c – 10 𝑐+5 DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Solution EXAMPLE
𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙+𝟔
𝑐 ( 3−𝑐) 𝑐−1 1. Simplify ÷ (x - 3)²
+ 𝒙
c2 + 3c – 10 𝑐+5
Solution
𝑥2 −5𝑥+6
𝑐 ( 3−𝑐) 𝑐−1 ÷ (x - 3)²
+ 𝑥
(c+5)(c – 2) 𝑐+5 (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 1
𝑥
× (𝑥−3)(𝑥−3)
𝑐(3−𝑐)+(𝑐−1)(𝑐−2)
𝑥−2
(c+5)(c−2) 𝑥(𝑥−3)

3𝑐− 𝑐2 +𝑐2 −3c+2 1 1 𝑥2 −𝑦²

2. Simplify (𝑥 − 𝑦) ÷ 𝑥²𝑦²
(c+5)(c−2)
2 Solution
(c+5)(c−2) (𝑦−𝑥) 𝑥²𝑦²
𝑥𝑦
× 𝑥2−𝑦²

21
 (𝒚−𝒙) 𝒙²𝒚² 4 3 2
× 1. Solve 𝑥²−𝑥−2 + 𝑥2−4 = 𝑥2 +3𝑥+2
𝑥𝑦 (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥−𝑦)

−(𝒙−𝒚) 𝒙²𝒚²
Solution
× 4 3 2
𝒙𝒚 (𝑥+𝑦)(𝑥−𝑦) + =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 1)
−𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 4(𝑥+2)+3(𝑥+1)=2(𝑥−2)
𝑥𝑦 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑦−𝑥 4(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 1) = 2(𝑥 − 2)
MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS 4𝑥 + 8 + 3𝑥 + 3 = 2𝑥 − 4
EXAMPLES 7𝑥 + 11 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟐 5𝑥 = −15
1. Simplify ×
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒 𝟓
𝑥 = −3
Solution
NB: When solving algebraic fractions, if the
𝑥+1 𝑥+2
× denominator has been used in both sides (the
𝑥 2 −4 5
equal to side and other side), then we
𝑥+1 𝑥+2
× disregard the denominator
𝑥 2 −2² 5
𝟑 𝟐
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 2. Solve =
(𝑥+2)(𝑥−2)
× 𝟐𝒃+𝟓 𝒃+𝟐
5
𝑥+1
Solution
5(𝑥−2) 3 2
=
2𝑏+5 𝑏+2
𝑛2 −9 𝑛2 −3𝑛+2
2. Simplify 𝑛2−𝑛 × 𝑛2 + 𝑛−6 3(b+2) = 2(2b+ 5)
Solution
𝑛2 −9 𝑛2 −3𝑛+2 3b+6 = 4b+ 10
×
𝑛2 −𝑛 𝑛2 + 𝑛−6
-b = 4 ∴ b= -4
𝑛2 −3² (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
×
𝑛(𝑛−1) (𝑛−2)(𝑛+3) WORD PROBLEMS
(𝑛+3)(𝑛−3) (𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
× EXAMPLE
𝑛(𝑛−1) (𝑛−2)(𝑛+3)

𝑛−3 Mada Kalima bought some fish for k4000. If the

𝑛 fish had each been sold for k20 less, then he
would have bought 10 more. How much was one
fish sold.

SOLVING ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS Solution

EXAMPLE Total money = k4000
22
Let the current price be k x faster and took 2hrs less. What was her
4000 speed on outward journey
:. The number of fish at x kwacha= 𝑥 5. A taxi driver takes k36 in fare per trip
If the price had been each sold for k20 less, the with a full load of passengers, if he
current = (x- 20) increases his fare by k1 per passenger she
4000
can make the same amount when
:. Number of fish at (x-20) kwacha = 𝑥−20 carrying three passengers less. How many
Number of fish bought due to decrease in price is passengers did he originally carry?
10 more than that of the current price.
4000 4000
∴ 𝑥−20 − = 10
𝑥
4000𝑥−4000(𝑥−20)=10𝑥(𝑥−20)
𝑥(𝑥−20)

4000𝑥 − 4000(𝑥 − 20) = 10𝑥(𝑥 − 20)

4000𝑥 − 4000𝑥 + 8000 = 10𝑥² − 200𝑥
8000 = 10𝑥² − 200𝑥
10𝑥² − 200𝑥- 8000 = 0
Divide by 10
𝑥2 − 20𝑥 − 800 = 0
𝑥2 − 100𝑥 + 80𝑥 − 800 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 100) + 80(𝑥 − 100) = 0
(𝑥 − 100)(𝑥 + 80) = 0
(𝑥 − 100) = 0 𝑜𝑟 (𝑥 + 80) = 0

𝑥 = 100 𝑥 = −80
:. The cost of one fish was k100 each.

EXERCISE
𝑥²𝑦 𝑥²𝑦
1. Simplify ( xy - )÷
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
3𝑑 2 −12 6𝑑²
2. ×
9𝑑² 4𝑑+8
𝑏+1 𝑏+3
3. solve =2−
2𝑏−3 2𝑏+3
4. Beauty drove a distance of 40km on a
return journey, she drove 20km/hour

23
CHAPTER 5 UNION OF SETS

The union of two sets is the set of all

SET THEORY elements that are members of either set

A set is a collection of objects or items EXAMPLE

Types of sets A= {1,2,3,4} B={1,2,6,7,7}, find A∪B.

i. equal sets Solution

ii. Empty sets
iii. Infinite sets
iv. Finite sets

EQUAL SETS

Sets with same elements and equal elements e. g

A={a, b, c}
∴ A∪B= {1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
B= {a, b, c}
INTERSECTION SETS
:. A= B
The intersection of two sets is the set of elements
EMPTY SET
that are in both sets. E. g in the above example
Is a set with no elements e. g C={} A∩B={1,2}
∅a symbol for an empty set. An intersection of sets have elements that are
common to given sets
INFINITE SET
SET BUILDER NOTATION
A set which has uncountable number of
elements e. g A={negative numbers} Real numbers (R)
FINITE SETS Are all categories of numbers e. g negative,
fraction, positive numbers e. t. c
Has countable number of elements e. g
Natural numbers (N)
A= {whole numbers from 1 to 10}
Are positive whole numbers excluding 0
SET SYMBOLS
Whole numbers (W)
1. ∈= An element of
Are all natural numbers including 0
Example, 8∈ A means 8 is an element of A
Prime numbers (P)
2. ∉ = is not an element of
3. 𝜇 𝑜𝑟 = universal set Are numbers which can be divided by one and it
4. ∪= union self e. g P={2,3,5,7,11,13….}
5. ∩= intersection
6. ⊂= subset of
24
EXAMPLE Find a. (A∪B)∩ C, b. A∪B∪C d. A∩C
Solution
1. A={x : x∈R, x2=0}
Read as A is a set of values of x such that x
is an element of a real number and x
square is equal to zero.
Solution
A={x : x∈R, x2=0}
X2= 0
X =√0
X=0 a. (A∪B)= {1,2,3,4,5}
∴ A= {0} C= {3, 4, 5, 6}
2. B={x : x ∈ R, x2-3=0} ∴(A∪B)∩ C= {3, 5}
Solution
x2-3=0
x2 =3 b. A∪B∪C={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
x = ±√3 c. A∩C = {}
∴ B= {±√3}
UNIVERSAL SET (⋃)
B= {+√3, −√3}
It is a collection of all sets
NB: ∩ (A) means number of elements in A
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
3. P= {1,2,3,4,5} and Q= { 2,4,6}
Find a. n(P∩Q), b. all subsets of Q These are elements that are absent in a set but
Solution are present in a universal set.

A’ = means complements of A

EXAMPLES

1. Given that 𝜇= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

a. a. If A = {1,3,5,7,9} list A’
(P∩Q)= {2, 4}
b. If P = {2,3,5,7} list P’
n(P∩Q)= 2
Solution
NB: a set with n elements has 2n subsets. Every a. A’= {2,4,6,8,10}
set has got an empty set
b. P’= {1,4,6,8,9,10}
b. Q= {2,4,6}

n(Q)= 3

Number of subsets = 23= 8

4. Given that A= {1,3,5}, B= {2,3,4,5} and C=

{2,4,5,6}
25
NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN A TWO SET n(A∩B)= 2
PROBREMS
By substituting;

7=5+4–2

7=9–2

7=7

∴ n(A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)

n (A∪B)= 6 EXERCISE
n (A∩B)= 2 1. The diagram below shows sets A, B and C
n(A)=4 the universal set.

n (B) =4

In general, n (A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)

=4+4–2

=6

EXAMPLE

1. Given that n (A∪B)=14, n (A)=10, n(B)

=9, find n (A∩B). 3. List A∩B’ and B∩A’
Solution ii. What are n(A∩B) andn(A∪B)
n (A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) 2. Given 𝜇= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
14 = 10 – 9 - n(A∩B) A= {2,4,6,8}
Find A’ and (A’)’
14 = 19 - n(A∩B)
3. Given that A = B= {1,2,3,4}, show that
n(A∩B) = 19 – 14 n(A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
=5

2. Given that n(A)={2,4,6,8,10},

WORD PROBLEMS
n(B)={4,8,12,16}. Show that ,
n (A∪B)= n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) EXAMPLE
Solution 1. In a class, 15 pupils like nature
studies, 13 like craft and 8 like both
n (A∪B)= 7
subjects. Use the Venn diagram to find
n(A) = 5 how many pupils are there in the class
n(B)=4 Solution
NB: always start with intersection
26
 Number of pupils= 43
Number of girls = 29
∴Number of boys= 43 – 29

= 22

Number of people who do not like dancing=7

Number of girls who like dancing= 29 – 7

Number of pupils = 7 + 8 + 5 + 9 = 22
= 29
NB; Make sure the elements In N add up No. of boys who like dancing= 26 – 22
to 15 and in C add up to 13. =4
8 is subtracted from 15 and 13 because 8
pupils like both subjects. But there are 14 boys

∴No. of boys who do not like dancing=14 – 4

2. In a class, 60 pupils study Chichewa = 10

and 33 study French. All pupils study THREE SET PROBLEMS
at least one of the languages. If there
EXAMPLE
are 70 pupils in the class, how many
study both languages? 1. Class of 50 students wrote test in
Solution mathematics, biology and physical
science. The results of the tests were as
follows
 12 passed maths and physical
 19 passed maths and biology
 17 passed biology and physical
 2 passed physical only
 5 passed maths only
60 – x + x + 33 – x = 70
 6 passed biology only
93 – x = 70
93 – 70 = x If 5 students failed all the three subjects and x
X= 23 passed all subjects use Venn diagram to
∴ 23 Pupils study both languages calculate the value of x. (MANEB 2013)

Solution
3. In a group of 43 pupils, 29 are girls
and 26 like dancing, 7 do not like
dancing. How many boys do not like
dancing?
Solution

27
 CHAPTER 6

MAPPING AND FUNCTIONS

Mapping and functions looks at relationships
that exist among or between elements

RELATIONS

Mary ‘’is a friend of ‘’ mercy

Mary……………first element

Is the friend of……defining condition

x+5 + 19 –x + 12 – x + 17 – x +6 +2+5 =50
Mercy……….second element
66- 2x = 50
(Mary, Mercy)…………ordered pair
66 – 50 = 2x

16 = 2x
TYPES OF RELATIONS
x= 8
Arrow diagrams are used to map relations
EXERCISE
1).ONE TO ONE RELATIONS
1. In a class of 50 students, each of the
students ate at least one of the following
types of fruits; banana, mango and
orange. It was found that
 (x +1) ate all the three types of
fruits
 9 students ate mangoes and
oranges only
 8 students ate bananas and
mangoes only
 5 students ate bananas and The above arrow diagram is example of one to
oranges only one relation
 X ate bananas only
In this relation, every member of A has one
 (x-1)students ate mangoes only
image in B
Represent the data on a Venn diagram hence find
Every member of B is the image of exactly one
the value of x
member of A;

Mercy is the image of Mary

Linda is the image of Chrissy

28
Mervis is the image of Bertha 4). MANY TO MANY RELATIONS

2).MANY TO ONE RELATION

In many to many to many relation, some

elements of P have more than one image of Q.
In the above diagram, many elements of C have Some elements of Q are more images of many
the same elements in D elements of P.
No elements of C have more than one elements DOMAIN AND RANGE
in D

3).ONE TO MANY RELATION

If E = (0,1,4) F = (-2,-1,0,1,2)

And the relation is a square of Domain is a set of the first elements of all
ordered pair.

∴ 𝐃= (Geoffrey, Joyce, Jacqueline)

Range is the set of all the second elements of all

ordered pair.

∴R = (Bertha, John, Mose)

EXAMPLES

Given the domain and range of the following

In the above diagram,some elements of E have relation from A to B where A= {1,2,3} and B=
more than one image in F {1,2,3,4,5}

No image of F is the image of more than one a. P = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y∈ B and y= 2x}

element of E ∴ P= {(1,2),(2,4)}

D (P) = (1, 2)

R (P) = (2, 4)

b. R= {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y∈ B and x= 2 }
∴ R = {(2, 2)}
∴ D(R) = (2)
29
 R(S) = (2) element of P and Q consists of the
elements of the form t + 3.
c. S = {(x, y) : x ∈ A, y∈ B and x= 2y}
Solution
∴ S= {(2, 1)}
𝑓: p ⟶Q
∴ D (S) = (2)
𝑓 (p) = Q
R(S) = (1) 𝑓(t) = t + 3
P = {1,2,3,4,5}
FUNCTIONS
𝑓(1) = 1 + 3= 4
A function is a special kind of relation. It is a rule 𝑓 (2) = 2 + 3= 5
which assigns to each element x of a set A just 𝑓(3) = 3 + 3= 6
one element of a set B. 𝑓(4) = 4 + 3= 7
𝑓 (5)= 5 + 3= 8

∴ Q = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

2. If 𝑓 (x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x2, find

a. 𝒇𝒈(3) b. 𝑔𝑓(3) c. 𝑔𝒇(-2)
Solution
a. 𝑔(3)= 32
=9
∴ 𝑓𝑔(3) = 2 (g (3)) + 1
FUNCTION NOTATION = 2(9) + 1
We can write a function in different ways or = 19
notations e. g y= x2, can be written as f(x)=
b. f(3) = 2(3) + 1
x2, or f : x ⟶x2.
=7
Where y / f(x) / f: x ⟶ is a domain and x2 is the
∴ 𝑔𝑓 (3) = 72
range.
= 49

c. 𝑓(-2) = 2 (-2) + 1
EXAMPLES
=-4+1
1. A function f from P to Q is difficult by the =-3
formulae f (t) = t + 3, where t is an ∴ 𝑔𝑓(x) = (-3)2

= (-3)2
30
 =9 15 = 2𝑘 + 1

MANEB QUESTION 15 − 1 = 2𝑘
3𝑥 14 = 2𝑘
1. Given that 𝑔(x) = calculate the value
𝑥+1
of x if 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 ∴𝑘=7
Solution EXERCISE
3𝑥
𝑔(x) = 1. Figure below shows an arrow diagram for
𝑥+1
3𝑥 the function𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓. Find the value of
2= m and n
𝑥+1
2𝑥 + 2 = 3𝑥
2 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
𝑥=2
2. Given that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 − 5, and that𝑔(2) =
1. Find the value of 𝑥.
Solution 2𝑥³
2. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = + 1. Find 𝑔(−1)
3
𝑔(2) = 𝑑(2) − 5 in its simplest form.
5
But 𝑔(2) = 1 3. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3 and (𝑥) =
𝑥+2
∴ 1 = 2𝑑 − 5 . find 𝑓𝑔(𝑥)
1 + 5 = 2𝑑 4. The function 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥 has range {3,6},
find its domain.
6 = 2𝑑
∴3=𝑑
3. Given that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏and 𝒈(𝒙) =
𝒌𝒙 + 𝒏where n and k are constants.
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝒈(𝟎)and 𝒈(𝟐) = 𝟏𝟓. Find k and n.
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² + 1
𝑓(0) = (0)² + 1
=1
𝑔(0) = 𝑘(0) + 𝑛

=0+𝑛

=𝑛

But 𝑔(0) = 𝑓(0)

∴1=n

𝑔(2) = 𝑘(2) + 1

31
CHAPTER 7

CHANGING SUBJECT OF THE 𝑎

𝑥
=
𝑐−𝑏
1

FORMULA 𝑎 = 𝑥(𝑐 − 𝑏)
𝑎
=𝑥
𝑐−𝑏
To make unknown variable subject, it must have
coefficient and power 1and all the other terms 2𝑏+3𝑥
and numbers must go to the other side of the 3. 𝑎 = 3𝑏−2𝑥
equation 𝑎(3𝑏 − 2𝑥) = 2𝑏 + 3𝑥

In the equation𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 3 , x is the subject while 3𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 2𝑏 + 3𝑥

y is not.
3𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥
STEPS TO FOLLOW
3𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏 = 𝑥(3 + 2𝑎)
i. Begin by clearing fractions, brackets and 3𝑎𝑏−2𝑏
root signs =𝑥
3+2𝑎
ii. Rearrange the formula so that all the 𝑏(3𝑎−2)
terms which contain the new subject are ∴𝑥=
3+2𝑎
on one side of the equals sign and the rest
on the other EXERCISE
iii. If more than one term contain the subject, Make the letter in the bracket subject
take it outside the bracket 𝑥 𝑥
iv. Divide both sides by the bracket and 1.2𝑎 + 3𝑎 = 𝑏 … … … . . (𝑥)
simplify as far as possible
2. 𝑎√𝑥 − 1 = 𝑏 … … … . (𝑥)

EXAMPLES 3. 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑏(𝑐 − 𝑥) … . . (𝑥)

Make x subject 𝑥
1. 4𝑥𝑦 = 2 − 2𝑥 4. ∛ =𝑏 … … … … … … … … . . (𝑥)
𝑎

4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 2 EXAMPLES

𝑥(4𝑦 + 2𝑥) = 2 Make x subject of the formula

2 𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 = 4𝑦+2 1. =
𝑎−𝑥 𝑏+𝑥
2
∴ 𝑥 = 2(2𝑦+1)
Solution
𝑎 𝑏
1 =
𝑥 = 2𝑦+1 𝑎−𝑥 𝑏+𝑥

𝒂
𝑎(𝑏 + 𝑥) = 𝑏(𝑎 − 𝑥)
2. +b=c
𝒙 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏x
𝑎
=c-b
𝑥
32
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑏𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 0 EXERCISE
0
𝑥 = 𝑎+𝑏 Make the latter in the brackets subject of the
formula
𝑥=0
𝑤²
1. H= (𝑅2 − 𝑟²) (r)
2. 𝑀𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 2𝑔
𝑚𝑢²
𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑥) = 𝑏(𝑏 2 − 𝑥) 2. T= − 2𝑚𝑔 ( k)
𝑘
3. y²=2𝑎(𝑥 − 4𝑎) (x)
𝑎3 − 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏3 − 𝑏𝑥
𝐴
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 4. H= − 𝑅² (A)
𝑎−4𝑏
𝑥(𝑏 − 𝑎) = (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎²) 2𝑣²𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑
𝑥 = (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑏2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2 ) 5. D=√ + - (d)
𝑔 4 2
(𝑏 − 𝑎)
ℎ2 +𝑘²
2 6. T=2𝜋√ (k)
𝑥 = (𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎²) 2𝑔ℎ
𝑎𝑏√2𝑔
3. Make a subject of the formula 𝑐 = √𝑎2
−𝑏2

Solution
𝑎𝑏√2𝑔
𝑐 = √𝑎2
−𝑏2

c√𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑏√2𝑔
𝑎𝑏√2𝑔
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 = ( 𝑐
)²

𝑎²𝑏²(2𝑔)
𝑎 2 − 𝑏2 = ( 𝑐²
)

𝑐2 (𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ) = 2𝑎²𝑏²𝑔

𝑐2 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑏2 = 2𝑎²𝑏²𝑔
𝑐2 𝑎2 − 2𝑎²𝑏²𝑔 = 𝑎²𝑏²

𝑎²(𝑐 2 − 2𝑏 2 𝑔) = 𝑐²𝑏²
𝑐²𝑏²
𝑎2 =
𝑐 2 −2𝑏2

𝑐²𝑏²
𝑎=√
𝑐 2−2𝑏2 𝑔

𝑐𝑏
𝑎=
√𝑐 2 −2𝑏2 𝑔

33
CHAPTER 8

TRIGONOMETRY
Trigono means triangle and metron means
measures. Trigonometry is a Greek word

It deals with size and angles of triangles

𝐵𝐶
Tan A =
𝐴𝐵
𝐵𝐶
Tan 70°=
12𝑐𝑚
𝐵𝐶
2.7475=
12𝑐𝑚
2.7475×12cm = BC
∴ BC = 32.9700

= 33cm

2. A ladder makes 61°with the ground. The

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS base of the ladder is 2.4m from a vertical
𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 AB wall. How far does the ladder reach up the
1. Sine θ = =
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 AC wall? To 3 significant figures
Solution

𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 BC
2. Cos θ = =
𝐡𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 AC

𝐨𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 AB
3. Tan θ = =
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 BC

EXAMPLE 𝐴𝐵
Tan 61° =
2.4𝑚
1. ABC is a triangle in which AB= 12cm, 𝐴𝐵
1.8040=
angle B= 90° and angle A= 70°. Find the 2.4𝑚
length of BC leaving your answer to 2 1.8040×2.4cm=AB
significant figures. ∴ AB= 4.329
Solution = 4.33m

3. A triangle of sides 5cm, 5cm and 6cm.

what are its angles?
Solution
34
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLES OR RATIOS

Construction: join a perpendicular

bisector AD
In ∆ ABC BC
Sine A= AC
3𝑐𝑚
Cos B= BC
Cos C= AC
5𝑐𝑚

= 0.6000 ∴ Sin A = Cos C

cos−1 0.6000= 53.2°
∴< B= 53.2° But < A + < C= 90°

But angle B = angle C, (base angles) < A = 90°- < C

∴< C= 53.2° But sin A = Cos C

In ∆ ABC ∴ Sin A = Cos (90°- A)

< A + < B + < C= 180°, Sum of <s in a ∆ Cos A = Sin (90°- A)

< A + 53.2° + 53.2° = 180° In general

< A= 180°- 106.4° 1. Sin θ = Cos (90°- θ )

2. Cos θ = Sin (90°- θ )
= 73.6° sin θ
3. tan θ = cos θ
4. sin θ = sin (180- θ )
5. Cos θ = -Cos (180°- θ )
6. Sin2θ + cos2θ = 1

35
SPECIAL ANGLES 1
1. Sin 30°=
2
0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° √3
2. Cos 30°=
2
1 √3
3. Tan 30°= =
√3 3
√3
4. Sin 6o°=
2
1
5. Cos 60°=
2
6. Tan 60°=√3

AC2= 12 + 12, Pythagoras

Angle 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
∴ AC= √2 Sin 0° 1 √2 √3 1
2 2 2
In ∆ ABC Cos 1° 1
√3 √2 0
2 2 2
1 √2
1. Sin 45°= = Tan 0° √3 1 √3 ∞
√2 2
3
1 √2
2. Cos 45°= =
√2 2
EXAMPLE
1
3. Tan 45°= = 1
1 1. Without using a calculator or
mathematical table, show that
30° and 60° uses equilateral triangle 1+√2+2√2
Sin 30°+ Cos 45°+Tan60°=
2
Solution
1 √2
Sin 30°+ Cos 45°+Tan60°= + +√3
2 2

1+√2+2√2
=
2

𝟏+√𝟐+𝟐√𝟐
∴Sin 30°+ Cos 45°+Tan60°=
𝟐

In In ∆ ABD 2. Find the value of x and y in the figure

below without using a calculator or a four
AB2= BD2+ BD2, Pythagoras figure table.
22 = BD2+ 12

BD2= 4 – 1

AD= √3
36
 1. A church tower is 80m high. Find the
angle of elevation of its top from a point
on the ground 150m away on the level
ground.

Solution

Solution
2.5𝑐𝑚
Tan 45°=
𝑥
2.5𝑐𝑚
1=
𝑥
𝑥 = 2.5𝑐𝑚
2.5𝑐𝑚 80
Sin 45°= Tan C =
𝑦 150

√2 2.5𝑐𝑚 = 0.5333
=
2 𝑦
tan−1 0.5333 = 28.1°
𝑦√2 = 2.5𝑐𝑚 × 2 ∴ C = 28.1°
5 √2 2. A boy is standing on top of a building 40m
𝑦= × tall watching an airplane in the sky. He
√2 √2
estimates that the airplane is vertically
5√ 2
y= above a point on the ground 800m from
2
the base of the building. If the angle of
y= 2.5√2 elevation is 39°, and the boy is 1.6 tall.
How high is the airplane above the
ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
ground?
I. Angles of depression and elevation are Solution
measured from eye level of an
observer.
II. Angle of depression is always equal to
angle of elevation.

EXAMPLE

37
 In ∆ ABC, BE = CD 800m In i) put ℎ = 𝑥 Tan 40°
𝐴𝐸
Tan= 𝑥 Tan 55°= (𝑥 + 20) Tan 40°
𝐵𝐸
𝐴𝐸
Tan 39° = 1.4281𝑥 = 0.8391(𝑥 + 20)
800𝑚
𝐴𝐸
0.8098 = 800𝑚 1.4281𝑥 = 0.8391𝑥 + 16.7820

AE= 0.8098cm ×800m 1.4281𝑥 − 0.8391𝑥 = 16.7820

= 647.84m 0.5890𝑥 = 16.7820

AD = AE + ED 16.7820
𝑥=
0.5890
AD= 647.84 + 41.6
= 28.492
= 689.44m
= 28.5m
∴The airplane is 689.44m above the ground
BD= 20m + 28.5m = 48.5m
3. A girl is looking up at the top of the
building. She measures the angle of In i) put x = 28.5m
elevation of the building as 40°. She walks ℎ = 1.4281 × 28.5𝑚
20m towards the building and finds that
the angle of elevation is now 55°, the girl = 40.7m
is 1.5m tall. How far was she from the ∴The girl was 48.5m when she started
building when she started? How tall is the
building? The height of the building = 40.7m + 1.5m
Solution = 42.2m

BEARING

Bearing is the direction of something as

compared to the other.

It uses cardinal points e. g North, South, East,

West e. t. c

ℎ
In ∆ ABC; tan 55°=
𝑥
ℎ = 𝑥 Tan 55°………i)
ℎ
In ∆ABD; tan 40°=
𝑥+20

ℎ = (𝑥 + 20) Tan 40°……ii)

38
 b. Bearing of T from K
𝑥 + 135° = 180° 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑥 = 180 − 135°

𝑥 = 45°

𝑥+<K= 360° angles at a point

<K=360°-45°

= 315°

The bearing of T from K 315°

TWO TYPES OF BEARING

I. Three figure bearing

II. Campus bearing CAMPUS BEARING

THREE FIGURE BEARING 1. It is based on cardinal points

2. The angle is measured from north or
1. Measured in degrees south(whichever is nearer) turning east
2. Uses three digits or west.
3. If it is an acute angle, a zero may 3. An acute angle is always taken
be added EXAMPLE
4. It is measured from north
clockwise Find the campus bearing in the diagram below
EXAMPLE a. H from T
b. T from H

Find the bearing of

a. K from T
b. T from k Solution
Solution
a. The bearing of T from H is N25°W
NB: we draw always north arrow at the point we b. 𝑥 = 25°, 𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠
need to find bearing.
∴ The bearing of H from T is S25°E
∴ The bearing of K from T is 135°
EXAMPLE
39
1. A ship sails 70km from Likoma Island and
then 90km west. What is the bearing of
Likoma Island from its new position?
Solution

𝑥 + 155° = 180, Allied angles

NB: we always draw a north arrow at 𝑥 = 180° − 155
point of bearing. 𝑥 = 25°

90𝑘𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 245° = 360, <s at a point

Tan L =
70𝑘𝑚
= 1. 2857 25°+245°+y = 360°
<L= 52.1° 𝑦 = 360° − 270°
∴ x= 52.1°
y=90°
𝑥 = 𝑦, alt angles
∴ 𝑦 = 52.1° ∴ ∆ HTP is a right angled triangle
∴ The bearing of Likoma Island from its
∴ HP2= HT2 + TP2
new position is 052° or N52°E
2. My mother leaves her home and travels HP2=242+542
on a bearing of 135°at a speed of 18km/h,
HP2= 576 + 2916
after 3hrs she changes direction and
continues on a bearing of 245° for HP= √3492
another 24km. how far from home is she?
Solution = 59.09km

∴ She is 59.1km away from home

EXERCISE

1. In the figure, find MF and area of triangle

MFO.

40
2. Town A is 56km from town B on a bearing Without using calculator, find the length
of 205° of DE.
a. Write down the bearing of B from A 5. Mrs. Motto who is 1.6 tall stands 30m
b. Town C is 34km from town A on a from a vertical tree and finds that the
bearing of 115° angle of elevation of the top of the tree is
I. Find the bearing of C from B 40°. Find the height of the tree assuming
II. Find the distance of C from B the tree is perpendicular to the ground
6. Village B is on the bearing 135° and the
3. The figure below ABD and BCD are right distance of 40km from the village C is on a
angled at B and C respectively. AB= bearing of 225° and a distance of 62km
(x+4)cm, AD= 25cm, BD=y cm, BC=9cm from the village A.
and CD=(x-4). a. Show that A,B and C form a right
angled triangle
b. Calculate angle ACB to the nearest
degree

Find the value of x and y and angle CBD

4. In the figure below, DB is perpendicular
to the line ABC, AE=25cm, BC= 15cm,
angle EAB=30°, angle BCD=45°

41
CHAPTER 9 Solutions
1. 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟔𝟒
EXPONENTIAL AND 2𝑥 = 26
∴𝑥=6
LOGARITHM FUNCTIONS
2. 7n = √𝟕
1
𝑦 = 𝑥² It’s an exponential function of the 7𝑛 = 72
power 2 ∴n=2
1

2 Is a power
𝑥 Is a base
3. 𝟖𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
25
LAWS OF INDICES 23𝑥 = 100
1
1. Any number to power 0 is equal to 1𝑎° = 23𝑥 = 4
1 e. g 50 = 1 23𝑥 = 4−1
2. Any number to power 1 is the same as 23𝑥 = 2−2
that number𝑎1 =𝑎 e. g 51 = 5 3𝑥 = −2
3. When multiplying numbers of the same −2
𝑥=
bases, add powers e. g 3
𝟑𝒙
ma × mb = ma+b 4. 𝟐 = 𝟒−𝟏
4. When dividing numbers of the same base, 23𝑥 = 2−2
subtract powers e. g 3𝑥 = −2
−2
ma ÷ mb = ma - b 𝑥= 3
5. Any number with a negative power is the
equal to the reciprocal of that number e. g MORE EXAMPLES
𝟏
m- a = 1. Solve, 22𝑥 + 5 × 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝒎𝒂
𝒂 Solution
𝒃
6. 𝒎 =𝒃 ( √𝒎)a
22𝑥 − 5 × 2𝑥 + 4 = 0
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
Let 2𝑥 = 𝑦
When solving exponential functions, it is ∴ 𝑦 2 − 5𝑦 + 4 = 0
necessary to identify an appropriate base from a (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 4) = 0
given number and raise it to a certain power. 𝑦 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1
But 2𝑥 = 𝑦
EXAMPLES
∴ 2𝑥 = 4 or 2𝑥 = 1
1. 2𝑥 = 64 2𝑥 = 22 2𝑥 = 20
2. 7n = √7 ∴𝑥=2 𝑥=0
3. 8𝑥 = 0.25 2. Solve, 22𝑏+1 − 17 (2𝑏 ) + 8 = 0
4. 23𝑥 = 4−1 Solution
22𝑏+1 − 17 (2𝑏 ) + 8 = 0
22𝑏 21 − 17 (2𝑏 ) + 8 = 0
42
 Let 𝟐𝒃 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝟖 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝟓 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝟖 × 𝟓

2𝑥2 − 17𝑥 + 8 =0 = log 3 40

(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 8) = 0

2𝑥 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8 2. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟒 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟔

1 Solution
𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8
2 log10 3 + 2 log10 4 − log10 6
𝒃
But 𝟐 = 𝒙
log10 3 + log10 42 − log10 6
1
∴ 2𝑏 = 2 Or 2𝑏 = 8 3 × 16
log10
6
2𝑏 = 2−1 2𝑏 = 23
48
𝑏 = −1 𝑏=3 log10
6
EXERCISE log10 8

1. Solve for m and n 2,𝑚 × 7𝑛 = 392 log √5

3. Simplify
2. Solve, 32𝑥 − 6 × 2𝑥 + 9 = 0 log 25
2
3. (2𝑥 ) − 9 × (2𝑥 ) + 8=0 Solution
1
LOGARITHM log √5 log 52
log 2
=log 52
𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒂 𝒃 = 𝒙 It’s a logarithm function 1
log 5
2
log𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑥 Is the same as 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑥 =
2 log 5
𝒃 = 𝒂𝒙 It’s an exponential function 1⁄
2
=
RULES OF LOGARITHMS 2
1
1. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐚 𝐚 = 𝟏 = ÷2
2
2. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐦𝐧 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐦 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐧
1
3. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐦 𝟏 = 𝟎 =
4
4. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐦𝐧 = 𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐦
𝐦
5. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐧 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐦 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐱 𝐧 EVALUATING LOGARITHM

EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
1. If 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕.
Express the following as a log of a single
find the value of
numbers
a. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟔
1. log3 8 + log3 5 Solution
Solution
log10 6= log10 3 × 2

43
 = log10 3 + log10 2 EXERCISE
= 0.477 + 0.301 Given that 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟑 =
= 0.778
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕. evaluate

b. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟐 𝟓 a. log10 108

Solution b. log10 0.5
10 c. log10 6
Log 5 = log10 1
2
3. Evaluate2 log10 25 − 2 log10 3 + log10 180.
= log10 10 − log10 2 Without using a calculator.
4. log8 √2
=1 − 0.301
= 0. 699 SOLVING LOGARITHMS

2. Given that 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏 and EXAMPLE

𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕. without using Given that𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒙 𝟖 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒙 𝟒 = 𝟓, find the value of x
calculator; find 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎°). Solution
Solution
log𝑥 8 + log𝑥 4 = 5
In special angles, tan 60°=√3
log𝑥 8 × 4 = 5
∴ log10 (tan 60°)= log10 √3
1
log𝑥 32 = 5
=log10 32
1 32 = 𝑥 5
=2 log10 3
1
= 2 × 0.477 25 = 𝑥5
= 0. 2385 ∴𝑥=2
3. If log5 𝑥 = 𝑎 and log5 𝑦 = 𝑏, express the
Solve the equation;
following in terms of a and b. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟓 𝒙𝒚³
Solution 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 (𝟐𝒎 + 𝟔) = 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟏𝟎 (𝒎 − 𝟏)
log5 𝑥𝑦³ = log5 𝑥 × 𝑦³ Solution
=log5 𝑥 + log5 𝑦³
log10 (2𝑚 + 6) = 1 + log10 (𝑚 − 1)
=log5 𝑥 + 3log5 𝑦
=𝑎 + 3𝑏 log10 2𝑚 + 6 = log10 10 + log10 𝑚 − 1
4. Evaluate without using a calculator or
Log10 2𝑚 + 6 = log10 10(𝑚 − 1)
four figure table. 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝟖𝟏
Solution 2𝑚 + 6 = 10𝑚 − 10
log3 81= y
6 + 10 = 10𝑚 − 2𝑚
∴ 81 = 3𝑦
34 = 3𝑦 16 = 8𝑚

𝑦=4 ∴𝑚=2

44
EXERCISE
CHAPTER 10
Solve the following

1. log𝑦 864 − log𝑦 6 = 2 SIMILAR FIGURES

2. log7 343 = 2𝑥 − 5 THEOREMS
𝑘
3. log9 27 = 𝑘 + 1
1. If two triangles are equiangular, their
4. log𝑎 3𝑥 − log𝑎 𝑥 − 5 = log𝑎 8 corresponding sides are proportional.
5. Given thatlog 𝑝 − log 𝑞 = 2 log 𝑟. Find p in
terms of q and r
𝟑
6. Solve, 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝒘 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 =𝟒
𝟑𝒘

Given: ∆ ABC and ∆ DEF, <A=<D,

<C=<F
AC BC AB
To prove: = =
DF EF DE
Proof: in ∆𝑠 ABC and ∆ DEF
<A=<E, given
<C=<D, given
∴<B=<F, sum < 𝑠 in a ∆
∴ ∆ ABC/// ∆ DEF (a. a. a)

AC BC AB
∴ DF = EF = DE
2. Converse theorem
If the corresponding sides of two triangles
are proportional, then the triangles are
equiangular.

AC BC AB
Given: = =
DF EF DE

45
 To prove=<A=<D, <B=<E,<C=<F Given: ∆PQR and ∆RPS, PQ//SR, trapezium PQRS,
<PQR=<SPR
AC BC AE
Proof: = = , given
DF EF DE To prove: PQ×QR=PQ×RS
∴ ∆ ABC///∆ DEF
Proof: in ∆PQR and ∆RPS
∴<A=<D, <B=<E, and <C=<F
x = y, alt angles
3. For any given triangle, if a parallel line is
drawn from one source of the triangle to t = k, given
the other side, then the two triangles ∴ m = h, sum angles in a ∆
formed are similar.
∴ ∆PQR /// ∆RPS, (a. a. a)

QR PQ
∴ =
PS RP
∴ PQ×QR=PQ×RS

2. Find the value of e in the figure below

Given: ∆ ADE and ∆ ABC, DE// BC

To prove: ∆ ADE///∆ ABC
Proof: in ∆ ADE and ∆ ABC
: DE// BC
∴ ∆ ADE///∆ ABC (a. a. a)
EXAMPLES Solution
1. Figure below PQRS is a trapezium
with PQ//SR and angle PQR=angle In ∆AGC and ∆ AFE,
SPR. Prove that PQ×QR=PQ×RS GC// FE, given
∴ ∆ AGC /// ∆ AFE
AG GC AC
∴ AF = FE = AE
6.5 AC
=
4.5 AE
In ∆ABC and ∆ADE,
BC// DE, given,
∴ ∆ ABC /// ∆ ADE
AC 8
∴ AE = e
Solution
6.5 8
=
4.5 e

46
 6.5 × 𝑒 = 36 =36: 9
36 = 4: 1
𝑒=
6.5
area ABC AB
𝑒 = 5.5𝑐𝑚 THUS = ( )²
Area DEF DE

AREAS OF SIMILAR FIGURES ∴ Area factor = 4: 1 (22, 1)

1. Scale factor In general if the lengths of corresponding sides

Consider similar triangles below, of two similar figures are in the ratio k: 1, k2: 1 is
called area factor and k: 1 is called scale factor.

EXAMPLE

1. Triangles ABC and XYZ are similar, the

size of triangle ABC are 6cm, 7cm,and
8cm. the shortest side of triangle XYZ is
2cm. given that the area of triangle XYZ is
AC
= AC: BF 4.5cm2.Calculate the area of triangle ABC
DF
10 Solution
= 10: 5 Area of∆ ABC 6
5 = ( )²
Area of ∆ XYZ 2
2:1 is a scale factor

In general the ratio of the corresponding sides of Area of∆ ABC 36

=
two similar figures will give the scale factor. 4.5cm² 4
4.5𝑐𝑚²×366
Area of ∆ ABC =
2. Ratio of the areas of similar figures 4
= 40.5cm2
The ratio of the areas of two similar figures is 2. The area of two similar triangles ABC and
equal to the ratio of the squares of their XYZ are in the ratio 1:16. If the height of
corresponding sides. the smaller triangle is 2cm, calculate the
height of the bigger triangle
For example in the triangles ABC and DEF above;
Solution
1
Area of ∆ABC=2 × 8 × 6
Area of∆ ABC ℎ1
Area of ∆ XYZ
= (ℎ2) ²
= 24cm2
1
Area in ∆DEF=2 × 4 × 3 1 2
= ( )²
16 ℎ²
= 6cm2
𝟏 𝟒
Area of ∆ABC: area of ∆DEF= 24: 6 𝟏𝟔
= 𝒉²

= 4: 1 ℎ2 = 64

And AB2: DE2= 62: 32 ℎ = √64

47
 = 8cm 4. In the figure below, circle ABCD has chord
AC and BD intersecting at H. length of line
HD is twice that of HA.
EXERCISE

1. Find the value of the letters

2.
Find the ratio of areas of triangle ABH to
triangle CDH.
5. The areas of two similar triangles are ABC
and HKL are 100cm2 and 256cm2
respectively. If the length of AB is 5cm,
calculate the length of HK (MANEB).

3. Figure below shows two similar triangles

ADE=12cm in which DE//BC. The area of
triangle ADE=12cm2. If the height of
triangle ADE and trapezium DECB are
6cm and 4cm respectively. Calculate the
length of BC

48
CHAPTER 11 Solution
Object + Vector = Image
TRANSFORMATION (−2) + (
3 ) = (𝑥 )
4 −5 𝑦
Transformation simply means complete change 𝑥
( 1 ) = (𝑦)
TYPES OF TRANSFORMATIONS −1

1. Translation ∴ p’= (1, -1)

2. Reflection
3. Triangle RSU has vertices R (0, 6), (2, 6),
3. Rotation (out of syllabus)
and (2,8). Draw the graph on the paper
4. Enlargement
provided, triangle RSU and its image
1. TRANSLATION
under translation vector ( 4 )
−4
To move from one place to the other.
Solution
2
→ = ( ), this is a translation vector or
AB −4
displacement vector or column vector.

 2 means move two spaces to the right (x)

 -4 means move 4 spaces downwards (y)
2
( )
−4

In general:

Coordinates + translation= coordinates

Of object of vector of image

∴ R’= (4, 2), S’= (6, 4) U’= (6, 2)
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE
1. A (0, 2) is a point on the Cartesian graph,
find the coordinates of its image under 1. Point A (3, 4) is translated to A’= (7,
translation vector (-3, -2). 9). Calculate the translation vector
Solution 2. P (1, 2) has the image Q (-2, -3) under
C. Object + C. vector =C. image translation. Find the translation vector.
0 −3 𝑥
( ) + ( ) = (𝑦)
2 −2 REFLECTION
−3 𝑥
( ) = (𝑦)
0 Reflection means to turn over
∴ The coordinates of image are (-3, 0)
To have reflection, you need to have a mirror
2. A point P (-2, 4) is translated to point p’. If
(line of symmetry)
P is 5units down and three units to the
right. Find the coordinates of p’
49
 The distance from the object to the mirror  When the scale factor is negative, the
must be equal to the distance from the image image becomes upside down
to the mirror.  When scale factor is a whole number,
the image will be larger than the
The line joining the object point and the
object
image point must always be perpendicular to
EXAMPLES
the mirror of symmetry
Enlarge the figure below using a scale factor of 2.
Reflection changes direction but not shape.
T is the center of enlargement.
The line of symmetry is a line that divides an
object into two equal parts such that the
corresponding sides match each other when
bent.

EXAMPLE

1. In the figure below, reflect triangle ABC in

the y-axis Solution

ENLARGEMENT TA=3 ∴ TA’= 3 ×2= 6

Means making something small or large TB=2 ∴ TB’= 2 ×2= 4
To enlarge a figure the following are used

 Centre of enlargement
TC=4 ∴ TC’= 4 ×2= 8
 Scale factor
PROCEDURES 2. Enlarge triangle ABC using scale factor
1
 Join Centre to each object’s points − 2 and Centre T
 Measure each length from the Centre
to the object point
 Multiply each length by the scale
factor to get the length from the
Centre to image point
 When the scale factor is a fraction, the
image will be smaller
50
Solution EXAMPLE

NB: When the scale factor is negative

 The Centre is between image and object

 The image is upside down M is the Centre of enlargement and scale
𝐁‘𝐂‘
HOW TO FIND SCALE FACTOR factor= 𝐁𝐂

length of image EXERCISE

Scale factor =
length of object
1. A triangle has vertices D(0, 2), E(4,6) and
line from image to the centre F(6, 2).
Or =
line from object to the centre a. Using the scale of 2cm to represent 2
NB: when finding scale factor consider the size of units on both axes, draw triangle DEF
and shape (is it upside down or not?) on the graph paper provided
b. On paper provided enlarge DEF using
FINDING CENTRE O (0,2) as a Centre
Corresponding points of the object and image, 2. Find the Centre of the enlargement and
where the lines meet that is the Centre of the scale factor for the figure below.
enlargement.

51
CHAPTER 12 𝑥 = −3

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
 𝑥 − coordinates are those
coordinates along 𝑥-axis
 𝑦 − coordinates are those
coordinates along 𝑦 −axis
 All equations in terms of
𝑥 −coordinates gives vertical lines.
 All equations in terms of
𝑦 −coordinates gives horizontal ∴ −3Is x- intercept
lines
GRADIENT (M)
Gradient is a slope of a line.
You can find gradient;
a. From a given equation
b. Using two coordinates
c. From a given graph
A. FROM A GIVEN EQUATION
We can find gradient from a given
equation by making y subject of the
SKETCHING A STRAIGHT LINE GRAPH formula. The coefficient of x is the
When sketching a straight line graph you gradient.
need to know coordinates of two points. EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE 1. 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6 (6 is a constant or y- 2𝑦 = 3𝑥
3
intercept) 𝑦 = 2𝑥
3
Sketching ∴ Gradient= 2
a. You need to know where graph cuts y- 2. 𝑦 = 2 − 𝑥
axis and x-axis ∴ Gradient = -1
b. The graph cuts the y axis where x=0 B. GRADIENT FROM COORDINATES OF TWO
c. The graph cuts the x axis where y=0 POINTS
So, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6 change in y 𝑦2 −𝑦1
Gradient (m) = =
When x=0 change in x 𝑥2−𝑥1

𝑦 = 2(0) + 6 EXAMPLE
y=6 1. Find the gradient of a line passing
through (0,-2) and (2,4)
When y=0
0 = 2𝑥 + 6 Solution
−6 = 2𝑥 (0,-2) (2, 4)
52
 4−(−2)
Gradient=
2−0
6
=
2
C. GRADIENT FROM A GIVEN GRAPH
EXAMPLE
Find the gradient of the line AB below

𝐴0
Gradient AB=
𝐵0
𝐴0
Tan B =
𝐵0

∴ Gradient of AB= Tan of AB

(2, 0) (-1, 5) In general, Tan 𝜃= Gradient
5−0
∴m=
−1−2 FINDING EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
5
= The equation can be found when given the
−3
following
NB: when line slopes upwards from left to right,
a. Gradient and y-intercept
then the gradient is positive.
b. Gradient and coordinate of a point
: Gradient will be negative if the line slopes c. Coordinates of two points
from left to right.
In general, equation for all linear equation is 𝑦 =
𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

Where, m = gradient

c = y-intercept

A. Given gradient and y-intercept

The gradient of straight line is zero EXAMPLE

The gradient of a vertical line is undefined Find the equation of a line where gradient is -2
and y-intercept is 10.
TANGENT OF AN ANGLE AND GRADIENT
Solution
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

m =-2, c= 10

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10

53
 B. Given a gradient and coordinates of a point EXERCISE
EXAMPLE
1. A straight line passes (3, 1) and (b, 2).
Find the equation of a straight line passing Find the value of b if the gradient of the
through (3, -4), where gradient is 2. line is 1.
2. Find the gradient of a straight line whose
Solution 𝑦+2𝑥 𝑥
equation is =
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 4 3
3. A gradient of a straight line passing
m= 2, y= -4, x=3 1
through (-2, 5) is . Find the equation of
2
∴ −4 = 2(3) + 𝑐 the straight line.
−4 = 6 + 𝑐 4. Given that A (1,-1) and B (7,-9). Find the
equation of the line AB
C= -10
GRADIENT OF PARALLEL LINES
But m = 2
All parallel lines have got equal gradient.
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 10
EXAMPLE
C. Given coordinates of two points
A straight line 3𝑦 = 𝑥 is parallel to a line which
EXAMPLE passes through a point (4, -5). Find the other
A straight line passes through points (3, 1) and equation.
(4, 2). Find the equation of the line Solution
Solution 3𝑦 = 𝑥
(3, 1) (4, 2) 𝑥 1
𝑦= = 𝑥
2−1 3 3
𝑚= 1
4−3 ∴𝑚=3 𝑦 = −5 𝑥=4
=1
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
m=1 y=1 x=3
1(4)
−5 = +𝑐
3
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
4
1 = 1(3) + 𝑐 −5 = 9 + 𝑐
−19
1=3+𝑐 𝑐= 3
1−3=𝑐 1
∴ 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 − 19
𝑐 = −2
2. A straight line 𝑦 + (𝑏 − 2)𝑥 + 10 = 0 is
∴ 𝑦 =𝑥−2 parallel to 𝑦 = 2𝑏𝑥 − 3. find the value of
b.
Solution
54
 𝑦 + (𝑏 − 2)𝑥 + 10 = 0 ∴ 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 26
𝑦 = −(𝑏 − 2)𝑥 − 10
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
∴ 2𝑏 = −(𝑏 − 2)
2𝑏 = −𝑏 + 2 B (x2, y2)
2𝑏 + 𝑏 = 2
3𝑏 = 2
2 (y1 – y2)
𝑏=
3 (x1- x2)
GRADIENT OF A PERPENDICULAR LINE A(x1, y1) C
The gradient of perpendicular line is upside AB2 =AC2 + BC2, Pythagoras theorem
down negative of the other gradient.
AB2 = (x2 –x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2
Thus, m1 ×m2= -1 or the product of gradient of
perpendicular lines is - 1
AB = √(𝑥2 – 𝑥1 )² + (𝑦2 – 𝑦1 )²
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
A straight line passing through a point (7, 2) is
perpendicular to line 4𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥. Find the 1. A straight line passes A (4, -2) and B(3, -
equation of this line, hence find the coordinates 1). Find the distance of the line AB.
of the point of intersection of the two lines. Solution
Solution
AB=√(𝑥2 – 𝑥1 )² + (𝑦2 – 𝑦1 )²
4𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥
3 𝑥 A (4, -2) B (3, -1)
𝑦= −
4 4
1
AB=√(3– 4)² + (−1– (−2))²
𝑚=−
4
−1 = √1 + (−1 + 2)²
𝑚× = −1
4

−1×4
= √1 + 1
𝑚= −1
= √2
𝑚=4
EXERCISE
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
1. A straight line passes through point A (b, -
Taking (7, 2) 2) and B (3, -1). Find the value of b if the
distance of line AB is√𝟐.
m= 4 x=7 y=2 2. Find the equation of a straight line which
2 = 4(7) + 𝑐 passes through (1,-2) perpendicular to
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 3 = 0
𝑐 = −26 3. Find the equation of the line

55
 a. Through (3, 4) parallel to y=2x+5 A statement containing a< or ≤ is called an
b. Through (-2, 3) parallel to 6y + 2x – inequality.
5=0
4. The distance between M (3, 5) and N (8, Symbol and their meanings
a) is 13. Find the value of a. < (less than)
5. Calculate the distance between x and y
intercepts of the graph y = 12 – 2.4x > (greater than)
6. The straight line 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5 =
≤ (less than or equal to)
0 and 3𝑥 = −2𝑦 intersect at point M.
without drawing graphs find the ≥ (greater than or equal to)
coordinates of M.
LINES TO USE

(<,>) Dotted line ( ---------------------)

(≤, ≥) Solid line ( )

When shading inequalities on the graph, shade

the unwanted region.

EXAMPLE

Show the inequality 𝑥 > −2 and 𝑥 ≤ 2 on the

graph and shade on the unwanted region.

Solution

2. Sketch 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 8
CHAPTER 13 Solution
0≤𝑥<8
LINEAR INEQUALITIES 𝑥 <8, 𝑥≤0

A statement containing (=) sign is called an

equation.
56
 3. Sketch 𝑦 < 2
Solution TWO OR MORE INEQUALITIES
𝑦<2 Example

1. Sketch the region

Q {(x, y):3 < 𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 6}
Solution
3 < 𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 6
a. 𝟑 < 𝑥 + 3𝒚
INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES When 𝑥 = 0
3 = (0) + 3𝑦
EXAMPLE 𝑦=1 (0, 1)
1. Sketch 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3 in the graph When 𝑦 = 0
Solution 3 = 𝑥 + 3(0)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥=3 (3, 0)
When 𝑥 = 0 b. 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝑦 = 2(0) + 3 When 𝑥 = 0
(0) + 3𝑦 = 6
𝑦=3 (0, 3) 𝑦=2 (0, 2)
When 𝑦 = 0 When 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 + 3(0) = 6
0 = 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥=6 (6, 0)
−3 = 2𝑥
3
𝑥=−
2

= - 1.5 (-1.5, 0)

57
 2. Sketch defined by the following
inequalities giving coordinates and
vertices
a. 𝑥 ≤ 4
b. 𝑦 ≤ 5
c. 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3

Solution
𝑥+𝑦 =3

𝑥 = 0, (0) + 𝑦 = 3

𝑦=3 (0, 3) Solution

𝑦 = 0 , 𝑥 + (0) = 3 1. 𝑦 ≥ −2
2. (2, 0) (0,4)
𝑥=3 (3, 0) 4−0
𝑚=
0−2
4
𝑚=
−2
= -2
Taking (0, 4)
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
4 = −2(0) + 𝑐
c =4
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4
∴ 𝑦 ≥ −2𝑥 + 4
3. (-6,0) (0, 3)
3−0
𝑚=
0−(−6)
FINDING EQUATIONS FROM A GIVEN GRAPH 3 1
𝑚= =
6 2
EXAMPLE
Taking (-6, 0)
Find three inequalities which describes the
graph below. 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
1
0 = 2 (−6) + 𝑐
𝑐=3
1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
1
∴ 𝑦 < 2𝑥 + 3

EXERCISE

58
 1. M is the set of points (x, y) which CHAPTER 14
satisfies the following inequalities

i. y-x≤ 1 VARIATIONS
ii. 2x≤ 5
To vary means to change.
iii. 5y> −4𝑥
iv. y≤ 2 TYPES OF VARIATIONS

Show on the graph the graph the region 1. Direct variations

represented by M 2. Inverse variations(inverse)
3. Joint variations
2. On the same axes, sketch the graphs of the
4. Partial variations
regions described by the
following inequalities. DIRECT VARIATION
i. 𝑥 ≥ 0
Variation in which increase in one variable
ii. 𝑦 ≥ 0
results in the other variable, e. g
iii. 𝑦 ≤ 3𝑥 + 2
iv. 𝑦 + 4𝑥 < 8 D∝T
3. The fig below shows unshaded region
Distance varies with time.
bounded by inequalities. Write down
three inequalities from the graph. 𝑫 = 𝒌𝒕, where k is constant.

EXAMPLES

i. If P is proportional to q and p=30 when

q=6, find the constant proportional and
find the value of p when q=24.
Solution
P∝𝑞
p = kq
p=30, q=6
∴30=k×6
30
6
=𝑘
k=5
∴ p=5q, when q=24
P=5×24
=120
ii. If P varies directly as the cube of q, and
p=6 when q=2,find p when q=8

Solution
P ∝ 𝑞³

p=kq³
59
p=6, q=2 2. The number of beats per minutes of a
pendulum varies inversely as the square
6=k (2)³
root of its length. An 81cm long pendulum
6=8k makes 24 beats per minutes. Calculate the
6 number of beats per minutes of a 25cm
=𝑘
8 pendulum.
3 Solution
𝑘=4 1
n∝
√𝑙
3
∴ p= 4 𝑞³ 𝑘
n=√𝑙
𝑞=8 L=81cm, n= 24beats
𝑘
3
24=√81
P=4 𝑥8³
9x24=k
3
P=4 × 8 × 8 × 8 ∴ k=216
216
∴n= √𝑙
P=38.4
𝑙=25, k=216
216
INVERSE VARIATIONS ∴ 𝑛=
√25
216
This is the variation in which one quantity = 5
increases while the other quantity decreases.
= 43.2𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑠
EXAMPLES

1. If P varies inversely as q and p=4, when JOINT VARIATIONS

q=6, find p when q=8 This is the combination of variations
Solution EXAMPLES
1. If x ∝ zy and x = 8 when y =
1
p∝𝑞 2 and z = 1. find x when y = 3 and z =
2
𝑘
p =𝑞 Solution
x ∝ 𝑧𝑦
p=4, q =6 x =kzy
4=6
𝑘 x=8, z=1, y=2
∴ 8=k×1×2
∴ k=24 8 = 2𝑘
𝑘 K=4
∴ p=𝑞 ∴ x=4zy
𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 2
q=8
∴ x=4×3×2
24
∴ p= 8 = 3 = 24
𝑥 = 24

60
 2. Suppose that w varies directly as z² EXAMPLES
and inversely as xy, and that w=10
1. a is partly constant and partly varies as b
when x=15,y=2 and z=5.Find z when
when b=4, a=60 and when b=12a =100
w=2,x=8 and y=27
a) Find the relationship between a and b
Solution
b) Find a when b=3
𝑧² Solution
w∝
𝑥𝑦 a). 𝑎 ∝ 𝑐 + 𝑏
a = c + kb
𝑘𝑧²
w= a=60, b =4
𝑥𝑦
∴ 6=c+4k………. (1)
w =10, x=15, y=2, z =5
b=12, a=100
𝑘5²
10= ∴ 100=c+12k…..... (2)
15×2
25𝑘
10 = 100=c+12k
32
- 60=c+4k
300 = 25k 40=8k
k=12 K=5
In equation 2 substitute with k=5
12𝑧² 60=c+4(5)
𝑤=
𝑥𝑦
60=c+20
𝑤 = 2, 𝑥 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 27 60-20=c
40=c
12×𝑧²
∴2= b). when b =3
8×27
∴a=40+5(3)
12𝑧²
2=
216 a=40+15
432=12z² a=55
z²=36 EXERCISE
z=±√36 1. The distance travelled by a lorry varies
directly as the time taken for the journey.
∴ 𝑧 = 6 𝑜𝑟 − 6
Find how far the lorry travels in 5hours if
PARTIAL VARIATION it can travel 86km in 1:15hour.
2. A varies jointly with b and with c, and
Involves three set of numbers.
a=12 when b=3 and c=2
The first set gives first equations. a) Find an equation which expresses a in
terms of b and c.
The second set gives second equations.

The third set gives answer to the equation.

61
 1
c. Find the value of a when b=4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = CHAPTER 15
1
2
STATISTICS
3. A quantity b varies jointly with r and t, Statistics refers to a set of data such as average,
and b=108 when r=3 and t=6.Find an mode, median standard deviation e. t. c
equation which expresses b in terms of r
and t. Data is the unprocessed information.

FREQUENCY TABLE
𝑦
5. Given that x ∝ and x=12 when y=2
𝑧² Construct a frequency table from the ages of
and z =1, Find y when z=2 and x=15. form four students

6. The cost of running a private secondary 20, 17, 15, 18, 19, 17, 17, 18, 20, 17, 19, 19, 18,
school per is partly constant and partly 19, 17, 18, 17, 18, 18, 20, 17, 21, 20, 19, 17, 17,
varies as the square of the number of 18 ,17, 16, 16, 16, 16, 20, 18, 17, 19, 20, 19, 19,
students enrolled in the school. If the 18, 18, 19, 21, 18, 17 ,21, 18, 18, 19, 18, 18
school has 100 students, the cost per day Solution
is k4000 and if there are 160 students the
cost per day is k7900.Calculate the cost of Score Tally Frequency
running the school if it has 240 students. 15 / 1
16 /// 3
17 //// //// / 11
18 //// //// 17
//// //
19 //// //// / 11
20 //// // 7
21 // 2
∑ 𝑓 = 52

Ways of showing data from the frequency table

1. Histogram
2. Frequency polygon

HISTOGRAM

 It uses rectangles/ bars.

 The area of a triangle is proportional to
frequency
 The width of rectangles are equal in each
bar.

62
  It must have a title and the axes must be 5×360𝑜
=
labeled 90𝑜
PIE CHART = 20o
A pie chart is a circular way of showing data in
relation to the whole data.

The circle represents the total, each slice

represents the named parts of the data.

EXAMPLE
1. At a certain political meeting, a
researcher observed that out of 90
people, 30 people had black shirts, 20 had
blue shirts, 10 had white shirts, 5 had no
shirts. Show the information on a pie chat.
Solution
1. A teacher was concerned that her
90 people represent 360o
pupils were taking too long to answer
Black shirts = 30 people examination questions. She asked
them to record how long it took them
30 ×360°
= to answer a certain questions. These
90
are the times in minutes that they told
= 120o her.
Yellow shirts = 20 people 10, 15, 18, 17, 15, 13, 18, 19, 12, 15,
17, 18, 13, 14, 12, 14, 14, 18, 19, 17,15,
20 ×360°
= 17, 15, 13, 18, 19, 12, 11, 10, 14, 16, 16
90
a. Draw up a frequency table for this
= 80o information
b. Draw a histogram to show this
Blue shirts =25 people
information
25 ×360° c. Examination question is worth
=
90 10% of the 2hours paper.
= 100o 1. How long should each student
be spending on the questions
White shirts = 10 people
2. What percentage of the
10 ×360° students are spending on the
=
90 questions
= 20o Solution
No shirt= 5people

63
 a. When we have a large amount of data, it is useful
Score (x) tally Frequency to group the data into classes
10 // 2
This makes data display and calculations simple.
11 / 1
12 /// 3
13 /// 3 Things to be known
14 //// 4
15 //// 5 I. Class (group)
16 // 2 II. Class limits
17 //// 4 III. Class boundaries
18 //// 5 IV. Class mid points
19 /// 3 V. Class width
∑ 𝑓 = 32 EXAMPLE

The following are weights of 30 pupils (in kg)

a. TIME TAKEN FOR A STUDENT TO
ANSWER A QUESTION 45, 62, 35, 54, 48, 55, 48, 59, 52, 40, 54, 46, 59,
51, 32, 37, 49, 42,53, 38, 37, 35, 53, 46, 48, 44,
33, 52, 54, 44

a. Using classes of 30- 34, 35- 39, 40- 44 and

so on, construct a frequency table for this
data.
b. For the second class (35- 39), write down
the lower and upper class boundaries and
hence find class width.
b. 1. 2hour = 120 minutes c. What percentage of pupils had their
10 weight at least 52 kg?
∴ 10% = × 120 Solution
100
= 12 minutes
30- 34 or 35- 39 are class limits
∴ Each student should spend 12 minutes
for a question 30 or 35 are lower class limits
12 minutes = 10% 34 or 39 are upper class limits
2. Greater than 12 min= more
NB; To find class boundaries, subtract 0.5
People who solve in greater than 12 minutes from lower class limits and add 0.5 to upper
= 32 – 6 = 26 class limits. E. g for 30- 39, 29.5 is a lower
𝟐𝟔
class boundary and 34.5 is the upper class
= 𝟑𝟐 × 100 boundary
= 81.25% i.e. 30 – 0.5= 29.5
GROUPED DATA 34 + 0.5= 34.5
64
Class width = 36.7%

Is the difference between the upper and lower MEAN (AVERAGE), MODE AND MEDIAN
class boundary.
1. MEDIAN
I.e. for 30- 34
A number in the middle of a given scores.
Class width = 34.5 – 29.5
Odd number of scores
=5
To find the median scores first arrange the
Class mid points number of scores in either ascending or
upper class b+lower class b
descending order.
Mid-point=
2 Formula for finding position for given odd
34.5 +29.5 𝑛+1
i.e. numbers is ( 2 )th
2
64.0 EXAMPLE
=
2
Find the median for 5, 6, 7, 7, 8
= 32
a. Frequency table Solution
Score (x) Tally Frequency(f) Mid-point 5, 6, 7, 7, 8
30- 34 // 2 32
35- 39 //// 6 37 𝑛 = 5 (Odd number)
/ 5+1
Median = =3rd. position
40- 44 //// 4 42 2
45- 49 //// 7 47 ∴ Median = 7
//
50- 54 //// 8 52 Even number of scores
/// Arrange scores in ascending or descending older.
55- 59 // 2 57
60- 64 / 1 62 Formula for finding position for a given even
𝑛 𝑛
∑ 𝑓 = 30 ( )𝑡ℎ + ( +1)𝑡ℎ
2 2
number of scores is
2
a. For 35- 39 EXAMPLE
Upper class boundary = 39.5
Lower class boundary= 34.5 Find the median given the following ages
∴ Class width= 39.5- 34.5 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8
=5
b. At least means ≥ Solution
11 pupils had ≥ 52 kg 5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8
11
∴ percentage = × 100% 𝑛 = 6 (Even number)
30

65
 6 EXAMPLE
Median = =3rd. position
2
1. The following marks were obtained by
=6
class at Nguludi Secondary school in a
6 mathematics examination marked out of
Median = + 1= 4th. Position
2 30.
=7 30, 26, 29, 23, 25, 26, 24, 26, 27, 26, 22,
24, 27, 28, 25, 27, 26, 28, 26, 26, 28, 25,
6+7
∴ Median = 24, 25, 24, 28, 26, 25, 27, 26
2
a. Work out mean, median and mode for
= 6.5 this data.
b. Students which obtained more than
87% in the test received a small prize.
2. MODE
What percentage of students received
Score with highest frequency a prize?
Solution
EXAMPLE
First draw the frequency table
For the following set of data find the mode
Score Tally Freq. (f) 𝑓𝑥
2, 2, 5, 8, 6, 2, 3, 4, 4
(x)
Solution 22 / 1 22
Mode= 2 23 / 1 23
24 //// 4 96
25 //// 5 125
3. MEAN (average) 26 //// /// 8 208
The symbol for mean is 𝒙 ̅ 27 //// 4 108
EXAMPLE 28 //// 5 140
1. Find mean of 2, 7, 8, 3, 10 29 / 1 29
Solution 30 / 1 30
∑ 𝑓 = 30 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 781
2+7+10+8+3
Mean =
5

30 ∑𝑓𝑥
= ̅)=
a. Mean (𝒙
5 ∑𝑓
781
=6 =
30
MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA = 26.3
The formula for finding mean of grouped data. 26+26
Median =
2
∑𝑓𝑥
̅) =
Mean (𝒙
∑𝑓 = 26
66
 Mode = 26 CHAPTER 16
b. 30 marks= 100%
QUADRATIC GRAPHS
y = 87%
30×87% Examples of quadratic graph expressions are;
y=
100% 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2
= 26.1 WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW
∴ Students who get more than 87% are 11
i. How to copy and complete the tables
(Those above 26.1marks) of the quadratic expressions
ii. How to draw graph of quadratic
11
∴ Percentage =30 × 100% expressions
iii. The minimum and maximum values of
= 36.7% quadratic equations on the graph
EXERCISE iv. How to find solutions of quadratic
equations using the graph
1. Height of students at Nguludi secondary v. How to solve simultaneous
school in form four are; Equations using the graph
vi. How to find the turning points of the
Height (cm) Number of quadratic graph
students vii. Line of symmetry
60- 65 7 viii. How to come up with the quadratic
65- 70 11 equations from the given graph
70- 75 17
75- 80 20
80- 85 16
85- 90 9 In general if the coefficient of quadratic
Find the mean height for the class expression is negative the parabola curves
downwards(∩-shaped) if it is positive, it curves
upwards (U-shaped)
2. Find the mean from the following scores (∩-shaped) Parabola gives maximum values
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 26 16 21 15 24 18 (U-shaped) parabola gives minimum values
3. Find mean, mode and median for
 The line of symmetry pass at the turning
2, 2, 1, 2, 7, 10, 20, 11.
point.

EXAMPLE

Table below shows some values of the equation,

𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2

67
 = −0.5
𝑥 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 9
− = −2.25
4
Y 10 0 -2 0 (−0.5, −2.25)
i. Copy and complete the table Using calculus,
ii. Using the scale of 2cm to represent 2
𝑑𝑦
units on the 𝑦-axis and 2cm to NB: If 𝑦 = 𝑥 nthen = 𝑛𝑥 n - 1
represent 1 unit on the 𝑥-axis, draw 𝑑𝑥
the graph 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
iii. Use your graph to solve 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 = −1
3=0
𝑥 = −0.5
Solutions
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 Put 𝑥 = −0.5 in the equation
= (-3)²+ (-3)-2=4
𝑦 = (−0.5)2 − 0.5 − 2
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
= (0)²+ (0)-2=-2 = −2.25
(−0.5, −2.25)
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟐

𝑥 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

Y 10 4 0 -2 -2 0

TURNING POINT

The turning point is found by using

i. Completing the square method

ii. Calculus
In the above equation,
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
1 1
(𝑥2 + 𝑥 + ( ) ²) − ( ) ²
2 2
2
1 1 iii. From the graph,
(𝑥 + ) − − 2
2 4 𝑥 = −2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
2
1 1−8 iv. We subtract the new equation from
(𝑥 + ) −
2 4 the original equation one, then we plot
2 the new expression after finding the y-
1 9
(𝑥 + ) − intercept and x-intercept. Where the
2 4
1 line intersect the cubic line on the
∴ Turning point = 𝑥 = − 2
graph gives the solution.
68
 EXAMPLE 2.
𝑦= (𝑥 2 2
+ 2𝑥 − 2) − (𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3)
The figure below shows the graph of
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3
2
equation, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 =𝑥+1

When y=0, 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −1 (-1, 0)

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 + 1
𝑦=1 (0, 1)
∴ from the graph, 𝑥 = 𝑦=

HOW TO FIND EQUATION OF THE GRAPH

EXAMPLE
i. Find the equation of the graph below
in terms of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐
Find the equation of the graph
Solution
𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
𝑥+1=0 𝑥−3=0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑦

𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 𝑦
9
Divide −3 by y − intercept =
−3
=−3 and the answer multiply the equation
−3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3) = 𝑦
Solution
−3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9 = 𝑦
𝑥 = −1𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
9 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 = 𝑦
𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 3

69
 CHAPTER 1

MATRIX
Matrix is an array of numbers i. e rows and
columns of numbers.

e. 5 packets of sugar at k10 each

Book
6 under wears at k30 each
8 sweets at k5 each
This data can be represented in matrices form as
10
[5 6 8] [30]
5

4
5, 6, 8, 10, 30, 5 are components or elements
NAMING MATRICES
When naming matrices, we start with counting
number of rows then number of columns.
1. ROW MATRIX
[2 4 7], this is a 1×3 matrix

2. COLUMN MATRIX
10
[ 7 ] , this is a 3×1 matrix
0
MATHEMATICS IS A SYSTEMATIC WAY OF 3. ZERO MATRIX
WASTING OUR TIME
A zero matrix is a matrix which has zeros as its
elements.

[
0 0]
0 0

70
 4. SQUARE MATRIX 3 − (−1) 2−0 5 − (−2)
=[ ]
1−3 −2 − (−2) 4 − (−1)
It’s a matrix which has equal number of rows
and columns = [ 4 2 7]
−2 0 5
e. g [2 4] 2. Given that
3 6
1 2 𝑐 4 3 −1 5 𝑎 4
ADDITION OF MATRICES A= [2 4 5]B=[3 2 𝑏 ]C=[6 6 1].
3 𝑑 8 2 2 −4 5 0 𝑒
When adding matrices together, add Find a, b, c, d and so that A + B= C
corresponding elements together.
Solution
Only those matrices of the same order can be
added together. 1 2 𝑐 4 3 −1 5 𝑎 4
[2 4 5 ] + [ 3 2 𝑏 ] = [ 6 6 1]
EXAMPLE 3 𝑑 8 2 2 −4 5 0 𝑒
5 5 𝑐−1 5 𝑎 4
1. Given that A=[4 −9]B=[ 8 22] [6 6 5 + 𝑏] = [6 6 1]
6 7 −5 0
Find A + B. 5 2+𝑑 4 5 0 𝑒
Solution ∴𝒂=5

A + B= [4 −9]+ [ 8 22] 5+𝒃=1

6 7 −5 0
4+8 −9 + 22 𝒃= 1−5
=[6 + (−5) 7+0 ] ∴ 𝒃 = −4
= [12 13] 𝒄−1= 4
1 7
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES 𝒄=4+1

Corresponding elements must be subtracted ∴𝒄=5

together. 2+𝒅=0
Only those matrices of the same order can be ∴ 𝒅 = −2
subtracted together.
∴𝒆=4
EXAMPLE
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY A NUMBER
1. Given that (SCALAR)
A=[3 2 5]B=[−1 0 −2].
1 −2 4 3 −2 −1 If A=[𝑎 𝑏] and k is the number then,
Find A – B 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑏
KA=𝑘 [ ]= [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑐 𝑘𝑑
Solution
EXAMPLE
A – B= [3 2 5] − [−1 0 −2] 1. Given the following matrices,
1 −2 4 3 −2 −1

71
 A=[3 1 0]B=[2 −3 2 ]. Calculate
2 5 6 1 2 −3
matrix 5A- 3B WORD PROBLEMS
Solution
EXAMPLE
5A- 3B = 5[3 1 0] - 3[2 −3 2 ] 1. A shop was selling skirts for K3000 each
2 5 6 1 2 −3
and dresses at K5000 each.
= [15 5 0 ] − [6 −9 6 ] Bertha and Taonga bought some clothes
10 25 30 3 6 −9
listed in the table.
= [9 14 −6] Bertha 3 2
7 19 39
Taonga 4 5
MALTIPLYING MATRICES TOGETHER
Find how much each person spent on the
To multiply matrices together, we multiply the
clothes
first number in the row matrix by the first
number in the column matrix.
Solution
=[3 2] [3000].
A second number in the raw matrix must 4 5 5000
9,000 + 10000
multiply by the second number in the column =[ ]
12, 000 + 25000
matrix and so on. 19,000
=[ ]
37,000
Add the products together.
∴ Bertha spent K19,000
NB: we can only multiply matrices together if Taonga spent K 37,000
the number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second 2. Mphatso wants to buy 3 pencils, 2 rulers
matrix. and 4 ball pens. Bali wants to buy 1
pencil, 1 ruler and 8 ball pens. In Zomba
EXAMPLE
pencils and rulers costs K60 each and ball
Given that V=[ 3 5] and W= [−1 1]. Find VY. pens cost K20 each. In Mzuzu pencils and
−1 1 0 2 rulers costs K80 each and ball pens cost
Solution K30 each.
Use matrix multiplication to find how
VY= [ 3 5] [−1 1] much more these items will cost Mphatso
−1 1 0 2
and Bali in Mzuzu
3 × (−1) + 5 × 0 3×1+5×2 Solution
=[ ].
−1 × (−1) + 1 × 0 −1 × 1 + 1 × 0 Pencil ruler pen Zomba Mzuzu
=[−3 × 0 3 + 10 ]. Mphatso 3 2 4 60 80
1 + 0 −1 + 2
Bali 1 1 8 60 80
= [−3 13].
1 1
20 30
60 80
=[3 2 4] [60 80]
1 1 8
20 30

72
 CHAPTER 2
Zomba Mzuzu
TANGENT PROPERTIES
= [180 + 120 + 80 240 + 160 + 120]
60 + 60 + 160 80 + 80 + 240 Tangent is a straight line which touches the
circumference of a circle at only one point even
= [380 520] after producing it.
280 400
∴ Mphatso will pay K520 – K380 = K140,
More in Mzuzu
∴ Bali will pay K400 – K280 = K120,
More in Mzuzu
EXERCISE (MANEB papers)

1. Given that P=[7 5] and Q=[3 10],

2 4 5 1 Theorem 1
Find PQ
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the
2. Given that Matrix P=[3 4 ]
1 −2 radius from point of contact to the Centre of the
Q= [ 1 3 ] and R=[
2 0]. Find 3(Q - circle.
6 1 5 4
PR). Reason, tan ⊥ to radius
3. T and R are two matrices. Given the
T= [ 2 1]R=[ 0 3]. Find 3R – T2.
−1 3 −1 1
4. Find x and y in the matrix below
[
6 3 ] [𝑥] = [ 12 ]
2 −3 𝑦 −4
5. Show that
[
4 0] [−2 3 ] + [ 8 −12]is a zero
1 2 5 −1 −8 −1
matrix
6. Given that M =[3 0 ], N=[−3 2],
1 −2 −1 𝑘 Theorem 2
and MN[ −3 6 ]. Find the value of k
−1 −1 The two tangents from an external point to a
circle are equal in length.
Reason, tan from ext. pt.

73
Given; two tangents PQ and PR b. In ∆𝐎𝐏𝐓
y + 30° + x = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆
To prove; PQ = PR
y + 30° + 90° = 180°
Construction; draw ⊥s QO and RO and line y = 180° − 120
y = 60°
PO ∴ PÔ T = 60°
Proof; in ∆s PQO and PRO c. y + g = 180°, adj. < 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 str.line

QO= RO, radii 60° + g = 180°

x= y tan ⊥ to radius g = 120°

PO is common OR = OT, radii

∴ ∆ PQO≡ ∆ PRO (RHS) ∴ ∆OTR is isosceles

∴ PQ=PR M=n, base <s

EXAMPLE M+ n+ g=180°, sum <s in a ∆

1. P is 13cm from the Centre O of the circle, 2n= 180°- 120°

PT is a tangent to a circle and is 12cm 2n=60°
long. Angle OPT=30o. find
a. OT N= 30°
b. PO ̂T
̂R = 30°
∴ OT
c. OT ̂R

Solution
2. Find the lettered < s.

Solution
x = 90°, tan ⊥ to radius
a. In ∆𝐏𝐓𝐎 y = 90°, tan ⊥ to radius
PO²=PT²+OT², Pythagoras In ∆𝐎𝐁𝐂
13²=12²+OT² OB=OC, radii
169=144+OT² ∴ ∆OBCIs an isosceles
169- 144=OT² ∴ t = 30°, base < 𝑠
25=OT² in ∆ ABD
OT=√25 x + y + x = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ∆
∴ OT = 5 30° + 90° + x = 180°

74
 X = 180° − 120°
x = 60°
3. AB is a diameter of a circle ABCD Centre
O. TA and TC are tangents.

AB=AP + PB
When they touch internally the distance between
their centers is the difference between radii.

̂ C = 2x. show that BAC = x

If AT
Solution
In ∆𝐀𝐓𝐂,
AT = CT, Tan from ext point
∴ ∆ 𝐀𝐂𝐓, is an isosceles
∴ a = a2, base <s
a + a2+2x = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ∆
2x + 2a = 180° AB= AP – BP
2(x + a) = 180°,
180°
x+a=
2 EXAMPLE
x + a = 90°
∴ x = 90 − a Two circle centers X and Y touch externally at T.
̂ T = 90°, Tan ⊥ to radius A is a point on their common tangent such that
BA
AT=12cm, AX=13cm and AY=15cm.
̂ C = BA
BA ̂ T − a,
I. Calculate XY
̂ C = 90° − a
∴ BA II. If the circle touch internally instead of
externally what is XY?
But 90° − a = x Solution
̂C = x
∴ BA
CONTACT OF CIRCLES
Circles can touch internally or externally. Where
the distance between their centers is the sum of
their radii.

75
 = 4cm
EXERCISE
1. AD is a diameter of a circle. AB is a chord
and AT is a tangent.
i. State the size of ABT
ii. If angle BAT is an acute of x°, find
the value of DAB in terms of x.
2. Calculate the marked angles

̂Y = 90°, Tan ⊥ to radius

AT
̂X = 90°, Tan ⊥ to radius
AT
∴ ∆ ATY and ATX are right < 𝑑
Theorem 3
In ∆ ATY
ALTERNATE SEGMENTS
2 2 2
AY = YT + AT , pythagorus theorem
15²=YT² + 12²
225 – 144= YT²
81=YT²
YT=√81
YT=9cm
In ∆ 𝐀𝐓𝐗,
If a straight line touches a circle and from the
AX2= AT2 + XT2, Pythagoras theorem point of contact a chord is drawn, the angles
132= 122+XT2 which chord makes with the tangent are equal to
the angles in the alternate segments
169– 144=XT2
Reason, <s in alt seg. are equal.
25 = XT2
PROVE
XT=√25
= 5cm
I. XY = YT+TX
= 9cm + 5cm
=14cm
II. XY= YT- TX
= 9cm- 5cm
76
 ̂ E = 180° −x2(x1=x2)
∴ AB
̂ E= BD
AB ̂E

EXAMPLE
1. TY is a tangent to the circle TVS. If STV=
48° and VS= ST. what is VT ̂ Y?
Solution

̂ E and
Given; a circle, str. line ABC, chord BC, CB
̂ E, AB
BG ̂ E and BD ̂E

To prove; C𝐁 ̂ 𝐄 and A𝐁
̂ 𝐄= B𝐆 ̂ E= B𝐃
̂E

Construction: draw diameter BE, join E to F

Proof: r + x = 90°, tan ⊥ to radius
SV= ST, given
x = 90° − r ∴ ∆STV, is isosceles
m = 90°, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑚 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 ∴ y = 48°

In ∆ 𝐁𝐄𝐅 x + y + 48° = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ∆

r + x3+m=180°, sum <s in a triangle x + 48° + 48° = 180°

r + x3+90o=180o x = 180° − 96°

r + x3=180 – 90o x = 84°

r + x3= 90o w = x, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔

x3=90o- r w = 84°
̂ Y = 84°
∴ VT
∴x1 =x3
Butx2 =x3, <s in same seg. 2. TS is a tangent to a circle PQDS. If DR=PS
and angle DQR=117°, calculateangle RST
∴x2 =x3 Solution
̂E
̂ E= BG
∴ CB
̂ E=1800, sum intr. Opp. <s in cyclic
X2+ BD
Quad.
̂ E=180°- x2
∴BD
̂ E + x = 180°, < 𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
AB
̂ E = 180° − x
AB

77
 x + 117° = 180°, sum int. opp CONSTRUCTION
< 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑
Construction of a tangent to a circle at a point on
x = 180° − 117°
the circumference.
=630
PROCEDURES
In ∆ 𝐃𝐑𝐒
1. Draw a circle Centre O and mark P on its
RD= DS, given circumference.
2. Join O to P and produce it to K
∴ ∆DRS, is an isosceles 3. Through P, construct line PQ
∴ x = w, base < 𝑠 perpendicular to OP. then PQ is the
required tangent.
∴ w = 63°
x + w + t = 180°, sum < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 ∆
63° + 63° + t = 180°
t = 180° − 126
t = 54°
a = t = 54°, < 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑔
a = 54°
∴ DŜT = 54°
EXERCISE
Construction of a tangent from an external point.
1. AT is a tangent to the circle ABCD, angle
BAC = 64O and angle CAT=72O. Calculate PROCEDURES
BĈA and CD̂A
i. Draw a circle Centre O and mark a
2. If angle ACB=37° and angle ATB=42°,
̂ T and AÊB point X outside the circle.
Calculate AB
ii. Join O to X
iii. Bisect OX and let the mid-point of OX
be R.
iv. With radius from R, draw arcs cutting
the circle at M and N. join M to X and N

78
to X. then XM and XN are the required CHAPTER 3
tangents.
STATISTICS
RANGE
It’s the difference between the highest and the
lowest score. E. g. 10, 2, 7, 100, 20
Range =100-2
= 98
EXAMPLE
1. At the end of term, the lowest in the
mathematics test was 34%. The range is
52%. How many marks did the top
student score?
Solution
Range = highest – lowest
52%= highest -34%
52%+ 34%= highest
∴ Highest = 86%
INTERQUATILE RANGE
It is the difference between lower quartile and
upper quartile.
The score at the middle of the lower half of score
1
is called lower quartile range (it is a way along
4
the distribution)
𝑛+1 th
QL= ( 4
) score.

The score of the middle of the upper half of score

is called upper quartile range (QU).
3
Because it is a 4 way along the distribution.
3
QU=4 (𝑛 + 1)

The median is also called second quartile.

EXAMPLE
1. Find the lower, second and upper
quartiles of the following data.
10, 7, 2, 11, 15, 17, 12, hence find the
interquartile and semi quartile range.

79
 Solution
10, 7, 2, 11, 15, 17, 12
EXAMPLE
(𝑛+1)th
Lower quartile (QL) = 4
score 1. Find the standard deviation for 5, 6, 2, 9,
(7+1)th 13, 25, 18, 10
= score
4 Solution
= 2nd score 2+5+6+10+9+13+25+18
Mean(𝑥̅ ) =
8
=7
88
Upper quartile
3
= 4 (𝑛 + 1)thscore
=
8

3
= 4(7+1)th score = 11
24 Score Deviation Squared deviation
= ( 4 )th score (x) from
mean(x- 𝒙
̅)
= 6th score
2 -9 81
= 17 5 -6 36
6 -5 25
Median = 11
9 -2 4
Interquartile range= 17- 7 10 -1 1
13 2 4
= 10
18 7 49
1 25 14 196
Semi-quartile = 2× 10
Total 0 ∑(𝑥 − ̅
𝑥)² = 396
=5
EXERCISE ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )²
Variance (S2) =
𝑛
1. For the following set of numbers state,
i. The lowest quartile 396
=
ii. The median 8
iii. The interquartile range = 49. 5
iv. The upper quartile
v. The semi-interquartile range Standard deviation(S)= √49.5
8, 8, 9, 11, 14, 17, 21, 25, 29, 35, 37,
= 7.03
43.
GROUPED DATA
STANDARD DEVIATION
EXAMPLE
VARIANCE (S2)
1. Find correct to 1 decimal place, the mean
It is the average of deviations from mean.
standard deviation of the following;
Standard deviation is the square root of 26, 29, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 33, 35
variance(s)
Deviation is the value we get after subtracting
mean (𝒙̅ ) from given score(x).

80
 2. The ages of the students in a class were
Solution as follows; 14, 15, 14, 16, 14, 14, 15,17,
15, 18, 14, 15, 15, 16, 15, 14, 13, 15, 15,
Score Tally Freq.(f) 𝒇𝒙 16. Find
(x) a. Mean
26 / 1 26 b. Standard deviation.
29 // 2 58 Solution
30 / 1 30 Score (x) Tally Freq.(f) 𝑓𝑥
31 / 1 31 13 / 1 13
33 /// 3 99 14 //// 6 84
35 / 1 35 /
Total ∑𝑓 = 9 ∑𝑓𝑥 = 279 15 //// 8 120
///
∑fx 16 /// 3 48
Mean(𝑥̅ ) = 17 / 1 17
∑f
18 / 1 18
279
= ∑𝑓 = 20 ∑𝑓𝑥 = 300
9 ∑𝑓𝑥
Mean (𝑥
̅) =
∑𝑓
= 31
300
∴ Mean = 31 =
20

X (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) f f(𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )² f(x-x)2 = 15
𝑥̅ )
26 -5 1 -5 25 25 Score (x- F f(x- (x- F(x-𝑥
̅)²
29 -2 2 -4 4 8 x 𝑥)
̅ 𝑥)
̅ 𝑥)²
̅
30 -1 1 -1 1 1 13 -2 1 -2 4 4
31 0 1 0 0 0 14 -1 6 -6 1 6
33 2 3 6 4 12 15 0 8 0 0 0
35 4 1 4 16 16 16 1 3 3 1 3
Total ∑𝑓 = ∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 17 2 1 2 4 4
=9 𝑥)2 =62 18 3 1 3 9 9
=20 0 = 26

∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )²
S²= ∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )²
∑𝑓 S²=
∑𝑓

∑𝑓(𝑥−𝑥̅ )² 26
S = √ ∑𝑓 =
20

= 1.3
62
=√ 9 S = √1.3
= √6. 886 = 1.14 years
= 2. 6

81
EXERCISE CHAPTER 4
1. If the variance of 2 and 2a is 9, find the
value of a PROGRESSIONS AND SERIES
2. Find mean and standard deviation for; 7,
8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 20.  Arithmetic progression
3. Given the following information, find the  Sequence
standard deviation.  Term, first term, common sequence
Order size (x) Number of orders  Rule
(f)  Infinite sequence
150 10  nth term
250 28  sum of arithmetic progression
350 42 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
500 50
300 20 A sequence whereby the terms increase or
decrease by the same amount is called arithmetic
4. Find the standard deviation for the data progression.
below, using grouped data. E. g 1, 3, 5, 7……. This sequence is increasing by
Ages Frequency adding 2 to the previous term.
100- 200 10
200-300 28 8, 6, 4…….. This sequence is decreasing by adding
300- 400 42 -2 to the previous sequence.
400- 600 50 SEQUENCE
600- 1000 20
It is an arrangement of numbers arranged
according to their definite rule.
Two conditions are needed to come up with a
sequence
i. first term
ii. rule
Rule; to previous term add 2 to get the next term.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10……..sequence
INFINITE SEQUENCE
It is a sequence in which last or first term may
not be known.
E. g 1, 3, 5………..

FINITE SEQUENCE
A sequence whereby last and first term are
known.
E. g 1, 3, 5………..13
82
nth TERM OF AN AP Solution
1, 3, 5, 7……
1, 3, 5, 7……..
A=1, d= 2
1 is a first term (a) nth term = 1 +(n-1)2
=1 + 2n -2
3-1=2 = 2n- 1
5-3=2 Thousandth old number = 2(1000)-1
= 2000-1
7-5=2 = 1999
∴ 2 is a common difference (d) EXERCISE
1. Find the tenth term of the AP 3, 8, 15.
1, 3, 5, 7…… 2. How many terms are there in an AP 45,
41, 37….…..1
1st, 2rd, 3th, 4th ………………. nth
3. Find the formula for the nthterm of even
1, 1+2, 1+2+2, 1+2+2+2……..nth numbers 2, 4, 6, 8 hence find
4. The thousandth even number.
Substitute a=1 and d=2
a, a+d, a+d+d, a+d+d+d……… nth EXAMPLES
1. The twenty fifth term of an AP is 43 and
ast, a+d2nd, a+2d3rd, a+3d4th…………… nth the fifty ninth term is 26. Find the first
a, a+ (2-1)d, a+(3-1)d, a+(4-1)d…….. nth term and the common difference and the
thirtieth term.
let n = position Solution
25th term = a + (25-1) d
∴ a + (n-1) d
43= a +24d…………….. (i)
n = number of terms 59 term = a + (59-1) d
th

26= a + 58d…………….. (ii)

EXAMPLE 43= a + 24d
1. For 1, 3, 5…., find the 7th term. (26=a+58d)
Solution 17 =- 34d
34
7th term = 1+ (7-1)2 d= − 17
= 1+12 1
=-
= 13 2
2. How many are there in the AP 5, 12, 1
In i. put d=-
19…..82. 2
1
Solution 43=a +24(− 2)
a=5, d=7 n=? nth term =82 43= a -12
nth term =a+ (n-1)d 43+ 12= a
82=5+ (n-1)7 a= 55
82= 7n-2 1
30th= 55+ (30-1) -
82+2=7n 2
1
84= 7n =55 + 29×-
2
n=12
3. Find the formula for the nth term of the
= 55- 14.5
sequence of old numbers 1, 3, 5, 7……. = 40.5
And find thousandth odd number. 2. An AP has fourth term 8 and seventh term
17. Find the first term and the common
83
 difference. Find an expression for the nth 2. The second term of an A IS 15 and the
term. fifth term is 21. Find the common
Solution difference, the first term and the sum of
4th term = a + (4-1) d the first ten terms.
8 = a +3d………………. (i) Solution
7 term = a + (7-1) d
th 2nd term = a + d (2-1)
17 = a +6d………………(ii) 15=a +d…………………… (i)
ii) - i) gives 17 = a +6d 5 term = a + d (5-1)
th

(8 = a +3d) 21= a + 4d………………… (ii)

9= 3d ii) – i); gives 21= a +4d
9 (15=a +d)
d=
3 6=3d
d=3 6
In i.) Put d=3 d= =2
3
8=a + 3(3) in i) put d= 2
8-9= a 15= a + 2
-1 = a 15-2= a
a= -1 a= 13
nth term = a + (n -1) d
= -1 + (n-1) 3 S10 =10
2
(2(13) + (10 − 1)2)
= -1 + 3n – 3
= 5(26+18)
= 3n – 4
SUM OF TERMS IN AN AP = 220
The formula for finding sum of nth term of an AP 3. How many terms an AP 1, 3, 5……..are
is; required to make a sum of 1525?
𝑛 Solution
Sn = 2 (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
a=1, d=2
EXAMPLE 𝑛
Sn = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
1. An arithmetic progression has first term 3 𝑛
1521 = 2 (1) + (𝑛 − 1)2)
and common difference 2. Find the sum of
the first 50 terms. 𝑛
1521=2 (2 + 2𝑛 − 2)
Solution 𝑛
1521= ×2𝑛
a= 3, d= 2, n= 50 2

𝑛 1521=n2
Sn = (2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
50
n=√1521
S50 = 2
(2(3) + (50 − 1)2)
= 39
= 25 (6+98)
4. The sixth term of an AP is twice the third
= 25×104 term, and the first term is 3. Find the
common difference and the 10th term.
S50 = 2600 Solution
6th term = 3 + d (6-1)
=3+ 5d

84
 3rd term = 3 +d (3-1) EXAMPLE
= 3 + 2d
1. Write down the sixth term and the nth
But 6th term = 2× 3rd term 1
∴ 3+ 5d = 2(3+2d) term of the GP. 2, 1, … …
2
3 +5d= 6+ 4d
5d- 4d =6-3 Solution
d= 3 1
10 term= 3 +3(10- 1)
th 2, 1, …………..
2
= 3+3(9) 1
= 30 a= 2, r= , n=6
2

EXERCISE 1
6th term = 2 × ( )6-1
1. The twentieth term of an AP is 55 and 2
the eightieth term is 255. Find the first 1
term, the common difference and the = 2×( )5
2
thirtieth term 1
2. How many terms are there in the =
16
following series
200, 192, 184…………120 2. The sixth term of GP is 16 and the third
3. The first term of an AP is 2 and the term 2, find the first term and the
last term is 59. If the sum of their common ratio
terms is 610, find the common Solution
difference.
6th term= ar6-1
4. The sum of n terms of an AP for all
values of n is 5n2- 2n. find the first 16= ar5………….. i)
term and the common difference
5. Find the value of n if the value of the 3rd term =ar3-1
first n terms of the two APs 2, 5, 8…..
2= ar2…………... ii)
and 47, 45, 43 are equal
16 𝑎𝑟 5
i) ÷ ii) gives =
2 𝑎𝑟 2
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP) 8=r3
11st, 22nd, 43rd, 84th…………. nth term 23= r3
1, 1×2, 1×2×2, 1×2×2×2………… nth term r= 2
a×20, a×21, a×22, a×23……………. nth term in ii) put r=2
(Position and power differs by 1) 2= a×2²
a×2 a×2×2 a×2×2×2 2=a × 4
= = =2
a a×2 a×2×2
2= 4a
2 is a common ratio
1
a=
a, ar1, ar2, ar3 …………….arn-1 2

∴nth term of a GP = arn-1

85
SUM OF TERMS IN A GP EXERCISE
The formula for finding sun of terms in a GP 1. Write down the sixth term and the nth
where r> 1 is; term of
i. 2, 4, 8 ……………
𝐚(𝐫 𝐧 −𝟏)
𝐒𝐧 = ii. 3, -6, 12 ………..
𝐫−𝟏
2. The first term of a GP is 5 and the
Where r <1 the formula is; common ratio is 2. Find the common ratio
𝐚(𝟏−𝐫 𝐧 ) 3. The third term of a GP is 6 and the eighth
𝐒𝐧 = term is 192. Find the first term of the
𝟏−𝐫
series and the common ratio.
EXAMPLE 4. Mr. Motto saves from his profit as follows,
1. A GP has first term 3 and common ratio2. K3 the first week, K6 the second week,
Find the sum of the first ten term. K12 the third week, K24the fourth week
Solution and so on. If he manages to keep on
a=3, r= 2, n= 10 saving under this system,
i. How much would he save in the
3(210 −1)
S10 = tenth week
2−1 ii. What would be the total amount of
3(1024−1)
= his savings in the first ten weeks
1
= 3×1023 5. The sum of n terms of a GP is 14. The first
= 3069 term is 2, find the possible values of the
2. What is the largest number of terms of sum of first five terms.
GP, 8+24+74….. that will give less than 6. The first and fourth terms of a GP
x y
3,000,000 are; y2 and 5 . Find the second and third
x
Solution terms.
A = 8, r= 3, sn = 3,000,000 7. In a GP a product of the first and 7th terms
8(3n − 1) is equal to the 4th term. Given that the
Sn = sum of the first and 4th term is 9. Find the
3−1
8(3n −1) 1st term and common ratio.
<3, 000,000
3−1
4(3n-1) <3, 000,000
3,000,000
3n-1<
4
3n< 750, 000+1
3n< 750,001
Log 3n< log 750, 001
n log3< log 750,001
log 750,001
n<
log3
5.8751
n<
0.4771
n < 12.31
n < 12
∴ The largest number is 12

86
 CHAPTER 5

TRAVEL GRAPHS
We shall look at
1. Velocity- time graph
2. Acceleration – time graph
3. Deceleration – time graph
To calculate the distance covered, find the areas
under the given graph.
The formula for finding the area depends on the
shape of the graph. To find distance covered, calculate
𝟐 the area under the graph.
Triangle =𝟐 𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 × 𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐠𝐡𝐭
1
Area of trapezium= 2(Sum // sides)h
Rectangle =length× breadth
𝟏 1 4𝑚 54𝑚
Trapezium= 𝟐(sum // sides) h = ( + ) × 10𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠
VELOCITY TIME GRAPH 1 58𝑚
= × × 10𝑠
2 𝑠
distance
Velocity= = 290m
time
Velocity is the rate of change of distance for ∴Distance traveled = 290m
given time
ACCELERATION
EXAMPLE velocity m/s
Acceleration = =
1. Draw a velocity time graph for a body time s
which starts with initial velocity of 4m/s =m/s2
and continues to move for a further 10s
with acceleration of 5m/s2. Use your EXAMPLE
graph to find the distance covered by the 1. Find the acceleration of the graph below
body in this time.
Solution

Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S
Velo 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54
city

87
 Solution 3. Figure below is a speed time graph of a
velocity velocity. The train decelerates 40m/s to V
Acceleration =
time m/s in 20s. It then maintain this speed for
(10−2)m/s
= the next 40 seconds after which it
5S decelerates uniformly for 20seconds and
8m/S stops.
=
5S

= 1.6m/s2
2. A car starts from rest and is uniformly
accelerated at 5m/s2 until it attains a
velocity of 30m/s. it maintains this
velocity for 120s after which it is brought
to the rest in another 90s. Sketch the
velocity time graph for this motion and
use it to find the distance covered by the
Given that the total distance travelled is 1600m.
car. Find the deceleration for the last part.
Calculate
Solution
i. Value of V
ii. Deceleration during the first 20
seconds
Solution
1
Area of trapezium A= 2(sum// sides)x h
1 𝑉+40𝑚
1 30𝑚 = ( × 20𝑠)
Area A= 2
× 6𝑠 × 𝑠 2 𝑠

= 90m =10(v + 40)m

30𝑚
Area B= ×120s
𝑠 𝑉𝑚
Area B= 40s ×
= 3600m 𝑠
1
Area C = 2 × 90𝑠 ×
30𝑚 = 40Vm
𝑠
1 𝑉𝑚
= 1350m Area C=2 × 20𝑠 × 𝑠

∴ Distance = 90m + 3600m+ 1350m = 10 Vm

= 5040m A+B+C= 1600m
0−30𝑚/𝑠 ∴ 10(v +40) +40V +10V= 1600m
Deceleration =
90𝑠
10V+400+50V =1600m
−30𝑚/𝑠
= 60V= 1600m-400m
90𝑠

= -0. 3m/s2 60V= 1200m

V= 20m/s
88
 change in speed
Deceleration = CHAPTER 6
change in time

=
(20−40)𝑚/𝑠 TRIGONOMETRY
20𝑠
SINE AND COSINE RULES
−20𝑚/𝑠
=
20𝑠 Sine and cosine rules are used to find unknown
= -1 m/s2 sides and angles of triangles which are not right
angled.
EXERCISE
SINE RULE
1. A car starts from the rest and is uniformly
accelerated at 5m/s2 until it attains a
velocity of 30m/s. It maintains this
velocity for 120s after which it is brought
to the rest in another 90s. Sketch the
velocity time graph for this motion and
use it to find the distance covered.

In ∆ ABD
AD
Sin B=
AB
AD
Sin B=
c
c sin B = AD

In ∆ADC
AD
Sin C=
AC
AD
Sin C=
b

b sin C = AD
∴ c sin B= b sin C
Divide both sides by c and b
Sin B Sin C
∴ b = C
Sin A Sin B Sin C
In general;
a
=
b
= C
EXAMPLE

89
 1. Find the unknown side a = 84.4°
Sin 84.4° Sin 58°
Solution =
S 32
Sin A Sin C
a
= C
32 sin 84.4°= S sin 58°
32 sin 84.4°
Sin 50° Sin 60° =𝑆
a
= 12
sin 58°
32 sin 0.9952
0.7660 0.8660 S=
a
= 12
sin 58°
31.8482
12× 0.7660=a× 0. 8660 =
0.8480
9.192
=a = 37.7cm
0.866
∴ RT = 37.7cm
a= 10.6cm
COSINE RULE
2. In triangle RST, RS=23cm, ST=32cm, angle
R=58. Find angle T and RT.
Solution

In ∆ ABC,
BC2 = DC2+DB2, Pythagoras
But DB=AB- AD
∴ DB=c-AD
Sin T Sin 58° ∴ BC2= DC2+(c-AD)2
=
23 32 BC2= DC2+c2- 2c.AD+AD2
0.8480×23
Sin T =
32
Rearranging
= 0.6095
sin−1 6095 = 37.6° BC2=DC2+AD2+c2-2c.AD
But DC2+AD2=b2
Sin S Sin R
= ∴BC2=b2+c2-2c.AD
S r
In ∆ADC,
Ŝ + 58° + 37.6° = 180°, Sum<s in a ∆
AD
Cos A= b
Ŝ = 180° − 95.6°
90
bCos A=AD = 0.6133
∴BC2= b2+c2-2bcCosA cos−1 0.6133= 52.2°
a2=b2+c2-2bcCos A ̂ = 52.2°
∴B
In general; EXERCISE
a2= b2+c2-2bcCosA 1. Find the unknown side in the triangle
b2= a2+c2-2acCosB below

c2= a2+b2-2abCosC
To find angles make Cosine subject
b2 +c2 −a²
∴Cos A=
2bc
a²+c2 −b²
Cos B=
2ac
2. In a triangle ABC, AB=8cm, AC=12cm and
a2 +b2 −c² ̂ =36°. Find BC
Cos C= A
2ab 3. In triangle XYZ, x=5cm, y=6cm and
EXAMPLE ̂=60°, Show that z=√31
Z
4. Find the labeled angles in these triangle
1. Find the stated angle that in a triangle
ABC given that a=8cm, b=9.5cm,
c=12cm. find angle B
Solution

MIXED PROBLEMS
Here are tips to help you to know which rule to
use (between cosine and sine rule).
1. SSS: if the three sides triangle are known
then use cosine rule to find angles
Solution 2. SAS: if two sides of a triangle are known
and the angle between them is known,
a²+c2 −b² then use cosine rule to find the other side
Cos B= 3. ASA: if one side and two angles are known
2ac
then use sine rule to find the other side
8²+122 −9.5² 4. SSA: if the two sides of a triangle are
=
2×8×12 known and the angle which is not
177.75 between them, then use sine rule to find
= the other angle(there may be two
192
possible outcomes )
91
 AREA OF A TRIANGLE 1
=2×5cm×4cm×Sin 70°

= 10cm×0.9370cm
= 9.4cm²
∴ Area of a //gram = 2×9.4cm²
= 18.8cm²
Finding an angle
A triangle has an area of 40cm². The two
1
Area ∆ =2 base × height adjacent sides of a triangle are 8cm and 12cm
long. What is the angle between them?
1
Area ∆ ABC = 2 a × AD
Solution
In a ∆ ABD
AD
Sin B= C

c sin B= AD
1
∴ Area of ∆ ABC =2 acSinB
1
Area of ∆ ABC =2 abSinC
1
Area of ∆ ABC =2 bcSinA 1
Area of ∆ ABC= 2bcSin A
NB: These formula expresses the area in terms of
1
two sides and their included angle. 40= 2×8×12×Sin A
EXAMPLE 40=4×12×Sin A
1. A parallelgram has sides of 4cm and 5cm 40
= Sin A
and an angle of 70°. What is its area 48
Solution Sin A= 0.8333
A= 56.4°
Or A= 123.6°
(Sin 56.4°)=Sin (180°-56.4°)

BEARING
Many problems involving bearings can be solved
using the sine and cosine rules.

NB: diagonal bisects the //gram

∆ADC≡ ∆CBA
1 EXAMPLE
Area of ∆ ADC= 2acSin D
92
 1. Two planes leaves an airport at the same then drives from the town to a lake 60km
time. One flies on a bearing of 150° at away on a bearing of 107°.
400km/h of 230° at 600km/h. how far i. How far away is the lake from his
apart are the two planes after three hours house
Solution ii. What is the bearing of his house
from the lake?
Distance= time × speed Solution
∴ Distance (MP)= 400km/h ×3hrs
= 1200km
Distance (NP) = 600km/h×3hrs
= 1800km

y=46°, alt <s

𝑥 + 107° = 180°,<s on str. Line
𝑥 = 180° − 107°
=73°
150°+t = 230° ̂ L= 𝑥 + 𝑦
∴V𝑂
t= 230°- 150° =46° + 107°
= 80° = 119°
p²=m²+n²−2mn Cos P n²=l²+v²-2lvCosN
p²=1200²+1800²−(1200)(1800) Cos 80° n²=40²+60²-2(40)(60)Cos 119°
= 144 0000+3240000−2320000×0.1736 n²= 1600+3600- 4800×-0.4848
= 4680000−749952 n²=5200+2327.04
p²=3930048 n²=7527.04
p=√3930048 n=√7527.04
= 1982.43 = 86.8km

∴ p= 1980(to 3 sig. fig) a. ∴ They are 86.8km apart

∴ They are 1980km apart

2. A man drives from his village to town, a

distance of 40km on a bearing of 046°, he
93
 𝑉 2 +𝑛2 −𝑙² CHAPTER 7
Cos L=
2𝑣𝑛

=
602 +86.7592 −40² POLYNOMIALS
2×60×86.759
Poly means many.
9527.04
=
10411.080 3𝑥² monomial
Cos L = 0. 9151 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 Polynomial
= 23.8° DIVISSION OF POLY NOMIAL
Z= x, alt angles EXAMPLE
∴ 𝑧 = 73o 1. Find the quotient and the remainder of
23.8°+73°+m= 360°,<s @ a point. the following;

M=360°- 96. 8° 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 1Divided by 𝑥 + 1

= 263.2° We start with dividing the highest power of x by

(x+1), dividing x2 by x, give x so put x on top
∴ The bearing of home from the lake is line, multiply x by x(x+1) and subtract the result
from the first two terms of the polynomial.
263.2°
I. 𝑥+1
EXRCISE
𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
1. Given that A=(0,0), B =(4, 3) and C=(4, -
3). −(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
i. Find the area of triangle ABC
ii. Calculate angle BAC 𝑥+1
2. What is the area of an equilateral triangle −(𝑥 + 1)
with sides 10cm long?
3. A triangle has an area of 60cm². Two 0
adjacent sides of the triangle are 8cm and
12cm long. What is the angle between
them? ∴ The quotient is 𝑥 + 1 and the remainder
4. An aero plane leaves airport A on a
is 0
bearing of N23°E and flies for 340km to
another airport B and flies on a bearing of NB; in terms of quotient, divisor and the
N60°W to another airport C. If the airport remainder, the polynomial can be expressed as
A and C are 680km apart. Calculate the
bearing of airport A from airport C. Polynomial = devisor ×quotient+
5. A boat sails 40km from point A to B east Remainder
of A on a lake. Lodge P is south of point B.
the bearing of Q from point A is S52°E and 2. Find the quotient and the remainder
the bearing of lodge P from B is S39°W. if when 𝑥3 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 1 Is divided by 𝑥 − 2
P is 60km from Q. calculate the bearing of
lodge Q from lodge P.

94
 Solution When 𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 is divided by (𝑥 + 1) the
remainder is 5 and when it is divided by 𝑥 −
2, the remainder is 8. Find a and b
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2
Solution
𝑥−2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
𝑥+1=0
−(𝑥 3 − 2𝑥²)
𝑥 = −1
𝑥2 − 4𝑥
𝑓(-1)=(-1)³+3(-1)²+𝑎(−1) + 𝑏
−(−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)
5=-1+3-𝑎 + 𝑏
2𝑥 + 1
5-2=𝑏 − 𝑎
−(2𝑥 − 4)
3=𝑏 − 𝑎……………………(i)
5
𝑥−2=0
∴ The quotient is 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 and the remainder is
5. 𝑥=2
EXERCICE 𝑓(2)=(2)³+3(2)²+𝑎(2) + 𝑏
Find the quotient and the remainder of the 8=8+12+2𝑎 + 𝑏
following,
8-20=2𝑎 + 𝑏
3 2
1. 3𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 14 divided by 𝑥 − 1
-12=2𝑎 + 𝑏…………………(ii)
2. 𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2, divided by 𝑥2 − 3
3. 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 1divided by 2𝑥 + 1 In (ii) put 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 3
REMAINDER THEOREM ∴-12=2𝑎 + (𝑎 + 3)
The remainder when 𝑓(𝑥)is divided by 𝑥 + -12=2𝑎 + 𝑎 + 3
𝑎 is 𝑓(−𝑎)
-12-3=3𝑎
EXAMPLE
-15=3𝑎
Use remainder theorem to find the remainder
when 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 12 is divided by 𝑥 − 1 𝑎 = −5

Solution In (i) put 𝑎 = −5

𝑥−1=0 ∴ 3 = 𝑏 − (−5)

𝑥=1 𝑏 = −2

𝑓(1) = 3(1)3 + 4(1)2 + 7(1) − 12 EXERCISE

= 3+4+7+12 1. Use the remainder theorem to find the

following expressions
=2 i. 𝑥3 − 8𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 5 divided by (𝑥 −
2)
∴ 2 is the remainder
ii. 7𝑥3 − 7𝑥 − 42 divided by (𝑥 − 2)
EXAMPLE 2 iii. 4𝑥3 − 5𝑥 + 4 divided by (2𝑥 − 1)

95
 2. When 𝑥 − 3 is divided into 𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + ∴ 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 11𝑡 − 6 =
5𝑥 + 𝑘 find 𝑘. = (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 6)
3. When 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 is divided by = (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 3)
(𝑥 − 1) the remainder is 3, and when it is ii. By inspection
divided by (𝑥 + 2), the remainder is 6. Used when one of the factors is
Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 known
4. (𝑥 − 1) and (𝑥 + 1) are factors of the
expression 𝑥3 + 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.the EXAMPLE
expressions leaves the remainder of 12
Factorize 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
when it is divided by (𝑥 − 2). What are the
values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 If one factor is (𝑥 − 1)

FACTOR THEOREM Solution

If𝑓(𝑎) = 0, then (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor of f(𝑥) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) = 2𝑥3 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 1

EXAMPLES =𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐
Factorize, 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝒕 − 𝟔 =𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐
There are two methods of factorizing
polynomials =𝑎𝑥 3 + (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑥 2 + (𝑐 − 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑐
i. Using factors of the constant
(Factorizing)
ii. By inspection
∴ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 − 𝑎 = −1, −𝑐 = 1
Solution
𝑏 − 2 = −1, 𝑐 = −1
i. By using factors of the constant. 𝑏=1
We find the factors of the
constant, in this case ∴ (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1)We substitute
The factors of 6 are;±1, ±2, ±3, ±6 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1)
Let 𝑡 = 1
𝑓(1)=(1)³-6(1)²+11(1)-6 EXERCISE
=1-6+11-6
1. Factorize the following polynomials by
=0
factor method
∴ (𝑡 − 1)Is a factor
i. 𝑥3 + 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 − 8
ii. 6𝑦 3 + 5𝑦 2 − 21𝑦 + 10
iii. 2𝑘 3 + 𝑘 2 + 𝑘 + 2
iv. 6𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2
𝑡 2 − 5𝑡+6
2. Factorize the following polynomials given
𝑡−1 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 11𝑡 − 6
one factor
−(𝑡 3 − 𝑡²)
i. 𝑥3 − 2𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6, (𝑥 −1)
−5𝑡 2 + 11𝑡
ii. 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 4, (𝑥 − 2)
−(−5𝑡 2 + 5𝑡)
iii. 𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 6, (𝑥 + 1)
6𝑡 − 6 3. Show that 12𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 is
−(6𝑡 − 6) divisible by ( 2𝑥 − 1) and hence find the
other factors of the expression
0

96
 IDENTICAL POLYNOMIALS
These are polynomials which when expanded, 𝑥2 + 0 − 1
gives the same expression
𝑥 − 1𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
EXAMPLE
(𝑥3 − 𝑥²)
Given that 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝒙 + 𝟏 is identical
to(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏) find 𝑘 and 𝑚. 0−𝑥

Solution (0 − 0)

2𝑥 3 + 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) −𝑥 + 1

=2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 (−𝑥 + 1)

∴ 𝑘 = 3, 𝑚 = 3 0

EXERCISE
1. Given that 𝑩𝒚𝟑 − 𝑪𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚 + 𝟑 is identical (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 1) = 0
to(𝒚 − 𝟏)(𝟒𝒚𝟐 − 𝟏). Find the value of B (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
and C
2. Given that (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟏) (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)=0
and𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝒙𝟐 + 𝒉𝒙 − 𝟔 are identical, find ∴ 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
the value of k and h.
EXERCISE
SOLVING POLYNOMIAL Solve the following
Factor theorem is used when solving polynomial. 1. 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
EXAMPLE 2. 𝑡 3 − 13𝑡 − 12 = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 3. 4𝑦 3 − 12𝑦 2 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0
4. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
Solution 5. 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 + 10 = 0
Factors of 1 = ±1
Let x =1

𝑓(1) = (1)3 − (1)2 − (1) + 1

=0

𝑓(1) = 0

∴ 𝑥 − 1 is a factor

97
CHAPTER 8 EXAMPLE
A bag contains 3 red and 7 white balls. What is
PROBABILITY the probability that when I pick one ball out, it is
a red ball?
Means a chance
no. of ways an event can occur
Solution
Probability =
total no. of possible outcomes There are 3 red ball
P(certainity) = 1 3
∴p(red ball)=
10
P(impossible event) = 0
PARK OF CARDS
Generally, probability is between 0 and 1
inclusive In total there are 54 cards but in mathematics we
only use 52 cards
P≥ 0
Clubs Hearts spades Diamond
P≤ 1 Ace Ace Ace Ace
Thus 0≤ 𝑝 ≤ 1 King King King king
Queen Queen queen Queen
p(success)+p(not success)=1 Pack Pack Pack Pack
EXAMPLE 10 10 10 10
9 9 9 9
Given that the probability of having girls at a 8 8 8 8
7
school is 10, what is the probability of not having 7 7 7 7
girls. 6 6 6 6
5 5 5 5
Solution
4 4 4 4
p(not having) + p(having)=1 3 3 3 3
7 2 2 2 2
p(not having)=1− 10
3 EXAMPLE
p(not having)=10

EXAMPLE 2 A card is picked from a park of cards. What is the

following probabilities?
What is the probability of getting an even
number when a die is rolled? i. P( picking an ace)
ii. P(picking an ace of diamond)
Solution iii. P(picking a red card)
iv. P(picking a red heart)
The numbers are, 1,2,3,4,5,6
v. P(picking two red heart)
Even numbers are;2,4 and 6 vi. P(a card with a prime number on it)
Solution
3 4 1
∴p(even numbers)= i. P(ace)= =
6 52 13
1
= 1
2 ii. P(ace of diamond)=
52

98
 26 1 b. More than one goal
iii. p(red card)= =
52 2 c. Less than mean number of goals per
football match.
13 1
iv. p(heart )= = Solutions
52 4
8 1
v. p(2 red heart)=
1 a. P(no goals)= =
40 5
52 12+2+3+5
b. P(>1goal) =
40
16 22
vi. p(card with prime no.)= =
52 40
11
4 =
= 20
13 0(8)+1(10)+2(12)+3(2)+4(3)+5(5)
c. Mean =
40
EXERCISE
77
1. A die is rolled once, calculate the =
40
probability of getting the following
a. Even number =1.9
b. Prime or odd number ≈2
c. Score of 6
d. Score of 10 8+10
∴ P (< mean no. of goals) =
2. A bag contains 6 red balls and 8 blue 40
balls. A ball is removed , what is the 9
probability that this ball is blue
=
20
3. A card is picked at random from pack of EXERCISE
cards. What are these probabilities
a. p(king) In a traffic survey, the number of people(including
b. P(diamond) the driver) in each car passing a school was recorded
c. p(18 of hearts) and the results were as follows
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITIES No. of 1 2 3 4 5
no. of favourable outcones people
Exp. Prob= No. of 17 12 14 21 16
total number of trials
cars
EXAMPLE What is the probability that a car picked at
One weekend, the number of goals scored by the random has;
teams in a football league matches were as i. Exactly 4 passengers
follows. ii. Less than 2 passengers
No. of goals 0 1 2 3 4 5 iii. Less than the average number of
No. of 8 10 12 2 3 5 passengers
teams In a survey, the heights of pupils in form 3 were
recorded as follows
What is the probability that a team picked at
random had the following score?
a. No goals
99
Heights 140- 150- 160- 170- 180- v. P(no 0 head)=1-p(0 head)
of 9 9 9 9 9 1
=1-8
pupils 7
No. of 2 12 14 21 16 =8
pupils EXAMPLE 2
What is the probability that a pulp picked at Use the possibility space for tossing
random is two dice to calculate these
probabilities
i. More than 169cm tall
i. P(a score of 10 or more)
ii. Less than 160cm tall
ii. P(an even score)
POSSIBILITY/ PROBABILITY /SAMPLE SPACE iii. P(score of less than 12)
iv. P(a score of 13)
Possibility space show all the possible Solution
outcomes by listing them down 1st die

It is a complete set of possible results or 1 2 3 4 5 6

outcomes of an experiment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
EXAMPLE
2nd die 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Three coins are tossed. State the possibility
space and use it to find the following 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i. P(three heads) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ii. P(two heads)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
iii. P(one head)
iv. P(0 head) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
v. P(not head)
Solutions NB; for score add number of die.
The possible outcomes are;
i. P(score of 10 or more)
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, 6
=36
1
HTT, THT, TTH, TTT =6
ii. P(even score)
1 18
i. P(3heads)=p(HHH)=8 =36
ii. P(2heads)=p(HHT) or P(HTH) =2
1

or p(THH) 35
3 iii. P(score<12)=36
=8
iv. P(score of 13)=0
iii. P(1head)=p(THT) or P(TTH) or
p(HTT)
3
=8
iv. P(0 head)= p(TTT)
1 EXERCISE
=8
100
 1. Three digits 2, 1 and 3 are written in I Toss a coin and roll a die, draw the tree
random order to make a two digit diagram to show all the possible outcomes. Use it
number. to find P (having a head and an even number)
a. list the possibility space
b. what is the probability that a number Solution
formed is even
c. What is the probability that the
number formed is prime
2. Construct the possibility space for 4 coins
and use it to calculate these probabilities
i. P(4 heads)
ii. P(less than 4 heads)
iii. P(2 heads)
3. A number is selected from the set
S={1,2,3…18}. Find the following
i. P(prime number)
ii. P(even number)
iii. P(multiple of 6)
4. A coin is tossed and a die is rolled.
Illustrate the possible outcomes on the
possibility space. Find the probability that
the outcomes will be;
i. A head and a 1
P (H and even #) =P(H,2) or p(H,4) or p(H,6)
ii. A head and a 3
iii. A tail and a 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
= × + × + ×
2 6 2 6 2 6

TREE DIAGRAMS 1 1 1
= + +
12 12 12
Use branches. 1
=
4
The probability is found using the branches.
2. A bag contains 3 red beads and 4 green
It is clear and more flexible illustrations of beads. A bead is taken at random, color
outcomes and their probabilities other than noted and a bead replaced. If two
possibility space. successive draws are made, find the
probability that the result will be;
The probabilities of the individual outcomes are
i. 2 red balls
shown on these branches.
ii. 1 red and 1 green
NB; at any intermediate stage of at final count,
the sum of the branches must be equal to one

EXAMPLES Solution

101
 1
=
6
b. P(MOO or OMO or OOM)=
6 4 3 4 6 3
=( × × )+( × × )+
10 9 8 10 9 8
4 3 6
(10 × 9 × 8)
72 72 72
= + +
720 720 720
3
=
10
c. P(not 3)= 1- P(MMM)
3 3
i. P(RR)= × =1-
1
7 7 6
9 5
= =
49 6
12 12 4. A bag contains beans, g nuts and maize
ii. P( red and green)= +
49 49 seed. The probability of getting at random
24 1 𝑥
= a beam seed is , a g nut seed is maize
49 5 15
3. A basket contains 6 mangoes and 4 1
is . Find the value of x
oranges. Three fruits are removed from it 3
without replacement. Use a tree diagram Solution
𝑥 1 1
to work out the following probabilities. + + =1
15 3 5
a. P (three mangoes are removed)
(sum of prob = 1)
b. P(a mango and two oranges)
𝒙 + 5 + 3 = 15
c. P(not picking 3mangoes)
𝒙 + 𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓
Solution 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖
=7

USING VENN DIAGRAM TO FIND PROBABILITY

EXAMPLE

In a class of 30 pupils like English and 17 like

science. All 46 students say they like at least one
of these subjects. What is the probability that a
pupil chosen at random likes exactly one
subject?

a. P( 3 mangoes)= P(MMM)
6 5 4
= × ×
10 9 8 Solution
102
 Draw a tree diagram to represent this
information completing all branches.

Let those taking both subjects be x

∴ 30 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 17 − 𝑥 = 46

47 − 46 = 𝑥

𝑥=1

45
∴ P(pupil like exactly one sub)=
46

EXERCISE

1. In a plastic bag, there are x blue pens, 6

black pens and 4 red pens. If the
probability of picking a red pen is
1
.Calculate number of blue pens
5
2. A coin A is tossed followed by coin B. The
probability that a coin A shows head is
1
, while the probability that coin B shows
2
1
head is . Using the tree diagram,
4
calculate the probability that both coins A
and B shows tails
3. The probability of a bus arriving early at a
1 3
depot is and arriving rate is .If 400
10 10
buses are expected at the depot during
the day, calculate the number of buses
that are likely to arrive at the depot in
time.
4. The probability of having early lunch at a
2
boarding is 3 , when lunch is early, the
7
probability of having a beef is and when
10
1
late the probability of having a beef is . CHAPTER 9
8
103
VECTORS
b. 𝑞 = (−3)
1
𝑥 3 12
Any translation vector can be written as (𝑦) = −4𝑞 = −4 ( ) =
1 −4
2
( )
−4
3. P =(5, -3)
Coordinates + translation = coordinates of 𝐏𝐐=( 2 ). Find the coordinates of Q
a. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−1
object vector of image ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b. 𝐏𝐑=3𝐏𝐐, find the coordinates of R
Thus O + V = I 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
a. P+𝑃𝑄=Q ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥
EXAMPLE ( 5 ) + ( 2 ) = (𝑦)
−3 −1
7 𝑥
1. Find the coordinates of the image of (-3, ( ) = (𝑦)
−4
4) under translation vector (−3). ∴ Q= (7, -4)
2
Solution b. PR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 )
𝑥 −1
(3) + (−3) = (𝑦) ∴ 3PR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3( 2 )= ( 6 )
4 2 −1 −3
−6 𝑥
( ) = (𝑦)
6
∴ The coordinates of image are (−6, 6) P + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR=R
2. 𝑝 = (−2), 𝑞=(−3) 6
3 1 ( 5 )+( )= 𝑅
a. Find the column vector which is parallel −3 −3
to p and six times as long. 11 ) = 𝑅
(
b. Find column vector which is four times −6
the length of q but in opposite direction.
∴The coordinates of R= (11, -6)

EXERCISE
NB: If k is a positive // then k⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB, is k times the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , and in the same directionAB
length ofAB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
1. A =(2, 1), is mapped on to point (3, -1)
under a translation .What would be the
In other words k ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB, is parallel to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB, and has image of C=(-2, -3) under the same
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
length k|𝐴𝐵| or k 𝑎 is parallel to 𝑎 and of length translation vector.
k|𝑎|. 2. Vector 𝑔=( 3 ), vector ℎ=(−2).
−2 −4
VECTORS ARE PARALLEL IF a. Find the image of A==(0, -1) under a
translation (2𝑔 − 3ℎ)
a. There is a common vector b. Find the image of B= (-2, -1) under
b. They have the same direction the translation 3(𝑔 − ℎ)
Solution
a. 𝑝 = (−2)
−3
∴ 6p=6( ) = (−12)
−2
POSITION VECTORS
−3 −18
104
P0sitional vectors can be used to specify the Solution
position of a point with respect to a fixed point. OK = (2) − (0) = (2)
a. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 0 3
On a Cartesian coordinates, the fixed point is OM = ( ) − (0) = (5)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5
6 0 6
usually the origin O
b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
KM = M − K
=(5) − (2)
6 3
=( )3
3
c. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
MK = −KM ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (−3)
−3
EXERCISE
1. If T= (8, 0), W=(2, 0) and Z= (5, 0). Find
the following.
a. The positional vector of T and Z
b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
WZandZT ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
1 2
2. 𝑎=(4) and 𝑏=( −6 ). Work out 𝑎 + 𝑏.
In positional vectors, the coordinates of an object 2 −12 2 3
is (0, 0)
𝐀𝐃𝐃𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐎𝐅 𝐕𝐄𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐒
𝑂𝐴=(1) − (0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
3 0
TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION OF VECTORS
=(1)
3

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(3) − (0)

𝑂𝐵
4 0

=(3)
4

𝑂𝐶 =( 2 )- (0)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−3 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = AC
=( 2 )
−3
PARALLELGRAM
In general, in position vectors, translation vector
is equal to coordinates of image A quadrilateral is a //gram when two opposite
sides are equal and parallel.
EXAMPLE

If 𝑘 =(2, 3) and M=(5, 6). Find the following

a. The positional vectors of M and K

b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
KM
c. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
MK
105
 =( 2 )
−5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =VW
∴ UX ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
UX//VW ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

∴ UVWX is a //gram

2. In a parallelogram PQRS, P= (1,1), Q=(-1,

4), S=(-3, 2). Find the coordinates of R.
When opposite <s are equal,
Solution
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD//BC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC

∴ ABCD is a //gram

A quadrilateral is //gram when

 One pair of the sides is equal and // to

each other.
 Opposite angles are equal ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PS=QR ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , opp. Sides of a //gram
 Two opposite sides are equal

EXAMPLE QR=(−4)
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1

1. Show that quadrilateral UVWX which has 𝑄 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

QR=R
U(-2, 3), V(4, 3), W(6, -2) and X(0, -2)
𝑥
is a //gram. (−1) + (−4) = (𝑦)
Solution 4 1
𝑥
(−5) = (𝑦)
5
∴ R=(-5, 5)

VECTOR ALGEBRA

We can apply triangle law of addition of vectors

to position vectors.

UX=( 0 ) − (−2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−2 3

=( 2 )
−5

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =( 6 ) − (4)
VW
−2 3

106
 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =OQ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC = 4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD.
OP+PQ
3
=4 × 4𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ=OQ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OP = 3𝑑
b. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC=AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +BC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=𝑞 − 𝑝
= 𝑏 + 3𝑑
MID POINT OF A VECTOR
c. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD=ACD
If M is a mid-point in the figure above.
𝑏 + 3𝑑 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = 4𝑑
1 1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CD = 4𝑑 − 𝑏 − 3𝑑
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PM PQ = (𝑞 − 𝑝)
2 2 2. In the figure, ABCD is a //gram ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ DC =
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
4CE, AB = 𝑏 and AD = 𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OM=OP ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +PM
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

1
=𝑝 + 2 (𝑞 − 𝑝)

1
=2 (𝑝 + 𝑞)

EXAMPLE

1. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which BC //

3
AD. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD = 4𝑑, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = 𝑏,⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 = 4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷. Find a. Show that ∆s ABC and ECF are similar
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a. 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4FC
b. Show that BF
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
b. 𝐴𝐶 c. Show that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝟏
𝐀𝐅 = 𝟓 ((𝟓𝒃 + 𝟒𝒅)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ( in terms of 𝑏 and 𝑑 )
c. 𝐶𝐷 𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5𝒃 + 𝟒𝒅)
d. Show that𝐀𝐅
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟒
Solution
a. AB //DC, opp. Sides of //gram
In ∆s ABF and ECF
𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑎𝑙𝑡 < 𝑠
𝑢 = 𝑧, 𝑎𝑙𝑡 < 𝑠
< CFE=<AFB, vert. opp. <s
∴ ∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 /// ECF (a. a. a)
107
 AB BF AF LENGTH OF A VECTOR
∴ = =
EC CF EF 𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BF
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ( )
b. ∴ = 𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
EC ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CF
Length of vector AB=|𝐴𝐵|
But ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC, opp. Sides of a //gram

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC = 4CE

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
DC
⃗⃗⃗⃗
= CE
4

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑏
∴ EC
4

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB 𝑏
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
EC
= −𝑏
⁄4 𝑙2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 , Pythagoras theorem

=-4 𝑙 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦²

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BF EXAMPLE
−4 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CF
1. Find the length of vector (−3)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵𝐹
−4𝐶𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 4
Solution
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝐹𝐶
𝐶𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|
−3| = √(−3)2 + (4)²
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) 4
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐹 = −4(−𝐹𝐶
= √9 + 16
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐹 = 4𝐹𝐶

𝑑
=√25
c. FC= = 5 units
5
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =AB
AF ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +BP
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2. If a =(1) and b=(3). find t in the
2 1
𝑑
= 𝑏 + 4( ) following equation,
5 |2𝑎 − 𝑏| = 𝑡|𝑎 − 𝑏|
5𝑏+4𝑑
=
5
1 Solution
= (5𝑏 + 4𝑑)
5
1 3
d. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AD+DE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =AE 2𝑎 − 𝑏 = 2 ( ) − ( )
2 1
5𝑏
𝑑+ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=AE
4
4𝑑+5𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =(2) − (3)=(−1)
=AE 4 1 3
4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =1(4𝑑 + 5𝑏)
AE ∴ |2𝑎 − 𝑏| = √(−1)2 + (3)²
4
1
= (5𝑏 + 4𝑑) =√1 + 9
4
108
 =√10 XN=NY, M is a mid-point
1 3
𝑎−𝑏 =( )−( ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +MN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =XN
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 1 XM
−2
=( )
1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑏
𝑎 + MN
∴ |𝑎 − 𝑏| = √(−2)2 + (1)²
=√5 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
MN= 𝑏 − 𝑎
∴ √10 = 𝑡√5
√10 XZ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑎 And XY
𝑡=
√5
𝑡 = √2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
XZ+ZY ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =XY
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

PARALLEL LINES ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑏

2𝑎 + ZY

Parallel lines have common vector and same ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

ZY = 2𝑏 − 2𝑎
direction.
= 2(𝑏 − 𝑎)
EXAMPLE
Since (𝑏 − 𝑎) is common in both ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
MN and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ZY
1. Show that ( 4 ) and ( 3 ) are parallel.
−8 −6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ //ZY
∴ MN ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Solution
(
4 ) And ( 3 )
−8 −6 COLLINEAR POINTS
4( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 ( 1 )
1
−2 −2 Points are collinear if they lie in a straight line.
∴ They are //
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2. In figure M and N are the mid points ofXZ If two vectors are equal, they are parallel and
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
XYrespectively. have the common point.

i.e.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ andZY
Show that MN ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ are parallel.
XY// YZ
Solution
And Y is common
XM=MZ, M is a mid-point

109
∴ The points X, Y and Z are collinear (they lie in ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ZX
In ∆OZX, OZ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OX
straight line)
4y + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ZX = x
EXAMPLE
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
ZX = x −4y
1. Show that X(-4, 4), Y(2, 7) and Z (6,9) are
collinear
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
XZ = −(x −4y)
Solution
= 4y − x
XY=(2) − (−4)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7 4
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + WZ
XW ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = XZ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
=(6) = 3(𝟐)
3 𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =WZ
But 2XW ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
YZ=(6) − (2)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
9 7 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =4y − x
3XW
=(4) = 2(𝟐) 4y−x
2 𝟏 = 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗ //YZ
∴ XY ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and Y is common
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + YX
OY ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = OX
∴X, Y and Z are
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = x − y
YX
collinear

EXAMPLE 2(MENEB 2016) But 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

YV = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VX

Figure below shows positional vectors𝐎𝐗 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥. ∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗

YV + 2YV YX
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OY is produced to a point Z where OY: YZ=1:3. V
is a point on ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐘𝐗 such that𝐘𝐕 𝐕𝐗 = 1: 2 and W is 3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
YV = x − y
a point on ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐗𝐙such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐗𝐖: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐖𝐗 = 𝟏: 𝟐 x−y
= 3

2(x−y)
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VX = 3

2x−2y
= 3

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VX + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
XW = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VW
2x−2y 4y−x
3
+ 3
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VW

2y+x
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VW = 3
Show that, O, V and W are collinear
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ YV = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OY + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ OV
Solution
110
 x−y
y+ 3
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OV CHAPTER 10
2y+x
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OV = 3 LINEAR PROGRAMMING
∴ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
OV//VW⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and V is common In inequalities, the unshaded region on the graph
is the region which satisfies all the conditions
∴ O, V and W are collinear
The unshaded region is called feasible or
accessible region

EXAMPLE

Show the feasible region representing the

following inequalities;

I. 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 ≥ 𝟐, 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, 𝒚 ≥
𝟎
II. Find the minimum and maximum
value of 2𝑥 + 5𝑦
Solution

To find minimum and maximum values of an

expression within the region, we only consider
the values at the vertices in the feasible region
and substitute in the given expression.

At A(0,2)=2(0)+5(2)=10
At B(0,1)=2(0)+5(1)=5
At C(2,0)=2(2)+5(0)=4
∴ The minimum value of 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 is
4 at C
111
 The maximum value is 10 EXAMPLES

EXERCISE A shopkeeper wants to buy up to 500 necklaces

for her shop. She has k9000 to spend. There are
1. Show the region representing the two types of necklaces available, one type
following inequalities; costing k30 each and the other costing k10 each.
i. 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 8, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 > She wants to buy at least 100 of each type.
12, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0
ii. Find the minimum value of i. If the shopkeeper buys𝑥 of the
𝑥 − 4𝑦 in the unshaded expensive type and 𝑦 of the cheaper
region. type of necklace, show graphically the
2. i. show the feasible region representing region in which points (𝑥, 𝑦) lie, using
the following inequalities; a scale of 1cm to represent 100 units
𝑥 + 𝑦 > 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 9, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 on each axis
iii. find the maximum and minimum ii. The profit is k10 on the expensive
value of 7𝑥 + 2𝑦 in the feasible region necklaces and k5 on the cheaper
necklaces. How many of each type of
LENEAR PROGRAMMING AND ITS necklaces should she buy to make the
APPLICATIONS most profit

In linear programming questions, we must find Solution

the maximum or minimum value of the objective
function while satisfying a set of constraints Types Number Cost Profit
function. 𝑥 30𝑥 10𝑥
Type A
Points to follow when solving linear 𝑦 10𝑦 5𝑦
programming questions; Type B
500 9000 P
i. summarize the information in a table Total
ii. write down the objective function and
all the necessary constraints Using the table, we can have the
iii. graph the feasible region following inequalities
iv. identify all corner points 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 500……………………..(i)
v. find the value of the objective function 30𝑥 + 10𝑦 ≤ 9000,
at each corner points 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 900……………………(ii)
vi. for the bounded region the solution is 𝑥 ≥ 100…………………………….(ii)
given by the corner point giving the 𝑦 ≥ 100……………………………(iii)
optimal value(minimum a and
maximum) of the objective function NB. At least means greater than or
vii. For the unbounded region, check that equal to (≥)
the solutions actually exists. If it does At most means less than or equal to
it will occur at the corner point (≤)

112
 ii. Write down the other inequalities
involving 𝑥 and𝑦
iii. Illustrate the solution set of the four
inequalities on the graph paper
provided and shade the unwanted
region
Solution
Types Number cost profit
𝑥 30𝑥 3000𝑥
30-pBus
𝑦 15𝑦 1000𝑦
15-pBus
120 12000
Total
P=10𝑥 + 5𝑦 30𝑥 + 15𝑦 > 120
At A(100,400)=10(100)+5(400) ∴2𝑥 + 𝑦 > 8……………………..i
=K3000 𝑥 ≤ 3……………………………….ii
B(200,300)=10(200)+5(300) 𝑦 ≤ 9………………………………iii
=K3500 3000𝑥 + 1000𝑦 < 12000
C(250,100)=10(250)+5(100) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 < 12……………………iv
=K3000
D(100,100)=10(100)+5(100)
=K1500
The maximum profit is K3500 at
B(200,300)
∴ She should buy 200 0f the expensive
necklaces and 300 of the cheaper
necklaces

EXAMPLE 2

A transport company has three 30-passenger

buses and nine 15-passenger buses. The
company contracts to transport more than 120
passengers a day to the national parks. It cost
k3000 per day to run each 30-passenger bus and EXERCISE
k1000 per day to run each 15-passenger bus and 1. Vendor decides to spend up to k600 to
the company must spend less than k12000 per buy sweets and biscuits. She does not
day in order to meet the costs, if 𝑥and 𝑦 are the want to buy more than 10 packets of each.
numbers of 30-passenger and 15 passenger A packet of sweet costs k40 and that of
buses each day; biscuits costs k80. The profit on each
packet of sweet is k10 and on its packet of
i. Show that 2𝑥 + 𝑦 > 8 biscuits is k15.

113
i. By taking 𝑥 to represent the number CHAPTER 11;
of packets of sweet and 𝑦 to represent
the number of packets of biscuits,
write down four inequalities that THREE DIMESIONSFIGURES
satisfies the above information
A PRISMS; A prism is any solid object which have
ii. Using the scale of 2cm to represent 2
uniform cross-section
units on axes, draw graphs to show
the region represented by the Examples of prisms;
inequalities
iii. Use your graph to find the number of i. Triangular prism
packets of sweets and biscuits - has cross-section of a triangle
respectively for the vendor to ii. Hexagonal prism
maximize profit - Its cross-section is a hexagon
2. A business man wants to buy 𝑥 meters of iii. Cuboid
low quality cloth at k200 per meter and 𝑦 - Its cross-section is a rectangle
meters of high quality cloth at k400 per iv. L-shaped prism
meter. He decided to - Its cross-section has an L-
. Buy at most a total of 1000 meters of shape
cloth
. Spend at least a total sum of k80, 000 VOLUME OF A PRISM
a. Write down two inequalities in
addition to 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0 For any prism;
b. Using a scale of 2cm to represent 200
V =cross-sectional area × height (length)
units on both axes, draw on the graph
paper the regions represented by the EXAMPLES
four inequalities
c. A business man will make a profit of Calculate the volume of the prism below
k10 per meter on the cheaper cloth
and k20 per meter on the expensive
cloth. How many meters of cloth of
each type of cloth must he buy to get
the maximum profit?

Solution

Area of rect. DCME=7×2=14cm²

Area of rect. HGFM=4×2=8cm²

114
∴ Area of L-shape=(14+8) cm²=22cm² EXERCISE

∴ Volume=22cm²×9cm=198cm³ 1. Calculate the volume of the prism below.

All the lengths are in cm(drawing)
EXAMPLE 2 2. The cross-section of prism 20cm long has
an area of 25cm², what is the volume of
A cross-section of a prism is a triangle with two
the prism
sides of 5cm and the other side 6cm long. The
3. The cross-section of a prism is a triangle
length of the prism is 10cm. calculate,
ABC with angle ABC= 90°, AB=10cm and
i. The height of the triangle BC=6cm. if the prism is 30cm high, what
ii. The area of the triangle is its volume?
iii. The volume of the prism.
V0LUME OF THE CYLINDER

Solution
6
i. In ∆ABH, BH= 2, AH ⊥ bisector
=3cm Area of the circle= 𝜋𝑟 2 (cross- sectional
area)
AB²=AH²+BH², Pythagoras
25=AH²+9 ∴ Volume=area circle×height
25-9=AH²
16=AH² V= 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
AH=√16 EXAMPLES
=4cm 1. Figure shows the cross-section of a
∴ Height=4cm cylindrical water main pipe which is 10m
1
ii. Area ∆ABH=2×6×4 long. The pipe has an inner radius of
=12cm² 30cm and outer radius 37cm. find the
iii. Volume=12cm²×10cm area of the material needed to make the
=120cm³ pipe in litres

NB: it is necessary for the units to be the

same, so 10m should be in cm too here is the
table to assist in converting units,

115
 Km hm dam m dm cm mm ∴ V of the material=2828571.4-4302571.4

Kg hg dag g dg cg mg Needed

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =1474000cm³

1 0 0 0 0 0 1474000
In litres the volume =
1000
1 0 0 0 0
=1474𝑙
1 0 0 0
In general the vol.=𝜋𝑅 2 h-𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
1 0 0
= 𝜋h(𝑅2 − 𝑟²)
1 0
= 𝜋h(R − r)(R + r)
1
EXAMPLE
Solution
A lead has internal radius 2.3cm and external
radius 3.7cm. if 1cm³ of lead weighs 11.4g, what
is the weight of a 14cm length of wire

Solution

14m =14×100cm

= 1400cm

Volume= 𝜋h(R − r)(R + r)

1m = 100cm
22
= × 1400(3.7 + 2.3)(3.7 − 2.3)
10m= more 7

= 100cm×10 = 4400(6)(1.4)

= 1000cm = 36960cm3

22 1cm3=11.4g
V of inner cylinder= 7 × 30 × 30 × 1000
36960cm3= more
19800000𝑐𝑚3
= 7 36960𝑐𝑚³×11.4𝑔
= = 421344𝑔
1𝑐𝑚3
= 2828571. cm³
22
∴ 14m length wire weigh 421344g
V of outer cylinder= 7
× 37 × 37 × 1000

=4302571.4cm³
116
AREA OF A PRISM

The surface area of any prism is the sum of areas

of all its faces.

To find surface area of the prism we work out

the areas of all faces and add them up.

EXAMPLE
Length of rect. =length of circumf. = 2𝜋𝑟
Find the surface area of the prism below lengths
are in cm Area of a rect. = length ×height

∴ Area of a cylinder= 2𝜋𝑟

But the area of a circle =𝜋𝑟²

∴ Surface area of a cylinder (open at one end)

=2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟²

Surface area of a cylinder closed at both

ends=2𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓²
1
Area of ∆ ABC= ×4×3 = 6cm²
2 = 2𝝅𝒓(𝒉 + 𝒓)

∴ ∆ FED=6cm² EXAMPLE

Area of rect. BCDE=10×3=30cm² 1. The cartridge of a bullet is cylinder closed

at one end. The cartridge is 70mm long
Area of a rect. ABEF=4×10=40cm² and has a diameter of 14mm. find the
22
Area of rect. ACDF=5×10=50cm² surface area of the cartridge ( 7 ).

∴ Surface area Solution

=6cm²+6cm²+30cm²+40cm²+50cm²
S. A=2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 𝜋𝑟²
=132cm²
ℎ = 70𝑚𝑚, 𝑟 = 7𝑚𝑚
SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER 22 22
∴ S. A =2 × × 7 × 70 + ×7×7
7 7

= 3080+154

= 3234mm²

117
 2. The figure below shows a tunnel 200m 1𝑚2 2𝑘
6285.7𝑚2
= 𝑥
long and 14m high. The roof of the tunnel
X = K12571.4
is semicircular with a diameter of 6m.
∴ Total cost= K 12571. 40
a. It is proposed to paint inside of the tunnel
(but not the floor). What is the area to be
painted? PYRAMIDS
b. Painting cost K2 per square meter. What
is the total cost of painting the tunnel? A pyramid is a solid whose base is a plane figure
Solution and whose side faces meet in a point or vertex.

If the vertex is directly above the Centre of a

regular base, it is called a right pyramid. If the
base is a circle, then the pyramid is called a Cone.

Examples of pyramids

6𝑚
Radius= 2
= 3𝑚
a. ∴AB=14m-3m=11m

∴Area of a rect. (outside)= 11m×200m

=2200m2

∴ area of two rectangles=2×2200=4400m²

1
Area of the roof=2×2𝜋𝑟ℎ (sermcircular)

= 𝜋𝑟ℎ
22
∴Area = 7 × 3𝑚 × 200𝑚

= 1885.7m2

∴ The area to be painted= 1885.7+4400 SURFACE AREA OF A PYRAMID

= 6285.7m2 We work out the area of all faces and add up

them.
b. 1m2= 2k
6285.7m2= x EXAMPLE

118
A square based pyramid has a base side of 12cm. SRFACE AREA OF A CONE
The other faces are isosceles triangles with equal
sides of length 10cm. what is the surface area of
the pyramid.

Solution

Surface area of a cone (open) =𝜋𝑟𝑙

S. A of a cone when closed=𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟²

EXAMPLE

1. Find the total surface area of a cone

shown in the figure below
12
In ∆ VHC, HC= 2 , VH ⊥ bisector

=6cm

VC²=VH²+HC²

100-36= VH²

VH²=64
Solution
VH=√64 8cm
Sin 30°= VC
= 8cm
0.5×8cm=VC
1
Area of ∆ VHC= ×12cm×8cm
2 VC=4cm

= 48cm2 22 22
∴ Surface area = ×8cm×4cm× × 82
7 7
Area of rect. ABCD=12cm×12cm
=301.43cm2
=144cm² 2. Fig below shows a lump-shade made out
of the base of a cone, with the top part
∴ Total surface area=4×48cm²+144cm² removed. Find area of material to make
the lampshade
= 336cm²

119
 = 25120cm²

Area of material used to make lampshade=

25120cm²- 6280cm²

=18840cm²

VOLUME OF A PYRAMID
1
V of a pyramid=3 base area × heigth

EXAMPLE

Solution Find the volume of a right pyramid which has a

square base of side 3cm and slant edges 5cm
In ∆ACD, AD²=40²+30° long

AD=√25,000 Solution

=50cm

Area of a cone ABD=3.14×40cm×50cm

= 6280cm²

In ∆ACD and AFE, <F=<C, right <d

A is common

∴ ∆ ACD///∆AEF

AF AE
∴ = In ∆ABD, DB²=3²+3², Pythagoras
AC AD

60 AE = √18
=
30 50
DB=3√2
AE=100
3√2
AE²=EF²+AF² ∴ OB=
2

1000- 3600= AF²

AF=√6400 In ∆VOB, VO²+OB²=VB², Pythagoras

AF= 8Ocm 3√ 2
VO²=5²- ( 2 ) ²
∴ Area of a cone AGF=3.14×80×100
120
 9×2 In ∆ ABE and DCE
= 25-
4
<A=<D, Right <s
= √20.5
<E is common
= 4.53cm
∴ ∆ABE///∆ DCE
Area of a square ABCD=3cm×3m
AB AE
= 9cm²
∴ =
DC DE

1 100
∴ Volume = 3 × 9𝑐𝑚2 × 4.53𝑐𝑚 AB= 50 × 30

= 13.6cm² = 60cm

VOLUME A CONE AB AE
=
DC DE
Since the base of the cone is a circle, 60 AE
=
1 30 40
Volume of a cone = 3 𝜋𝑟2 ℎ
AE=80cm
EXAMPLE
1 22
∴ Vol. of cone FBE=3 × 7
× 60 × 60 × 80
Find the volume of the basket in the diagram
below, =301,714.29cm2
1 22
Volume of GCE=3 × 7
× 30 × 30 × 40

= 37,714.29cm³

∴Volume of a bucket= 264000cm³

VOLUME OF A SPHERE
4
Surface area of a sphere= 𝜋𝑟³
3

Surface area of a sphere= 4𝜋𝑟²

EXAMPLE
Solution
1. Find the volume of a spherical ball with a
𝑙2 = 402 + 302 , 𝑝𝑦𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑠 radius of 3.14. Take 𝜋 = 3.14

= √2500 Solution
4
𝑙 =50cm The vol. of a tennis ball=3 × 3.14 × 3.18
121
 = 134.6cm³

2. A metal cylinder with length of 32cm and

radius 3cm is melted down to form a
sphere. What is the radius of the sphere?
Solution
22
Volume of a cylinder = 7
× 3 × 3 × 32

= 905.14cm³
ABCD is a plane while BE is the line and BD is a line of
∴ Volume of a sphere= 905.14cm³ projection

4 The angle between the line AB and the plane ABCD is

𝜋𝑟³=905.14cm³
3 angle EBD
4 22
3
× 7 × 𝑟3 = 905.14 EXAMPLE

r³=216 Figure bellow show the water tank with rectangular

faces. AB=8m, BC=5m, and CG=3m
3
r= √216=6cm

GEOMETRY IN THREE DIMESIONS

A PLANE

A plane is any flat surface such as a floor. The walls of

the box are the planes

LINES AND PLANES

A straight line can be put in a plane. When two lines

meet their line of intersection is always a straight
line.
i. Calculate the length AG leaving your
ANGLES BETWEEN ALINE AND A PLANE answer in a simplified surd form
ii. The angle AG makes with the plane ABCD
It is the angle between a line and its projection on a Solutions
plane. In ∆ABC, AC²=AB²+BC², Pythagoras
=8²+5²
=√89

In ∆AGC,

AG²=AC²+GC², Pythagoras

=√89²+3²

122
=89+9

= √98

=7√2

In general the longest diagonal can be found by the

following formulae

AC²=𝑙 2 + 𝑤 2
And AG²=AC²+GC²(ℎ)
∴ 𝐴𝐺 2 =𝑙2 + 𝑤2 + ℎ2

= √𝑙 2 + 𝑤 2 + ℎ2
3
In ∆GAC, Sin A = =0.3030
7√2

<A=18° (To the nearest degree)

ANGLES BETWEEN TWO PLANES

Is the angle between two lines one on the first

plane and the other on the second plane that 6
i. In ∆VON, tan V =10
both meet at the line of intersection of the planes
at right angle =0.6
∴<VON=30.96°=31°
EXAMPLE ∴<MVN=2×<VON=62°

VABCD is a pyramid on a square base ABCD of ∴The angle between ABV and ABCD is 62o
side 12cm. the height of the pyramid is 10cm.
10
calculate the angle between, ii. Tan N= 6 =1.6667
<N=59°
i. ABV and VCD ∴ The angle between VCD and
ii. VCD and ABCD ABCD=59°
Solution

123
 EXAMPLE(2016) In ∆ATQ, using cosine rule,
q²=a²+t²-2atCosQ
Figure below is a square based pyramid PABCD. =2²+√452-2×2×√45×Cos48°
T is the midpoint of the slant height OQ. =√31.0453
=5.57m

∴ AT =5.57m

TRIANGULAR PRISM

EXAMPLE

Figure below is a prism with a cross-section of

equilateral triangles PQR. PRST, PQST, AND
QRSV are rectangles, such that RS=12cm,
PQ=6cm and X is the midpoint of QR.

If <AQP=48°, PC=5m, and AD=6m, calculate the

length of AT giving your answer to 2 decimal
place

Solution

In ∆PDC, QC=DQ,
Calculate
∴QC=3m i. Length of TX giving your answer
correct to 2 decimal place
In∆PQC,PQ²+QC²=PC², Pythagoras
ii. The angle TX Makes with the
PQ²=5²-3² base QRSV

=25-9 SOLUTION

I. In ∆ VTS, VK=KS=3cm, TK ⊥ bisector

=√16
In ∆ TKS
TK2= 62 – 32, Pythagoras
=4m
= 36 – 9
∴TQ=2m, T midpoint = √27

In ∆ADQ, AQ2=AD2+DQ2, Pythagoras In ∆ TXK, TX2= XK2+ TK2

= 122+ √272
AQ2=62+32 = 144 + 27
=√171
=√45 = 13.08cm
XK
II. Cos x= TX
=6.7m
124
 12
=13.08 CHAPTER 12
= 0.9174
X= 23.4O GRAPHS OF CUBIC FUNCTIONS
Cubic graphs are graphs of cubic equation or
cubic expression.
A cubic equation is the one in which the highest
power of 𝑥 is 3. E. g 𝑥3 , 2𝑥3 + 3.
Just as in quadratic graphs, a table of values need
to be drawn when drawing cubic graphs so that
corresponding points are found.
EXAMPLE
1. Complete the table below and draw the
graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦

Solution
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 −4 3 0 −7 −12 −9 8

SOLVING SILMUTANEOUS EQUATION

GRAPHICALLY
EXAMPLE

125
Complete the table below and draw the SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISE
graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 ³ − 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 and use it to
solve𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2. 1. Expand
1 1 1 1
(𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥 −2 ) (𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥 −2 )
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 2. In a GP, the product of the 1st and 7thterm
is equal to the fourth term. Given that the
Solution sum of the 1st and 4th terms is 9. Find
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 a. The first term
𝑦 −4 3 0 −7 −12 −9 8 b. Common ratio
3. Then 1st term of GP exceeds the second
To draw 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 term by 4 and the sum of the 2nd and 3rd
1
we need a table like this. term is 2 . Find the first three terms
3
𝑥 −2 0 3
4. If log a x, log a x + 3 and log a x +
𝑦 −4 −2 1
12are three consecutive terms of an AP.
Find the value of 𝑥
5. Find the angle that is supplementary to
the complement of the complementary of
base angle of any isosceles triangle?
6. Factorize
(2𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑏²)(2a²−5ab−3b²)
7. At Mr. Chitopa’s party, there were 240
people. There were 20 more men than
women and there were 20 more adults
than children. Find how many women
were there.
8. Droben is 20 years older than her sister
Bertha. In ten years, Bertha’s age will be
half of Droben. Find how old is Bertha
now.
9. 8 percent of 36 is 72% of what number?
10. A committee is composed of w women
∴ 𝑥 = −2, 0.25, 3.8 and m men. 3 women and 2 men are
added to the committee and if one person
is selected at random from the enlarged
committee, what is the probability that a
person selected is a woman?
11. Given that the area of a cube is 25cm2.
Calculate its volume.
12. Solve for w
3
log 3 𝑤 + =4
log3 𝑤

126
13. Given the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, find Where y represents annual profit and x
𝑓−1 (𝑥) represents the age of each firm in years.
14. Function 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = Calculate mean and standard deviation of x
5
2𝑥 + 3 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 , 𝑥 ≠ and y.
2. find the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 22. Figure below shows a circle ABCF,
𝑔𝑓(2) ̂ 𝐃 =F𝐁
C𝐁 ̂ 𝐄, A𝐄
̂ 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟎° and A𝐃
̂ 𝐁 = 𝟑𝟎°.
15. Given that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 and Find the angle BAC
𝑔(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2. What is the value of
𝑥 if 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 403
16. There was a tea party at Mr. Motto’s
house. All people at the party brought
their Cuts, in all they were 22 heads and
72 feet. Find how many people and cuts
were there.
4 4 4
17. Simplify √16𝑡 + 3 √𝑡 − √81𝑡
18. The sides of two square fields are in the
ratio 4:5. The area of the larger field is
1296cm2 greater than the smaller field.
Find the area of the larger field.
19. Given that 𝒏(𝐀) = 7𝑥 + 13, 𝐧(𝐁) = 6𝑥 +
17, 𝐧(𝐂) = 8𝑥 + 20, 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂) = 𝑥,
𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 𝟏 ) = 2𝑥 , 𝐧(𝐂 ∩ 𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 𝟏 ) = 4𝑥 ,
𝐧(𝐀𝟏 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂) = 3𝑥, 𝐧(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁 ∪ 𝐂) = 150.
a. Draw a Venn diagram to show this
information
b. What is 𝐧(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁 ∩ 𝐂 𝟏 )
1 1
𝑥 23. The first two terms of an AP are 𝑎+2 , 𝑎+1;
20. The 1st and 4th terms of a GP are
𝑦² find the nth term.
𝑦
and 5. Find the second and third terms 24. If 4 is a solution of the equation 𝑥2 − 3𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑘 = 10, where k is a constant, what will be
21. Geoffrey conducted a research on a
the other solution
sample about the relationship between 1 3
−2 2 -2
profit and the age of a company and the 25. Simplify (𝑎 𝑏 )
following are sums he calculated from the
26. In a multiple-choice exam paper, there
sample.
are 5 questions and 4 choices per
∑ 𝑥 = 1,310 question. Find the probability of
iii. Guessing all right
∑ 𝑥² = 28,000
iv. A pass if pass mark= 80o%
∑ 𝑦 = 5,700 27. In a factory production line, it is found
∑ 𝑦² = 927,000 that on average, 1 bulb in 10 is faulty.
Find the probabilities that in the next 5
∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 65,500 bulbs produced;

127
a. None is faulty c. The probability that no one will beat
b. 1 is faulty Geoffrey
c. Less than 3 are faulty
28. A stone is dropped into the lake from a
height of 5m. Acceleration in air is
10m/s2. How long will the stone to reach
the bottom of the lake if it is 10m deep.
29. Factorize8𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5
30. In a multiple choice exam paper, each
THE END
question has 3 answers to choose from.
What are the probabilities of
a. Guessing a right answer GRORY BE TO GOD
b. A wrong answer
If the paper consists of 4 questions, what
are the probabilities of guessing correctly,
a. None right
b. One right
c. Two right
d. Three right
e. Four right
31. The vertices of a quadrilateral are A(1,7),
B(4,2), C(-3,-2), O(-5,4). P, Q, R, S are mid-
points of AB, BC, CD, and DA respectively.
a. Find the position vectors p, q, r, s
and hence find the vectors𝐒𝐏 ̂ and
̂.
𝐑𝐐
b. Show that𝐒𝐏 ̂ is equal and parallel
̂ and that PQRS is a
to 𝐑𝐐
parallelogram.
32. A Fair die is tossed 5times find the
probability of obtaining
a. 5 heads
b. 2 heads and 3 tails
c. Greater than 2 heads
d. Greater than or equal to 2 heads
33. The probability that Geoffrey will beat
8
Lawrence in a mathematics exam is 10, of
4 1
beating Eugenio is 5, of beating Gumzy is 4.
Find the probability that
a. Geoffrey will beat all.
b. Geoffrey will beat Eugenio, Gumzy but not
Lawrence
128