Introduction

Covers Chapter# 01 from Text Book

Computer Communication & Networks
(CEN-223)
Fall 2023 (BSE-5A)
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Lines of Code
• Software Development is everywhere!

• Codebases:
https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/million-
lines-of-code/

• Highlights:
 Average modern high-end car (100 million) line-of-codes.
 Google’s all internet services (2 Billion) line-of-codes.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Lines of Code (Cont.)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
Computer Communications
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Computer Communications
• Communications: the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium.

• Telecommunication: communication at a distance, e.g.

telephony, television and telegraphy.

• Data: the information presented in whatever form that is

agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data (text,
numbers, images, audio, videos).

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Computer Communication System

• Communication devices must be part of a system, know
as computer communication systems.
• Communication systems are made up of a combination:
1. Hardware (physical equipment)
2. Software (programs)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Components of Computer
Communication Systems
1. Message
1 Message 2. Sender
Hi, how are you? 3. Receiver
5 Protocol 4. Medium
5. Protocol
2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Characteristics of Computer
Communication Systems
• Fundamental characteristics required in computer communication
system for an effective communication:
1. Delivery: system must deliver data to the correct destination.
2. Accuracy: system must deliver data without alteration.
3. Timeliness: system must deliver data in a timely manner.
4. Jitter: system should have a proper variation in packets inter-
arrival time to their destination.

*Jitter: usually referred for the uneven delay in delivery of packets.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Characteristics of Computer
Communication Systems (Cont.)
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?
Hi, how are Hi, how are you?
you?

Computer User

01010001 01010001

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Data Flow Directions

1. Simplex: communication is
uni-directional.

2. Half-duplex: each of both

stations can transmit and
receive but one at a time.

3. Full-duplex: each of both

stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
Networks
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Networks
• Network: is a set of devices (often
referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.

• Internetwork (Internet): the inter-

connection of networks.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Type of Nodes
Types of nodes in a network:
1. A node can be a host (i.e. an end
system), such as desktop, laptop,
workstation, cellular phone,
printer or any other device.
2. A node can be a connecting device
such as router, switch and modem
(modulator-demodulator).

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Type of Nodes (Cont.)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Link
• Link: a “communication
channel” that transfers data
from one device to another.
• A link can be a cable, air,
optical fiber, or any medium
which can transport a signal
carrying information.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Physical Structures &

Network Topologies
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Physical Structures
Type of Connections:
1. Point-to-Point: dedicated “link” between two devices.
• Single transmitter and single receiver.
• Entire channel capacity is reserved for the two devices.
• Mostly, they are actual wires or cables. However, wireless
microware or satellite “links” are also possible.
2. Multipoint: more than two devices share a single “link”.
• Multiple recipients of single transmission.
• The channel capacity is shared.
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Physical Structures (Cont.)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Physical Structures (Cont.)

• Network Topology: the way the network is physically laid out.
• Network Topology: the geometric representation of the
relationship of all links and linking devices to one another.
• Four basic topologies:

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Mesh Topology
• Every device has dedicated point-to-point link to every other device.
• Number of links in a fully connected simplex mesh network with n
nodes is n*(n-1). In duplex mode n*(n-1)/2.
• Advantages: reliable, secure, robust,
easy fault isolation.
• Disadvantages: costly, installation efforts.
• Applications: backbone networks.
• How many I/O (i.e. comm.) devices?

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Mesh Topology (Cont.)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Star Topology
• Every device has dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller.
• Centrally controlled setup implies that devices are not directly
connected to each other.
• One link and one I/O is required at each device.
• Advantages: less expensive and
less resources required than mesh,
easy fault isolation.
• Disadvantages: controller loss.
• Applications: Local Area
Networks (LANs).
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Star Topology (Cont.)

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Bus Topology
• Bus topology is a multipoint connection example.
• Nodes connected to bus cable by drop lines and taps.
• There are limitations on number of taps and distance between taps.
• Advantages: easy to install, less resources than star.
• Disadvantages: difficult reconnection, addition & fault isolation. Any
break stops all transmission due to signal reflection.
• Applications: traditional LANs, i.e. less popular nowadays.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Ring Topology
• Every device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only
the two devices on either side of it.
• Signal passes in one direction.
• Advantages: easy to install, addition, fault isolation.
• Disadvantage: link break can
disable entire network.
• Application: less popular.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Hybrid Topology
• The hybrid topology in the example below is a combination of a
star backbone with three bus networks.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Network Categories
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Categories of Networks
Categorizing networks in terms of size:
1. Personal Area Networks (PANs)
• Short range (Approx 10 m).
• Low power
• Low cost
2. Local Area Networks (LANs)
• Distances within coverage area of a building or a campus, (usually
> 2 miles).
• Designed to provide local interconnectivity.
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Categories of Networks (Cont.)

Categorizing networks in terms of size (Cont.):
3. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
• Provide connectivity over areas such as a city (10s of miles),
e.g. cable TV networks.
4. Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Long distances and provide connectivity over large areas,
such as inter-cities, countries and continents.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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LAN Example
• An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a switch in a closet.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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WAN Example
• Switched WAN
(internet).
• Point-to-point WAN
(leased line).

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Heterogeneous
Network Example
• A heterogeneous network
made of four WANs and
two LANs.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Protocols
• A protocol is synonymous with rule.
• Protocol: set of rules that govern data communications.
• Key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
• Syntax: structure or format of the data which indicates how to
read the bits or field description.
• Semantics: interprets the meaning of the bits which identifies that
which fields define what action.
• Timing: it determines when the data should be sent and how fast.
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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IP Header Example

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Standards
• Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies and other service providers to ensure the
interconnectivity that is necessary in today's marketplace.
• Essential for guaranteeing national and international
interoperability of data and telecommunications technology.
• Data communication standards categories:
• De facto (in practice) standards
 Not approved but widely adopted
• De jure (in law) standards
 Approved by an organization
CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
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Standards Organizations
• Standards Creation Committees:
• International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
• International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU – T)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Regulatory Agencies, e.g. Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
• Forums, e.g. IoT, 6LoWPAN, ZigBee.

CCN (CEN-223) Dr. Osama Rehman, Department of Software Engineering Fall 2023
Thank You!