A

RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT

ON
“A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH OF NON-
BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES/INDUSTRY”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration

Session - 2024-2025

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Pradeep Tripathi
ASST. PROFESSOR

SUBMITTED BY:
Rahul Singh Chauhan
M.B.A. :- IV SEMESTER- 2023-25
ROLL NO :- 2300480700060

DAYANAND ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. AKTU

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work. It contains no material previously

published or written by another person, nor has this material to a substantial extent been accepted

for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning.

RAHUL SINGH CHAUHAN

Roll No. :- 2300480700060

MBA 4th Sem (2023-25)

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 COLLEGE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND

GROWTH OF NON- BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES/INDUSTRY” is being

submitted by RAHUL SINGH CHAUHAN, (Roll No. :- 2300480700060) in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Business

Administration, is a bona fide record of the project work done by him, under the guidance &

supervision of able faculty members of the department.

We wish him all the best and a successful and bright future.

MR. AMARENDRA TIWAREE

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND

GROWTH OF NON- BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES/INDUSTRY” is being

submitted by RAHUL SINGH CHAUHAN, (Roll No. :- 2300480700060) in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of Business

Administration, is a bona fide record of the project work done by him, under the guidance &

supervision of able faculty members of the department.

We wish him all the best and a successful and bright future.

MR. PRADEEP TRIPATHI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Research Project Report is the one of the important part of MBA program, which has helped me to

gain a lot of experience, which will be beneficial in my succeeding career.

For this with an ineffable sense of gratitude I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of

indebtedness and gratitude to Dr. Sadhvi Mehrotra, Director – Dayanand Academy of

Management Studies and Mr. Amarendra Tiwaree - Head of Business Administration

Department, for their encouragement, support and guidance in carrying out the project.

I am very much thankful to, My Project Guide, Mr. Pradeep Tripathi, Assistant Professor for

their interest, constructive criticism, persistent encouragement and untiring Guidance throughout the

development of the project. It has been my great privilege to work under his/her inspiring guidance.

I am also thankful to my Parents and my friends for their indelible Co-operation for achieving the

Goal of this study.

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Non- Banking Financial Companies are an important segment of the Indian Financial system
in extending credit to the unbanked segments of the society particularly to micro, small and
medium enterprises. They are classified into different categories based on their status and
principal activities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the performance of
the five different categories of NBFCs in India across 2015 to 2019. The performance is
analyzed by examining key indicators like Liquidity ratio, Profitability Ratio and Debt to
Equity Ratio. The findings indicate that the selected categories of NBFCs differ significantly
in terms of Liquidity and Profitability ratios from one another.
India is a developing country where large sections of the population are unbanked which give
rise to several forms of financial intermediaries including non - banking financial companies.
A Non- Banking Financial Company (NBFC) is a company registered under the Companies
Act 1956 engaged in the business of loans and advances acquisition of stocks, equities, debt
etc issued by government or any local authority or other marketable securities like leasing,
hire purchase, insurance business , chit business. NBFC sector has evolved considerably in
terms of size, operations, technological sophistication, and entered into newer areas of
financial services and products. It is essential to analyze and measure the growth of NBFCs
for better understanding about the transformation of financial intermediaries in the context of
Indian banking system. Financial performance can be measured using solvency and
profitability ratios and applying statistical tools to analyze the results. NBFCs are playing a
crucial role in economic development of a country. They cater to needs of people in both
rural and urban areas through various schemes which helps in bridging the credit gaps.
NBFCs do enjoy flexibility in operations when compared to banks. Some of the top NBFCs
in India are Power Finance Corporation Limited, Mahindra & Mahindra Financial
Services Limited,

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART-A

Page no.
DECLARATION ii

COMPANY CERTIFICATE iii

COLLEGE CERTIFICATE iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi

PART-B

❖ TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART-C


❖ CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION / INDUSTRY PROFILE

❖ CHAPTER 2: LITRETURE REVIEW

❖ CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

❖ CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS OR INTERPRETATION

❖ CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

❖ CHAPTER 6: LIMITATIONS OF STUDY



❖ BIBILOGRAPHY

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

Dayanand Academy of Management Studies Research Project Report

INTRODUCTION OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL
INDUSTRIES (NBFCS)

Non-Banking Financial Companies are financial companies which performs like banks but
they are not actual bank. These types of financial companies have to be registered under
Companies act,1956. These financial companies engage in the business of financial loans and
advances, acquisition of securities/bonds/debentures which are issued by Government or local
authority or the marketable securities of a like nature, leasing, hire- purchase, insurance
business, chit business but does not it does not include whose prime principal business is that
of agricultural activity, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods. A Non-Banking
Financial Companies have head business of accepting stores under any plan or course of
action in one singular amount or in portions by method for commitments or in some other
way, is additionally a non-banking budgetary organization.
NBFCs garnered the attention of the Reserve Bank of India (‘RBI’) when several depositors
lost their money, during the failure of several banks in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In
order to prevent the large number of depositors, RBI initiated regulating them by introducing
Chapter IIIB in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.In March 1996, there were around
41,000 NBFCs in India and they were not recognized as a separate class. However, due to
the failure of some of the institutions the regulatory structure along with the reporting and
supervision was constricted by RBI. In the late 90s, sweeping changes were brought to
protect the interest of depositors and ensuring the desired functioning of NBFCs.

9
The capital requirement was changed in the year 1999, NBFCs getting registered on or after
the issuance of notification dated April 21, 19991 were required to have the minimum net
owned funds of ` 200 lakhs in order to commence the business of an NBFC. Due to
snowballing trend in the sector and to ensure the growth of the sector in a healthy and efficient
manner various regulatory measures were taken for identifying the systemically important
companies and bringing them under the austere norms. The NBFC-ND with asset size of `
100 crores or more were considered to be systemically important companies. During the FY
2011-12, two new categories of NBFCs were introduced viz., IDF and MFI.

DEFINITION ( Reserve Bank of India)

Definition for Non-Banking Financial Company, it carries functions like bank but it is not
actual bank. Reserve bank of India has defined NBFC as below. RBI has defined it in
systematic way, it has explained each term in detailed i.e. what is financial institution? What
is non-banking?

10
An NBFC is a company registered under the Companies act, 1956 or Companies act, 2013
and is engaged in the Business of financial Institution.
Section 45I(f) of the Reserve Bank of India act, 1934 defines “Non-Banking Financial
Companies” as
(i) A financial Institution which is a company;
(ii) A non-banking financial institution which is company and which has its principal
business the receiving of deposits, under any scheme or arrangement or in any
order manner, or in lending in any manner;
(iii) Such other non-banking financial institution or class of such institution, as the
bank may, with the previous approval of the central government and by
notification in the Official gazette, specify; Section 45I(c) of the Reserve Bank of
India act, 1934 defines the term “Financial Institution” as
Financial institution means any non-banking institution which carries on as it’s business or
part of its business any of the following activities, namely:
(i) The financing, whether by way of making loans or advances or otherwise, of any
activities other than its own;
(ii) The acquisition of shares, stocks, bonds, debentures or securities issued by
government or local authority or other marketable securities of a like nature;
(iii) Letting or delivering of any goods to a hirer under hire-purchase agreement as
defined in clause (c) of section 2 of the hire purchase act, 1972;
(iv) The carrying on of any class of business;
(v) Managing, conducting or supervising, as foreman, agent or in any other capacity,
of chits or kooris as defined as any law which is for the time being in force in any
state, or in any business, which is similar thereto;
(vi) Collecting, for any purpose or under any scheme or arrangement by whatever
name called, monies in lump sum or otherwise, by way of subscription or by sale
of units, or other instruments or other any manner and awarding prizes or gifts,
whether in cash or kind, or disbursing monies in any other way, to persons from

11
 whom monies are collected or to any other person, but does not include any other
institution, which carries on as its personal business:
 Agricultural operations; or
 Industrial activity; or
 The purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or the providing of any
services; or
 The purchase, construction or sale of any immovable property, so however, that no
other portion of income of the institution is derived from the financing of the
purchases, constructions or sale of immovable property by other persons.

1.2 REQUIREMENT FOR REGISTRATION WITH RBI

Section 45-IA of the RBI Act, 1934 states that-
No Non-Banking Financial company shall commence or carry on the business of a Non-
Banking Financial Institution without-
 Obtaining Certificate of Registration; and
 Having Net Owned Fund of Rs. 2 crores (Prior to the issuance of notification dated
21st April, 1999 the requirement of having minimum Net owned fund was revised
from 25 lac to 2 crores)
However, as per revised regulatory framework if a NBFC having NOF less than Rs. 2 crores
then such companies need to increase the NOF in the following manner
 Rs. 1 crore before 1st April, 2016;
 and Rs. 2 crores before 1st April, 2017.
An application for the registration needs to be submitted by the company in the prescribed
format along with the necessary documents for the RBIs consideration. RBI has specified
different indicative list of documentation/information to be submitted along with for the
application for NBFC-CIC (Core Investment Companies), NBFC-Factors, NBFC-MFI
(Micro Finance Company), and other NBFCs. However, in order to avert dual registration,
RBI has exempted certain class of companies from the requirement of registration with the
RBI.

12
1.3 TYPES OF NBFCS

TYPES OF
NBFCS

LIABILITY SIZE ACTIVITY

Liability
There are two types in classification of NBFCs by Liability.
 Deposit accepting NBFCs
 Non-Deposit accepting NBFCs
All Non-Banking Financial Companies don’t accept deposits. Only those NBFCs which
are holding a valid Certificate of Registration (COR) with authorization to accept Public
Deposits can accept/hold public deposit.
Section 45-I(bb) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 defines the term deposits as-
Stores (Deposits) incorporates and will be deemed always to have included any receipt
of cash by way of deposit or credit or in any other structure, however does exclude –
(i) Amounts raised by the way share capital;
(ii) Amounts contributed as capital by partners of the firm;
(iii) Amounts received from scheduled bank or co-operative bank or any other banking
company as defined in clause (c) of section 5 of the banking regulation act, 1949;
(iv) Any amount received from, - a State financial corporation, any financial
institution specified in or under section 6 a of IDBI act, 1964, or any other
institution that may be specified by bank in this behalf;

13
 (v) Money got in normal course of business, by method for – Security Deposits,
Dealership Deposits, sincere cash, and advance against request of merchandise,
properties or administrations.
(vi) Any sum got from an individual or a firm or a relationship of a people not being
a body corporate, enlisted under any institution identifying with cash loaning
which is for now in power in any state;
Size
NBFCs are categorized into two different categories viz. Deposit accepting and non-Deposit
accepting. The non-depositing NBFCs further bifurcated into:
1. Systematically Important-
The term “Systematically important non-deposit taking non-banking financial
company” has been defined to means a Non-Banking Financial Company not
accepting/holding public deposits and having total assets of Rs. 500 crores and above.
2. . Non-systematically Important-
The term “non-systematically important non-deposit taking non- banking financial
company” has been defined to means a Non-Banking Financial Company not
accepting/holding public deposits and having total assets less than Rs. 500 crores.
Activity

 Underlying one or more assets as security for availing credit

ASSET FINANCING
 Principal business, Financing for physical assets like
COMPANY
automobiles, tractors , and generator sets etc
 E.g. Magma Fincorp ltd, Edelweiss Assets management

 Engaged in business of pooled capital of investors in

INVESTMENT financial securities.
COMPANY  It can be corporation, partnership, business trust, or L.L.P
 E.G. TATA Investment corporation ltd.

14
  Provide finance by making loans and advances.
 Offer different types of loans as per individual’s preference.
LOAN COMPANY
 Accept deposits at higher interest rate and further give loans
give loans on higher interest to retailers, wholesalers, and
self-employed persons

 Non-Deposit taking NBFC

INFRASTRUCTURE  Deploys 75% of its total assets in infrastructural

FINANCE loans.

COMPANY  Minimum Net Owned fund Rs.300 crores, minimum credit

rating of ‘A’ or equivalent, and CAR should be 15 %. E.g.
L&T, IDFC Ltd

 Asset size 100 crores and accept public deposit.

CORE INVESTMENT  Does not hold less than 90% of its total assets in the form
COMPANY of investment in shares
 Principal business, acquisition of shares and securities
 E.G. TATA capital limited

 Non-deposit taking NBFC with minimum net owned funds

of 5 crores.
MICRO FINANCE
 Loans to be extended without collateral.
INSTITUTIONS
 Indebtedness should not be exceeded Rs. 1,00,000
 E.G. Unnati Micro Finance private limited

 Principal business of financing of acquisition or

construction of houses.
HOUSING FINANCE
 Regulated by national housing financing
COMPANY
 Net owned fund of Rs. 10 crores
 E.G. HDFC ltd, India Bulls Housing Finance ltd.
15
1.4 THE CURRENT STATUS OF NON- BANKING FINANCIAL
COMPANIES.

Prudential norms:
The Reserve Bank put in place in January 1998 a new regulatory framework involving
prescription of prudential norms for NBFCs which deposits are taking to ensure that these
NBFCs function on sound and healthy lines. Regulatory and supervisory attention was
focused on the ‘deposit taking NBFCs’ (NBFCs – D) so as to enable the Reserve Bank to
discharge its responsibilities to protect the interests of the depositors. NBFCs - D are
subjected to certain bank –like prudential regulations on various aspects such as income
recognition, asset classification and provisioning; capital adequacy; prudential exposure
limits and accounting / disclosure requirements. However, the ‘non-deposit taking NBFCs’
(NBFCs – ND) are subject to minimal regulation.
The application of the prudential guidelines / limits is thus not uniform across the banking
and NBFC sectors and within the NBFC sector. There are distinct differences in the
application of the prudential guidelines / norms as discussed below:
i) Banks are subject to income recognition, asset classification and provisioning norms;
capital adequacy norms; single and group borrower limits; prudential limits on capital market
exposures; classification and valuation norms for the investment portfolio; CRR / SLR
requirements; accounting and disclosure norms and supervisory reporting requirements.
ii) NBFCs – D are subject to similar norms as banks except CRR requirements and
prudential limits on capital market exposures. However, even where applicable, the norms
apply at a rigor lesser than those applicable to bank. Certain restrictions apply to the investments
by NBFCs – D in land and buildings and unquoted shares.
iii) Capital adequacy norms; CRR / SLR requirements; single and group borrower limits;
prudential limits on capital market exposures; and the restrictions on investments in land
and building and unquoted shares are not applicable to NBFCs – ND.
iv) Unsecured borrowing by companies is regulated by the Rules made under the
Companies Act. Though NBFCs come under the purview of the Companies Act, they are
exempted from the above Rules since they come under RBI regulation under the Reserve

16
Bank of India Act. While in the case of NBFCs – D, their borrowing capacity is limited to a
certain extent by the CRAR norm, there are no restrictions on the extent to which NBFCs –
ND may leverage, even though they are in the financial services sector.

Financial Linkages between Banks and NBFC:

Banks and NBFCs compete for some similar kinds of business on the asset side. NBFCs offer
products/services which include leasing and hire-purchase, corporate loans, investment in
non-convertible debentures, IPO funding, margin funding, small ticket loans, venture capital,
etc. However, NBFCs do not provide operating account facilities like savings and current
deposits, cash credits, overdrafts etc.
NBFCs avail of bank finance for their operations as advances or by way of banks’
subscription to debentures and commercial paper issued by them.
Since both the banks and NBFCs are seen to be competing for increasingly similar types of
some business, especially on the assets side, and since their regulatory and cost-incentive
structures are not identical it is necessary to establish certain checks and balances to ensure
that the banks’ depositors are not indirectly exposed to the risks of a different cost-incentive
structure. Hence, following restrictions have been placed on the activities of NBFCs which
banks may finance:
i) Bills discounted / rediscounted by NBFCs, except for rediscounting of bills discounted by
NBFCs arising from the sale of –
a) Commercial vehicles (including light commercial vehicles); and
b) Two-wheeler and three-wheeler vehicles, subject to certain conditions;
c) Investments of NBFCs both of current and long term nature, in any company/entity
by way of shares, debentures, etc. with certain exemptions;
ii) Unsecured loans/inter-corporate deposits by NBFCs to/in any company.

iii) All types of loans/advances by NBFCs to their subsidiaries, group companies/entities.

iv) Finance to NBFCs for further lending to individuals for subscribing to Initial Public
Offerings (IPOs).

17
v) Bridge loans of any nature, or interim finance against capital/debenture issues and/or
in the form of loans of a bridging nature pending raising of long-term funds from the market
by way of capital, deposits, etc. to all categories of Non-Banking Financial Companies, i.e.
equipment leasing and hire-purchase finance companies, loan and investment companies,
Residuary Non-Banking Companies (RNBCs).
Should not enter into lease agreements departmentally with equipment leasing companies
Structural Linkages between Banks and NBFCs:
Banks and NBFCs operating in the country are owned and established by entities in the
private sector (both domestic and foreign), and the public sector.
Some of the NBFCs are subsidiaries/ associates/ joint ventures of banks – including foreign
banks, which may or may not have a physical operational presence in the country. There has
been increasing interest in the recent past in setting up NBFCs in general and by banks, in
particular.
Investment by a bank in a financial services company should not exceed 10 per cent of the
bank’s paid-up share capital and reserves and the investments in all such companies, financial
institutions, stock and other exchanges put together should not exceed 20 per cent of the
bank’s paid-up share capital and reserves.
Banks in India are required to obtain the prior approval of the concerned regulatory
department of the Reserve Bank before being granted Certificate of Registration for
establishing an NBFC and for making a strategic investment in an NBFC in India. However,
foreign entities, including the head offices of foreign banks having branches in India may,
under the automatic route for FDI, commence the business of NBFI after obtaining a
Certificate of Registration from the Reserve Bank.
NBFCs can undertake activities that are not permitted to be undertaken by banks or which
the banks are permitted to undertake in a restricted manner, for example, financing of
acquisitions and mergers, capital market activities, etc. The differences in the level of
regulation of the banks and NBFCs, which are undertaking some similar activities, gives
rise to considerable scope for regulatory arbitrage. Hence, routing of transactions through
NBFCs would tantamount to undermining banking regulation.
This is partially addressed in the case of NBFCs that are a part of banking group on account
of prudential norms applicable for banking groups
18
1.5 ROLE OF NON- BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES.
1. Promoters Utilization of Savings:

Non- Banking Financial Companies play an important role in promoting the utilization of
savings among public. NBFC’s are able to reach certain deposit segments such as
unorganized sector and small borrowers were commercial bank cannot reach. These
companies encourage savings and promote careful spending of money without much
wastage. They offer attractive schemes to suit needs of various sections of the society. They
also attract idle money by offering attractive rates of interest. Idle money means the money
which public keep aside, but which is not used. It is surplus money.
2. Provides easy, timely and unusual credit:

NBFC’s provide easy and timely credit to those who need it. The formalities and procedures
in case of NBFC’s are also very less. NBFC’s also provides unusual credit means the credit
which is not usually provided by banks such as credit for marriage expenses, religious
functions, etc. The NBFC’s are open to all. Every one whether rich or poor can use them
according to their needs.
3. Financial Supermarket:

NBFC’s play an important role of a financial supermarket. NBFC’s create a financial

supermarket for customers by offering a variety of services. Now, NBFC’s are providing a
variety of services such as mutual funds, counseling, merchant banking, etc. apart from their
traditional services. Most of the NBFC’s reduce their risks by expanding their range of
products and activities.

4. Investing funds in productive purposes:

NBFC’s invest the small savings in productive purposes. Productive purposes mean they
invest the savings of people in businesses which have the ability to earn good amount of
returns. For example – In case of leasing companies lease equipment to industrialists, the
industrialists can carry on their production with less capital and the leasing company can also

19
earn good amount of profit.
5. Provide Housing Finance:

NBFC’s, mainly the Housing Finance companies provide housing finance on easy term and
conditions. They play an important role in fulfilling the basic human need of housing finance.
Housing Finance is generally needed by middle class and lower middle-class people. Hence,
NBFC’s are blessing for them.
6. Provide Investment Advice:

NBFC’s, mainly investment companies provide advice relating to wise investment of funds
as well as how to spread the risk by investing in different securities. They protect the small
investors by investing their funds in different securities. They provide valuable services to
investors by choosing the right kind of securities which will help them in gaining maximum
rate of returns. Hence, NBFC’s plays an important role by providing sound and wise
investment advice.
7. Increase the Standard of living:

NBFC’s play an important role in increasing the standard of living in India. People with
lesser means are not able to take the benefit of various goods which were once considered as
luxury but now necessity, such as consumer durables like Television, Refrigerators, Air
Conditioners, Kitchen equipment, etc. NBFC’s increase the Standard of living by providing
consumer goods on easy installment basis. NBFC’s also facilitate the improvement in
transport facilities through hire- purchase finance, etc. Improved and increased transport
facilities help in movement of goods from one place to another and availability of goods
increase the standard of living of the society.
8. Accept Deposits in Various Forms:

NBFC’s accept deposits forms convenient to public. Generally, they receive deposits from
public by way of depositor a loaner in any form. In turn the NBFC’s issue debentures, units’
certificates, savings certificates, units, etc. to the public.

20
 9. Promote Economic Growth:

NBFC’s play a very important role in the economic growth of the country. They increase the
rate of growth of the financial market and provide a wide variety of investors. They work on
the principle of providing a good rate of return on saving, while reducing the risk to the
maximum possible extent. Hence, they help in the survival of business in the economy by
keeping the capital market active and busy. They also encourage the growth of well-
organized business enterprises by investing their funds in efficient and financially sound
business enterprises only. One major benefit of NBFC’s speculative business means
investing in risky activities. The investing companies are interested in price stability and
hence NBFC’s, have a good influence on the stock- market. NBFC’s play a very positive and
active role in the development of our country.

1.6 FUNCTIONS OF NON- BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES:

1. Receiving benefits:

The primary function of NBFC is receive deposits from the public in various ways such as
issue of debentures, savings certificates, subscription, unit certification, etc. thus, the deposits
of NBFC are made up of money received from public by way of deposit or loan or investment
or any other form.
2. Lending money:

Another important function of NBFC is lending money to public. Non- banking financial
companies provide financial assistance through.
3. Hire purchase finance:

Hire purchase finance is given by NBFC to help small important operators, professionals,
and middle-income group people to buy the equipment on the basis on Hire purchase. After
the last installment of Hire purchase paid by the buyer, the ownership of the equipment passes
to the buyer.
4. Leasing Finance:

In leasing finance, the borrower of the capital equipment is allowed to use it, as a hire, against

21
the payment of a monthly rent. The borrower need not purchase the capital equipment but he
buys the right to use it.
5. Housing Finance:

NBFC’s provide housing finance to the public, they finance for construction of houses,
development of plots, land, etc.
6. Other types of finance provided by NBFCs include:

Consumption finance, finance for religious ceremonies, marriages, social activities, paying
off old debts, etc. NBFCs provide easy and timely finance and generally those customers
which are not able to get finance by banks approach these companies.
7. Investment of surplus money:

NBFCs invest their surplus money in various profitable areas.

1.7 COMMERCIAL BANK VERSUS (V/S) NON-BANKING FINANCIAL

COMPANIES

While commercial banks and non-banking financial companies are both financial
intermediaries (middleman) receiving deposits from public and lending them.
Commercial bank is called as “Big brother” while the “NBFC” is called as the “Small
brother. But there are some important differences between both of them, they are as
follows:

Sr no. COMMERCIAL BANKS NBFC

1 Issue of cheques: In case of NBFC’s there is no
In case of commercial banks, a facility to issue cheques against bank
cheque can be issued against deposits
bank deposits
2 Rate of interest: NBFC’s offer higher rate Of interest
Commercial bank offer lesser on deposits and charge higher rate of
rate of interest on deposits and
charge less rate of interest on interest on loans as compared to

22
 loans as compared to NBFC’s. Commercial banks.
3 NBFC’s offer higher rate of NBFC’s are not given such
interest on deposits and charge facilities.
higher rate of interest on loans
as compared to Commercial
banks.
4. Law which governs them: NBFC’s are regulated by different
Commercial banks are regulated regulation such as SEBI, Companies
by Banking Regulation Act 1949 Act, National Housing Bank, Unit
and RBI. Fund Act and RBI.
5 Types of assets: NBFC’s specialize in one types of
commercial banks hold a variety asset. For e.g.: Hire purchase
of assets in the form of loans, cash
companies specialize in consumer
credit, bill of exchange, overdraft
etc. loans while Housing Finance
Companies specialize in housing
finance only.

23
1.8 TOP NBFCS IN INDIA

1. Power finance corporation ltd.

Power Finance Corporation Ltd is a leading power sector public financial institution and a
non-banking financial company providing fund and non-fund based support for the
development of the Indian power sector. The company is engaged in power sector financing
and the integrated development of the power and associated sectors. They provide large range
of Financial Products and Services like Project Term Loan Lease Financing Direct
Discounting of Bills Short Term Loan and Consultancy Services etc for various Power
projects in Generation Transmission and Distribution sector as well as for Renovation &
Modernization of existing power projects.

Revenue Rs. 33,362.90 crores

Operating Income Rs. 30045.7 crores

Total assets 361787.26 crores

Total equity 45,164.13

24
2. Rural Electrification Corporation
Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd is a Navratna Central Public Sector Enterprise under
the Ministry of Power. The company is engaged in the financing and promotion of
transmission distribution and generation projects throughout India. Their main objective is
to finance and promote rural electrification projects all over the country. They provide
financial assistance to State Electricity Boards State Government Departments and Rural
Electric Cooperatives for rural electrification projects sponsored by them. The company
provides loan assistance to SEBs/State Power Utilities for investments in rural electrification
schemes through its extensive network of 23 offices across the country
Revenue ₹ 30007.50 crore
Operating income ₹ 26021.28 crore
Total assets ₹ 347030.08 crore
total equity ₹35396.43 crore
Net income ₹4972.27 crore

25
3. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited
Mahindra & Mahindra Limited is the flagship company of the Mahindra Group which
consists of diverse business interests across the globe and aggregate revenues of around USD
19.4 billion. The company operates in nine segments: automotive segment comprises of sales
of automobiles spare parts and related services; farm equipment segment comprises of sales
of tractors spare parts and related services; information technology (IT) services comprises
of services rendered for IT and telecom; financial services comprise of services relating to
financing leasing and hire purchase of automobiles and tractors; steel trading and processing
comprises of trading and processing of steel; infrastructure comprise of operating of
commercial complexes project management and development; hospitality segment
comprises of sale of timeshare; Sys tech segment comprises of automotive components and
other related products and services and its others segment comprise of logistics after-market
two wheelers and investment.

Revenue ₹11,996.46 crore

Operating income ₹ 1556.13 crore
Total assets ₹ 81792.58 crore
total equity ₹ 11969 crore

26
4. Muthoot Finance Limited
Muthoot Finance Limited is the largest gold financing company in India in terms of loan
portfolio. The company provides personal and business loans secured by gold jewellery or
Gold Loans primarily to individuals who possess gold jewellery but could not access formal
credit within a reasonable time or to whom credit may not be available at all to meet
unanticipated or other short-term liquidity requirements

Revenue ₹ 9,707 crore

Operating income ₹ 7,433 crore
Total assets ₹54,881 crore
total equity ₹ 11,414 crore
Net income ₹ 3168 crore

27
5. Larsen & Toubro
Larsen & Toubro is a major technology engineering construction manufacturing and
financial services conglomerate with global operations. The company is one of the largest

and most respected companies in India’s private sector. The company operates in three
segments Engineering & Construction Segment Electrical & Electronics segment
Machinery & Industrial Products and others
Revenue ₹147,813.26 crore
Operating income ₹13,430.95 crore
Total assets ₹308,140.13 crore
total equity ₹66,723.22 crore
Net income ₹9549.03 crore

28
6. Siemens financial services
Siemens Financial Services (SFS) is a Division of Siemens. The company’s global
headquarters is in Munich, Germany. SFS offers international financing solution in the
business-to-business area. Financial Services serves Siemens as well as other companies –
primarily in the energy, industry, healthcare and infrastructure & cities markets. The division
finances infrastructure, equipment as well as working capital investments, and acts as a
manager of financial risks within Siemens AG. The network of financing companies
coordinated by Siemens Financial Services GmbH in Munich comprises about 3,150
employees worldwide.

29
7. Reliance capital
Reliance Capital, a constituent of MSCI Global Small Cap Index, is a part of the
Reliance Group. It is amongst India’s leading and most valuable financial services
companies in the private sector. Reliance Capital has interests in life, general and health
insurance; commercial & home finance; equities and commodities broking; wealth
management services; distribution of financial products; asset reconstruction; proprietary
investments and other activities in financial services. Reliance Nippon Life Insurance
and Reliance General Insurance are amongst the leading private sector insurers in India.
Reliance Securities is one of the India’s leading retail broking houses and distributors
of financial products and services. Reliance Money and Reliance Home Finance are one
of the most rapidly expanding businesses in the lending space.
Revenue ₹1,075 crore

Total assets ₹64,782 crore

Total equity ₹-2,294crore

Operating income ₹2,741 crore

30
8. Ceejay Finance
Ceejay Finance Ltd was incorporated in 1993 under the name of Heritage Packaging Limited
in the state of Gujarat as a public limited company {vides Co.No.04-1990, since then
Ceejay Finance hasn’t looked backed and is a leading non-banking Financial Company
(NBFC), formed by Ceejay Group with its headquarters situated in Nadiad, Gujarat (India).
Ceejay Finance Ltd is listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) under the security code:
530789. The company is currently managing assets (AUM) of over
₹500 Crore and has served over 1.2 million clients nationally.
Ceejay Finance Ltd is registered as an Asset Finance Company – D NBFC with the Reserve
bank of India. Ceejay Finance is an integrated fiance company providing financial services
such as diverse vehicle loans, SME Business loans, Loan against property, Personal Loan,
Micro Finance Loan and Insurance service.

31
9. Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)
Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) is actually the first financial institute the
government established after independence. The main aim of the incorporation of IFCI was to
provide long-term finance to the manufacturing and industrial sector of the country. Initially
established in 1948, the Industrial Finance Corporation of India was converted into a public
company on 1 July 1993 and is now known as Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd. The
main aim of setting up this development bank was to provide assistance to the industrial sector
to meet their medium and long-term financial needs.
The IDBI, scheduled banks, insurance sector, co-op banks are some of the major stakeholders
of the IFCI. The authorized capital of the IFCI is 250 crores and the Central Government can
increase this as and when they wish to do so.

32
10. Arman financial services ltd.

Arman Financial Services Limited (Arman) is an India-based non-banking finance company.

The Company provides two-wheeler three-wheeler financing inter-corporate deposit (ICD)
micro financing and personal financing. The Company operates through two segments: JLG
Microfinance and Asset-backed Microfinance (two-wheeler/three-wheeler financing).
Arman's Micro Finance operations have 14 branches operational all over Gujarat in urban
semi-urban and rural areas. Arman Financial Services Limited was originally incorporated
on November 26 1992 as an erstwhile Arman Lease & Finance Ltd. The company is a public
limited listed company.

33
1.9 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction to ratio analysis
Ratio analysis is used to evaluate relationships among financial statement items. The ratios
are used to identify trends over time for one organization or to compare two or more
organizations
at one point in time. Ratio analysis focuses on three key aspects of business: liquidity,
profitability, and solvency. Ratio Analysis is an important tool for any business organization.

Classification of ratio
1. Liquidity ratios: Liquidity ratios are the ratios that measure the ability of a company to
meet its short- term debt obligations. These ratios measure the ability of a company to pay
off its short-term liabilities when they fall due.
2. Solvency ratios: The solvency ratio is a key metric used to measure an enterprise’s ability
to meet its debt obligations and is used often by prospective business lenders. The solvency
ratio indicates whether a company’s cash flow is sufficient to meet its short-and long-term

34
liabilities. The lower a company’s solvency ratio, the greater the probability that it will
default on its debt obligations
3. Activity ratios: An activity ratio is a type of financial metric that indicates how efficiently
a company is leveraging the assets on its balance sheet, to generate revenues and cash.
Commonly referred to as efficiency ratios, activity ratios help analysts gauge how a company
handles inventory management, which is key to its operational fluidity and overall fiscal
health.
4. Profitability ratios: Profitability ratios are a class of financial metrics that are used to assess
a business’s ability to generate earnings relative to its revenue, operating costs, balance sheet
assets, and shareholder’s ; equity over time, using data from a specific point in time.
Advantages of ratio analysis
 It helps to analyse and understand financial health and trend of a business, its past
performance, and makes it possible to forecast the future state of affairs of the
business.
 They diagnose the financial health by evaluating liquidity, solvency, profitability etc.
This helps the management to assess the financial requirements and the capabilities
of various business units. It serves as a media to link the past with the present and
the future.
 It serves as a useful tool in management control process, by making a comparison
between the performance of the business and the performance of similar types of
business.
 Ratio analysis plays a significant role in cost accounting, financial accounting,
budgetary control and auditing.
 It accelerates the institutionalization and specialization of financial management
accounting ratios summarize and systematize the accounting figures in order to make
them more understandable in a lucid form. They highlight the inter-relationship
which exists between various segments of the business expressed by accounting
statements.
Limitations of ratio analysis
 Usefulness of ratios depends on the abilities and intentions of the persons who handle
them. It will be affected considerably by the bias of such person
35
  Ratios are worked out on the basis of money-values only. They do not take into
account the real values of various items involved. Thus, the technique is not realistic
in its approach.
 Historical values (specially in balance sheet ratios) are considered in working out the
various ratios. Effects of changes in the price levels of various items are ignored and
to that extent the comparisons and evaluations of performance through ratios
become unrealistic and unreliable. Ratios are only as accurate as the accounts on the
basis of which these are established. Therefore, unless the accounts are prepared
accurately by applying correct values to assets and liabilities, the statements
prepared wherefrom would not be correct and the relationship established on that
basis would not be reliable
ANOVA TABLE
ANOVA, which stands for Analysis of Variance, is a statistical test used to analyze the
difference between the means of more than two groups.
A one-way ANOVA uses one independent variable, while a two-way ANOVA uses two
independent variables.

One-way ANOVA example

As a crop researcher, you want to test the effect of three different fertilizer mixtures on crop
yield. You can use a one-way ANOVA to find out if there is a difference in crop yields
between the three groups.
ANOVA tells you if the dependent variable changes according to the level of the independent
variable.
For example:
Your independent variable is social media use, and you assign groups to low, medium, and
high levels of social media use to find out if there is a difference in hours of sleep per night.
Your independent variable is brand of soda, and you collect data on Coke, Pepsi, Sprite, and
Fanta to find out if there is a difference in the price per 100ml.
Your independent variable is type of fertilizer, and you treat crop fields with mixtures 1, 2
and 3 to find out if there is a difference in crop yield.
The null hypothesis (H0) of ANOVA is that there is no difference among group means.
36
The alternate hypothesis (Ha) is that at least one group differs significantly from the overall
mean of the dependent
variable.
If you only want to compare two groups, use a t-test instead.

How does an ANOVA test work?

ANOVA determines whether the groups created by the levels of the independent variable are
statistically different by calculating whether the means of the treatment levels are different
from the overall mean of the dependent variable.
If any of the group means is significantly different from the overall mean, then the null
hypothesis is rejected.
ANOVA uses the F-test for statistical significance. This allows for comparison of multiple
means at once, because the error is calculated for the whole set of comparisons rather than
for each individual two-way comparison (which would happen with a t-test).
The F-test compares the variance in each group mean from the overall group variance. If the
variance within groups is smaller than the variance between groups, the F-test will find a
higher F-value, and therefore a higher likelihood that the difference observed is real and not
due to chance
When to use a one-way ANOVA
Use a one-way ANOVA when you have collected data about one categorical independent
variable and one quantitative dependent variable. The independent variable should have at
least three levels (i.e., at least three different groups or categories).
ANOVA tells you if the dependent variable changes according to the level of the independent
variable.

Assumptions of ANOVA
The assumptions of the ANOVA test are the same as the general assumptions for any
parametric test:
Independence of observations: the data were collected using statistically-valid methods, and
there are no hidden relationships among observations. If your data fail to meet this
assumption because you have a confounding variable that you need to control for statistically,

37
use an ANOVA with blocking variables. Normally-distributed response variable: The values
of the dependent variable follow a normal distribution.
Homogeneity of variance: The variation within each group being compared is similar for
every group. If the variances are different among the groups, then ANOVA probably isn’t
the right fit for the data.

One-way ANOVA summary

The ANOVA output provides an estimate of how much variation in the dependent variable
that can be explained by the independent variable.
The first column lists the independent variable along with the model residuals (aka the model
error).
The Df column displays the degrees of freedom for the independent variable (calculated by
taking the number of levels within the variable and subtracting 1), and the degrees of freedom
for the residuals (calculated by taking the total number of observations minus 1, then
subtracting the number of levels in each of the independent variables).
The Sum Sq column displays the sum of squares (a.k.a. the total variation) between the group
means and the overall mean explained by that variable. The Mean Sq column is the mean of
the sum of squares, which is calculated by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of
freedom.
The F-value column is the test statistic from the F test: the mean square of each independent
variable divided by the mean square of the residuals. The larger the F value, the more likely
it is that the variation associated with the independent variable is real and not due to chance.

Source of Degress of Sums of square Means of square F

variation freedom
Between the H-1 =v1 S.S.C M.S.C=M1 F= m1/m2
classes
Within classes N-h =v2 S.S.E M.S.E = M2
Total N-1

38
CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE
REVIEW

39
 LITREATURE REVIEW

There is universal agreement that a properly functioning financial system is required for a
thriving modern economy (Kroszner, 2010). In all advanced economies, for instance,
sophisticated financial systems efficiently deliver a broad range of financial services and act
as a critical pillar in contributing to macroeconomic stability and sustained economic growth
and prosperity (World Bank, 2003).

Moreover, the well developed financial markets facilitate mobilization of savings, by offering
savers and investors wider choice of instruments. With NBFCs coming up on the financial
system, investors could park their funds at more lucrative returns in comparison to the bank
deposits.

Referring to NBFIs, Greenspan (1999) had stated: “enhance the resilience of the financial
system to economic shocks by providing it with an effective ‘spare tyre’ in times of need”.
Moreover, while short term loans needed by the industry and agriculture are offered by the
banking system, the other forms of services needed by industry as well as other segments of
economy are offered by NBFCs and other similar financial institutions, like factoring,
venture finance and so on.

Hasriman Kaur A. and Dr. Bhawdeep Singh Tanghi (2013) analyzed that NBFCs played
an essential role in terms of macroeconomic prospective as well as strengthening the structure
of the Indian monetary system. Consolidation in the sector and better regulatory structure has
become more focused.

40
Dr. Amardeep (2013) analysed that “The role of NBFCs in creation of productive national
assets can hardly be undermined. This is more than evident from the fact that most of the
developed economies in the world have relied heavily on lease finance route in their
development process”.

Dr. Yogesh Maheshwari (2013) in his paper state that “Changing Monetary scenario have
opened up opportunities for NBFCs to expand their global presence through self-expansion
strategic alliance etc. The Monetary reforms have brought Indian Monetary system closer to
global standards”.

Sornaganesh and Maria Navis Soris17 (2013) B “A Fundamental Analysis of NBFCs in

India” in ‘Outreach’. The study was made to analyze the performance of five NBFCs in India.
The annual reports of these companies are evaluated so as to ascertain investments, loans
disbursed, growth, return, risk, etc. To sum up, the study is concluded that the NBFCs are
earning good margins on all the loans and their financial efficiency is good.

Jency (2017) tried to learn the performance of non-banking financial institutions. She has
found that the NBFC sector assumes a critical role in financial inclusion as it caters to a wide
range of financial activities particularly in areas where commercial banks have limited
penetration. Moreover, the profitability of NBFCs has risen significantly than that of
commercial banks.

Akanksha Goel in her article in ‘ELK Asia Pacific Journal’ studied the growth prospects of
NBFCs in India.

41
Sunita yadav in her article in ‘International journal of recent scientific research’ studied the
financial performance of selected NBFCs on parameters like Net profit ratio, Return on
Investment, Annual growth rate etc.

Ranjan kshetrimayum in his article in ‘A journal of Radix International educational and

research consortium’ studied the evolution, growth and development of NBFCs in India.

Shollapur M.R in his article in ‘The Indian Journal of Commerce’ has revived concept of
NBFCs. As per him the abstract NBFCs constituted a significant part of financial system and
compliment the service provide by commercial bank in India. The efficiency of financial
services and flexibilities helped them build a large body of client including small borrower
and bigger corporate establishment. The pace of financial liberalization has a intensified the
competition. As a result, there has been a shift towards strategic perspective marketing
process of NBFCs. This perspective enable them to predict the future impact of change and
help to move out of week area and grab new opportunity through continuous monitoring
system.

R.M Srivastava & Divya Nigam in his book Management of Indian Financial Institution
background material for economic growth and financial institution, types of financial
institution, recent trend Indian financial market. He put enfaces on the fact that the money
market has passed through a phase of substantial adjustment and advancement in recent year.

K.C Shekhar & Lakshmy Shekhar in his book has explain role of NBFCs in India has
shown rapid development especially in 1990 owing to their high degree of orientation
towards consumers and implication of section requirement. The role of NBFCs as effective
financial intermediaries arise has been well recognized as they have inherent abilities to take
quicker decision, assume risk and customize their services provided by bank and market the
components on a conceptual basis.

42
E. N. Murty suggests the advantage and outlook of NBFCs. In remarkable surgeon under
stringent production like prudential limit and capital adequacy just like M&M Finance, DBS
Chula, Sundaram Finance Sri Ram Transport Finance etc. In outlook NBFCs has been
searching for avenue for future growth, if they get regulatory treatment on for with the bank.
So that large NBFC will be converting and making available credit to credit.

L M Bhole in his book define the NBFCs perform a diversified range of function and other
various financial services to individual, corporate and institutional client. It also play positive
role in accessing certain depositor segment and clearing credit requirement of borrowers. It
also discussing the major financial market in India. Along with related financial instrument
and services i.e. call money, call loan, other short term interest rate instrument and the recent
development in money market.

Shashi K. Gupta, Nisha Gupta & Neeti Gupta in his book define money market is an
opportunity for balancing the short-term surplus fund of the investor with the short-term
requirement to borrowers. Another feature of money market is that they are liquid with
varying degree. It also defines NBFCs play an important role in financial intermediaries
because they can take quick decision making assume greater risks and design their product
to the need of customer.

43
Kantawala, (1997), in his study “Financial Performance of Non-Banking Finance
Companies in India”, examined the performance of non-banking financial companies for the
period from 1985-86 to 1994-95. Based on secondary data collected from different RBI
bulletins regarding financial and investment companies, the study concluded that there was
a significant difference in the profitability ratios, leverage ratios, and liquidity ratios of
various categories of NBFCs. When two categories were compared, the selected ratios were
not statistically different from each other in majority of the cases. When all the companies
were taken together, null hypothesis was accepted for only three ratios, indicating thereby
that there was no significant difference. From this, it can be inferred that the ratios for all
categories of NBFCs were generally different from each other.

44
CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

45
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Meaning of research methodology

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,
process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology section
allows the reader to critically evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability.

3.1.1 Meaning of research:

Research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge
in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings.
Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions” Systematic
because there is a definite set of procedures and steps which you will follow. There are certain
things in the research process which are always done in order to get the most accurate results.

3.2 Objective of the study:

1. To analyze the short-term solvency of the selected NBFCS.
2. To appraise the long-term solvency of the selected NBFCS.
3. Financial performance of NBFCS in terms on profitability.
4. Financial performance of NBFCs in terms of return on net worth equity and return on
capital employed
5. To study whether the NBFCs are different or similar in terms of debt-to-equity ratio,
current ratio, return on net worth ratio, return on equity ratio. Net profit ratio

46
3.3 Research problem
The first step while conducting research is careful definition of Research problem. To ERR
IS THE HUMAN is a proverb which indicates that no one is perfect in this world. Every
researcher has to face many problems which conducting any research that is why problem
statement is defined to know which type of problems a researcher has to face while
conducting any study. It is said that, problem well defined is problem half solved. The
problem statement here is:

“A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH OF NON-BANKING

FINANCIAL COMPANIES”

3.3.1 Research design

Research Design is the conceptual structure with in which research in conducted. It
constitutes the blueprint for the collection measurement and analysis of data. Research
Design includes and outline of what the researcher will do form writing the hypothesis and
it operational implication to the final and collection and analyzing the data. It is a strategy
specifying which approach will be used for gathering and analyzing the data.

Types of research design:

1. Exploratory Research Design: This research design is preferred when researcher has a
vague idea about the problem the researcher has to explore the subject.
2. Experimental Research Design: The research design is used to provide a strong basis for
the existence of casual relationship between two or more variables.
3. Descriptive Research Design: It seeks to determine the answers to who, what, where, when
and how questions. It is based on some previous understanding of the matter.
4. Diagnostic Research Design It determines the frequency with which something occurs or
its association with something else.
Research design used in this project - Research Design chosen for this study is Descriptive
Research Design. Descriptive study is based on some previous understanding of the topic.

47
3.3.2 Sampling design
Sampling is necessary because it is almost impossible to examine the entire parent population
(i.e., the entire universe) various factors such as time available cost, purpose of study etc.
make it necessary for the researchers to choose a sample. It should neither be too small nor
too big. It should be manageable. The sample size of past 6 years is taken for present study.

3.3.3 Data collection

Secondary information has been collected through various sources which include data from
RBI Publications, Money control Website, Journals and Reports on NBFCs. For conducting
the study, 10 companies of five different categories are chosen for which data is available.
The five different categories of NBFCs chosen are Asset Finance Companies, Core

48
Investment Companies, Factors NBFCs, Infrastructure Finance Companies and Microfinance
Companies. In the course of the analysis in this study, the use of various accounting and
statistical techniques has been made. Ratio analysis, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA
have been applied. The variables selected for analyzing the performance of NBFCs are
Current ratio, Debt-Equity Ratio and Net profit Ratio.

49
CHAPTER 4 -FINDINGS OR
INTERPRETATION

50
 FINDINGS OR
INTERPRETATION

CURRENT RATIO
Current Ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures ability of the enterprise to pay its short-term
financial obligations i.e. liabilities. The Formula for calculating the ratio is

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

The generally accepted standard of current ratio is 2:1 i.e. current assets should be twice the
current liabilities. Table provides the data related to current ratios calculated for the sample
NBFCs taken for the study. These ratios are calculated for 5 consecutive years from 2019 to
2024.

COMPANIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Armaan Financial Ltd 1.36 1.28 1.02 0.96 2.05 2.77
Mahindra & Mahindra 1.18 1.27 1.25 3.19 2.72 2.24
L&T finance Holdings 1.09 1.1 0.90 845.51 1679.92 37.70
Ltd

Reliance 1.22 0.85 1.01 31.63 28.62 7.72

IFCI 1.299 0.93 1.23 11.9 9.57 213.88
Siemens 1.54 1.85 1.99 1.95 2.12 2.20
REC 0.678 1.22 1.17 51.63 15.5 13.82
Power Finance 1.006 1.21 1.32 48.74 58.27 4.21
Muthoot Finance 1.91 1.76 1.56 20.95 33.14 1.78
Ceejay Finance Ltd 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.60 1.69 2.46

Source : money control

51
 Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F
Squares Freedom
Between Groups 1116664 9 124073.8 2.19

Within Groups 2265576 50 56639.39

Total 3382240 59

The current ratio of IFCI was highest in the year 2024 followed by L & T financial holding
in 2024. All the other companies have similar ratios. In 2019, L&T Finance Holdings had the
highest current ratio followed by power finance . The current ratio of Power Finance has
continuously increased with subsequent years. The current ratio of REC decreased to 15.57
in 2019. The current ratio of Ceejay Financials limited was similar in all five years and was
close to the accepted standard ratio of 2:1.

ANOVA
Hypothesis: There is not any significant difference in current ratios of NBFCs under study.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in current ratios of NBFCs under
study.
The table value of F for degree of freedom 50 at 5 per cent level of significance is 212. Since
the calculated value of F (2.2) is less than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected and
alternative hypothesis is accepted . It is concluded that there is significant difference in the
current ratio of NBFCs under study.

52
 LONG TERM SOLVENCY
DEBT-EQUITY RATIO
Debt to equity ratio is computed to assess long term financial soundness of the enterprise.
The ratio is computed as follows:

Debt to Equity Ratio= Debt/Equity (Shareholder’s Funds)

A high Debt to Equity Ratio8 means that the enterprise is depending more on borrowings or
debts as compared to shareholder’s funds. In effect, lenders are at high risks. On the other
hand, low debt to Equity ratio means that the enterprise is depending more on shareholder’s
funds than external equities. In effect, lenders are at a lower risk and have high safety.

COMPANIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Armaan Financial Ltd 1.14 0.90 1.18 1.94 3.07 1.41

Mahindra & Mahindra 3.47 3.56 4.20 4.17 4.84 5.23
L&T finance Holdings 0.15 0.15 0.24 0.06 0.15 0.44
Ltd

Reliance 1.31 1.31 1.25 2.13 2.19 5.14

IFCI 3.75 3.78 3.37 3.98 3.48 3.15

Siemens 0 0 0 0 0 0

REC 5.31 5.07 4.49 6.33 7.12 8.16

Power Finance 5.83 5.61 4.86 6.41 6.82 6.87

Muthoot Finance 2.85 2.43 2.61 2.71 2.74 3.21

Ceejay Finance Ltd 0.79 0.60 0.77 0.72 0.64 0.62

53
Power Finance and REC do good business throughout all the six years. In case of Mahindra
& Mahindra, the debt equity ratios of all the five years do not vary widely i.e. the annual debt
equity ratios are around the mean only. In case of REC the growth rate of equity exceeds that
of debt and as a result the debt equity ratios of REC have shown wide variations from the
mean ratio.
We can see that the debt of Power Finance, REC and Mahindra & Mahindra is higher than
their equity. All the three companies are well established NBFCs and hence its debt level is
more than its equity. As growing NBFCs they are vibrant in terms of both debt and equity
and register continuous growth over the years. The debt to equity ratio was lower for Ceejay
Finance ltd, L&T Finance Holdings ltd, Armaan Finance ltd. Ceejay Finance ltd and L&T
Finance Holdings ltd maintain its equity almost at a constant level throughout the period of
study. As the debt is negligent in these 2 companies, their solvency position is highly sound.
In case of Reliance and Muthoot, the growth trend both in debt and equity with a moderate
debt equity ratio exhibit an acceptable solvency position.

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F

Squares Freedom
Between Groups 269.53 9 29.94 35.64

Within Groups 42.027 50 0.84

Total 311.557 59

54
ANOVA
Hypothesis: There is not any significant difference in Debt Equity Ratio of NBFCs under
study.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in Debt Equity Ratio of NBFCs
under study.
The table value of F for degree of freedom 50 at 5 per cent level of significance is 2.38. Since
the calculated value of F (35.64) is less than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected.
It is concluded that the debt equity ratio do differ significantly for the NBFCs under study.

PROFITABILITY RATIO
Net Profit Ratio
Net Profit Ratio establishes the relationship between Net Profit and Revenue from Operations
i.e. Net Sales. It shows the percentage of Net Profit earned on Revenue from Operations. The
ratio is computed as follows:

Net Profit Ratio = Net Profit after Tax /Revenue from Operations * 100

55
 If the Net Profit Ratio is higher the business will be better. This ratio helps in determining
the operations of the business.

COMPANIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Armaan Financial 18.23% 15.66% 15.08% 11.74% 26.51% 27.17

Ltd
Mahindra & 15.02% 11.49% 6.48% 16.22% 17.85% 8.97%
Mahindra
L&T finance 90.02% 108.47% 89.58% 58.52% 55.39% 56.11%
Holdings Ltd

Reliance 19.17% 23.96% 21.41% -222.99% 6.79% -393.44

IFCI 16.04% 8.83% -16.73% 13.58% -20.57% -12.37
Siemens 20.8% 42.24% 13.92% 16.30% 17.67% 16.05%

REC 26% 23.80% 26.47% 19.68% 22.77% 16.40%

Power Finance 23.97% 22.25% 7.90% 16.88% 24.10% 16.95%

Muthoot Finance 15.54% 16.65% 20.54% 28.36% 28.67% 30.67%

Ceejay Finance 32.18% 30.56% 32.76% 33.93% 34.17% 27.85%

Ltd
Source : money control

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F

Squares Freedom
Between Groups 34244.32 9 3804.924 3.00

Within Groups 50711.74 50 1267.793

Total 84956.06 59

56
In terms of Net Profit Ratio L&T Finance Holdings is performing good followed by Ceejay
Finance ltd. L&T Finance Holdings has the highest net profit ratio of 108.47% in 2016. The
net profit ratio of Reliance witnessed a negative growth rate in 2018. Ceejay Finance ltd
has maintained a stable growth rate in terms of net profit ratio for the five years. REC
witnessed various ups and down in terms of NPR ratio but managed a good NPR at
22.77%.
ANOVA
Hypothesis: There is not any significant difference in Net Profit Ratio of NBFCs under
study.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in Net Profit Ratio of NBFCs
under study.
The table value of F for degree of freedom 50 at 5 per cent level of significance is 2.38.
Since the calculated value of F (3) is more than the table value, the null hypothesis is
rejected .It is concluded that the net profit ratio not differ significantly for the NBFCs
under study.

RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED

Return on the capital employed ratio is one of the few profitability ratios that an investor
evaluates to understand the rate of returns and profitability of a company. ROCE is a
financial ratio that can be used to assess a company's profitability and capital efficiency.
ROCE helps understand how efficiently a company is using its total capital to generate
profits.

The Return on Capital Employed ratio consists of two components and their calculations:
Earnings before Interest and Tax (EBIT) and Capital Employed.

Return on Capital Employed = Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) / Total
Capital Employed X 100

Investors calculate the ROCE to evaluate how well a company is using its capital and
financial strategies. A company's returns should always be higher than the rate of
57
 borrowings or loans that they have taken to fund their assets. In case the ROCE is lower, it
means that the company is not operating healthily and cannot generate returns for itself or
its investor.

COMPANIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Armaan Financial Ltd 6.64 6.66 22.39 22.27 23.06 23.48

Mahindra & Mahindra 17.78 2.76 1.38 12.80 14.79 14.83
L&T finance Holdings 5.32 7.28 5.46 4.95 5.03 4.38
Ltd
Reliance 11.92 12.82 6.79 -11.84 7.75 -18.65

IFCI 1.75 1.12 5.61 10.25 5.21 6.94

Siemens 21.51 42.24 13.92 16.30 17.67 10.51

REC 3.34 3.33 12.07 8.10 8.51 8.07

Power Finance 2.99 2.90 9.77 8.31 11.14 10.85

Muthoot Finance 5.15 6.73 36.90 16.28 28.70 30.69

Ceejay Finance Ltd 13.91 12.53 27.17 27.05 20.08 18.15

Source : money control

In terms of return on capital employed Armaan financial ltd and siemens is performing good
followed by Mahindra and Mahindra. The net profit ratio of Reliance witnessed a negative
growth rate in 2018. Ceejay Finance ltd has maintained a stable growth rate in terms of return
on capital employed ratio for the five years. REC witnessed various ups and down in terms
of returns on capital employed.
Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F
Squares Freedom
Between Groups 2878.21 9 319.80 4.720

Within Groups 3387.49 50 67.74

Total 6265.7

58
 ANOVA
Hypothesis: There is not any significant difference in return on capital employed of NBFCs
under study.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in return capital employed of
NBFCs under study.
The table value of F for degree of freedom 50 at 5 per cent level of significance is 2.38. Since
the calculated value of F (4.720) is more than the table value, the null hypothesis is rejected .It
is concluded that the differ significantly for the NBFCs under study.
RETURN ON NETWORTH EQUITY
Return on Net Worth is a ratio developed from the perspective of the investor and not the
company. By looking at this, the investor sees whether the entire net profit is coming to him
or how much return would he be getting. It explains the efficiency of the shareholders’ capital
to generate profit.

Return on Net Worth (RONW) is a measure of the profitability of a company expressed in

percentage.

RONW = Net Income / Shareholders’ Equity

A rising RONW reflects that a company is increasing its ability to generate profit without
having as much capital. It also means how well a company’s management is using the
shareholders’ capital. In other words, the higher the RONW the better the company
prospectus. Falling RONW is generally a problem.

COMPANIES 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

Armaan Financial Ltd 8.09 6.98 6.54 7.97 23.36 15.10

Mahindra & Mahindra 14.676 11.04 6.17 11.18 14.27 7.97
L&T finance Holdings 7.37 9.51 6.04 3.4 3.41 3.4
Ltd
Reliance 6.01 7.35 3.05 -62.54 1.77 -161.97

59
IFCI 8.70 5.5 -8.06 9.25 -9.58 -7.11
Siemens 23.08 43.87 14.71 10.76 12.01 7.98

REC 21.16 19.66 18.74 13.68 16.80 13.92

Power Finance 18.49 17.69 5.83 11.87 16.06 12.52

Muthoot Finance 13.09 14.40 18.10 22.75 20.13 26.08

Ceejay Finance Ltd 13.97 12.59 13.56 14.11 11.06 10.07

Source : money control

In terms of Net Worth Equity Muthoot finance is performing good followed by REC Finance
ltd. The net profit ratio of Reliance witnessed a negative growth rate. Ceejay Finance ltd has
maintained a stable growth rate in terms of net profit ratio for the five years. REC witnessed
various ups and down in terms of net worth ratio.

Source of variation Sum of Degrees of Mean square F

Squares Freedom
Between Groups 13596.16 9 1510.68 3

Within Groups 25049.52 50 500.99

Total 38645.68 59

ANOVA
Hypothesis: There is not any significant difference in Net worth equity t Ratio of NBFCs
under study.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is significant difference in Net worth equity Ratio of NBFCs
under study.
The table value of F for degree of freedom 50 at 5 per cent level of significance is 2.38. Since
the calculated value of F (3) is more than the table value, the null hypothesis is accepted. .It
is concluded that the net profit ratio do differ significantly for the NBFCs under study.
60
CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION

61
 CONCLUSION

The analysis of solvency reveal a fact that the sample NBFCs do their business taking high
risk i.e. they hold very low percentage of total assets as their owned funds and depend more
on borrowed funds and holds more current assets with low percentage of liquid assets with
reference to current liabilities. Profit making is in direct proportion to risk taking. Thus,
these NBFCs take more risk to earn profits. However, the performance of these NBFCs
proves that they have sufficient solvency, as they manage the risks and have cash
generation capacity. However these NBFCs need to improve their profitability ratios and
cash management. NBFCs have to focus on their core strengths while improving on
weakness. Presently, the economic disruptions caused by the coronavirus outbreak, MSME
sector seems to be worst hit due to both businesses coming to a standstill and reduced
consumer spending. As MSMEs contribute to major chunk of NBFCs loan portfolio, in
case of a default, it will affect NBFCs ability to repay the loans to other financial lenders.
However, Indian authorities and regulator have taken several measures to ease borrower’s
financial burden. Reserve Bank of India introduced a three-month moratorium on loan
repayments for distressed bank and NBFC borrowers. A sizeable Rs 3.74 trillion injection
of liquidity into the system should help to improve liquidity in local credit markets.

62
 FINDINGS

 From the analysis above it follows that current are high for the asset finance
companies and infrastructure finance companies. The debt-to-equity ratio was lower
for microfinance companies
 Core Investment companies showing that the enterprise is depending more on
shareholder’s funds and lenders are at a lower risk.
 The Net Profit Ratio was high for infrastructure finance companies and micro
finance companies predicting good returns in these sectors.
 The return on capital of micro finance companies and assets finance companies
higher. This shows that how efficiently a company is using its total capital to generate
profit
 The return on net worth equity is higher for microfinance companies and asset
financing companies. This shows how well the company management is using the
shareholders capital
 From the table it follows that for all the three ratios calculated, the value of F is
more than the table value of F at 5% level of significance. This implies that null
hypothesis is rejected and indicates that the majority of selected ratios for this study
differ significantly between various categories of NBFCs. Different categories of
NBFCs behave differently.

63
CHAPTER 6- LIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY

64
 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

❖ The study is restricted only for five years i.e., 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019and 2020.

❖ The study is completely based on secondary data and the accuracy of the analysis depend

on the data obtained.

❖ The study may not be extensive enough to cover all the ratios to be considered in

evaluating the financial soundness of the NBFCs.

65
BIBLIOGRAPHY

66
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/armanfinancialservices/ratiosVI/AFS04#
AFS04.

2. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/powerfinancecorporation/ratiosVI/pfc02
#pfc02

3. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/ceejayfinance/ratiosVI/HP07#HP07

4. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/larsentoubro/ratiosVI/LT#LT

5. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/ifci/ratiosVI/ifc02#ifc0

6. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/rec/ratiosVI/REC02#REC02

7. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/siemens/ratiosVI/S#S

8. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/mahindramahindrafinancialservices/ratio
sVI/mmf04#mmf04

9. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/muthootfinance/ratiosVI/MF10#MF10

10. https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/reliancecapital/ratiosVI/RC#RC

11. https://www.academia.edu/41698563/Project_Report_on_NBFC

67
12. https://www.scribd.com/document/325510612/Nbfc-Final-Project

13. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://w
ww.ijsr.net/archive/v9i10/SR2010

14. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://w
ww.ijmra.us/project%2520doc/201

68
69