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Cocoa Application Tutorial
General

2009-08-03
 dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make
any modification, extension, or addition to this
Apple Inc. warranty.
© 2009 Apple Inc. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation
All rights reserved. of implied warranties or liability for incidental or
consequential damages, so the above limitation or
exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives
No part of this publication may be reproduced, you specific legal rights, and you may also have
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Apple Inc., with the following exceptions: Any
person is hereby authorized to store
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personal use only and to print copies of
documentation for personal use provided that
the documentation contains Apple’s copyright
notice.
The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple Inc.
No licenses, express or implied, are granted
with respect to any of the technology described
in this document. Apple retains all intellectual
property rights associated with the technology
described in this document. This document is
intended to assist application developers to
develop applications only for Apple-labeled
computers.
Apple Inc.
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Cupertino, CA 95014
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.Mac is a registered service mark of Apple Inc.

Apple, the Apple logo, AppleScript, AppleScript
Studio, Carbon, Cocoa, eMac, Finder, iTunes,
Mac, Mac OS, Macintosh, Objective-C, Quartz,
and Xcode are trademarks of Apple Inc.,
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 Contents

Introduction Introduction to Cocoa Application Tutorial 9

Organization of This Document 9

Goals for Learning 9
Prerequisites 10
See Also 10

Chapter 1 The Essence of Cocoa 11

What Is Cocoa? 11
Classes and Objects 11
The MVC Design Pattern 12
Model Objects 12
View Objects 12
Controller Objects 13
Hybrid Models 13
The Currency Converter Application 13

Chapter 2 Creating a Project in Xcode 15

Open Xcode 15
Make a New Project 15
Choose the New Project Command 15
Choose a Project Type 16
The Xcode Project Interface 17
What’s Next? 18

Chapter 3 Defining the Model 19

Specify the Model Class 19

Declare the Model Interface 20
Declare Instance Variables 20
Declared Properties and Accessor Methods 20
Declare the Model Method: convertCurrency 21
Implementing the Model 22
Define the convertCurrency Method 22
What’s Next? 22

Chapter 4 Defining the View: Building the User Interface 23

User Interface Elements and Interface Builder 23

What Is a Nib File? 23

3
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 CONTENTS

Windows and Menus in Cocoa 24

Creating the Currency Converter Window 25
Create the Window 25
Resize the Window 25
Changing the Title of the Window 27
Add the Text Fields 27
Assign Labels to the Fields 29
Change the Text Field Attributes 31
Configure a Button 31
Add a Separator to Group Controls 32
Refining the Layout and View Functionality 33
Aligning Objects in a Window 33
Finalize the Window Size 34
Enable Tabbing Between Text Fields 35
Set the First Responder Text Field 36
Test the Interface 37
What’s Next? 38

Chapter 5 Bridging the Model and View: The Controller 39

Paths for Object Communication: Outlets, Targets, and Actions 39

Outlets 39
Target/Action in Interface Builder 40
Which Direction to Connect? 41
Defining the Controller Class 42
Defining the Outlets for the ConverterController Class 42
Declare the Controller Method 42
Interconnecting the Controller with the View 43
Add the ConverterController Class to Your Nib File 43
Connect the ConverterController Instance to the Text Fields 45
Connect the Convert Button to the Appropriate Methods 46
Check Your Work 46
Connecting the Controller to the Model 47
Garbage Collection 48
What’s Next? 49

Chapter 6 Building and Running Your Application 51

Build the Application 51

Extra: Check Out the Documentation 51
Run the Application 52
Correct Build Errors 52
Great Job! 52
What’s Next? 53

4
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 CONTENTS

Chapter 7 Configuring Your Application 55

The Info.plist File 55

Basic Project Attributes 55
Specify the Identifier, Version, and Copyright Information 58
Create an Icon File 61
What’s Next? 65

Chapter 8 Expanding on the Basics 67

For Free with Cocoa 67

Application and Window Behavior 67
Controls and Text 67
Menu Commands 68
Document Management 68
File Management 68
Communicating with Other Applications 69
Custom Drawing and Animation 69
Internationalization 69
Editing Support 69
Printing 69
Help 70
Plug-in Architecture 70
Turbo Coding with Xcode 70
Project Find 70
Code Sense and Code Completion 70
Integrated Documentation Viewing 70
Indentation 71
Delimiter Checking 71
Emacs Bindings 71

Appendix A Objective-C Quick Reference Guide 73

Messages and Method Implementations 73

Declarations 74

Document Revision History 75

5
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 CONTENTS

6
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 Figures and Listings

Chapter 1 The Essence of Cocoa 11

Figure 1-1 An object 12

Figure 1-2 Object relationships in the Model-View-Controller paradigm 12

Chapter 2 Creating a Project in Xcode 15

Figure 2-1 The Xcode application icon 15

Figure 2-2 The New Project Assistant in Xcode 16
Figure 2-3 The new Currency Converter project in Xcode 17

Chapter 3 Defining the Model 19

Listing 3-1 Declaration of the member variables in Converter.h 20

Listing 3-2 Definition of the convertCurrency method in Converter.m 22

Chapter 4 Defining the View: Building the User Interface 23

Figure 4-1 Resizing a window manually 26

Figure 4-2 Resizing a window with the inspector 27
Figure 4-3 Cocoa Views and Cells in the Interface Builder Library window 28
Figure 4-4 Resizing a text field 29
Figure 4-5 Right aligning a text label in Interface Builder 30
Figure 4-6 Text fields and labels in the Currency Converter window 31
Figure 4-7 Measuring distances in Interface Builder 32
Figure 4-8 Adding a horizontal line to the Currency Converter window 33
Figure 4-9 The Currency Converter final user interface in Interface Builder 35
Figure 4-10 Connecting nextKeyView outlets in Interface Builder 36
Figure 4-11 Setting the initialFirstResponder outlet in Interface Builder 37

Chapter 5 Bridging the Model and View: The Controller 39

Figure 5-1 An outlet pointing from one object to another 39

Figure 5-2 Relationships in the target-action paradigm 41
Figure 5-3 A newly instantiated instance of ConverterController 44
Figure 5-4 Outlets and actions in the Converter Controller Identity inspector 45
Figure 5-5 Connecting ConverterController to the rateField outlet 46
Figure 5-6 Checking the outlet connections 47
Listing 5-1 Definition of the convert: method in ConverterController.m 48

7
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 FIGURES AND LISTINGS

Chapter 7 Configuring Your Application 55

Figure 7-1 Benefits of using application identifiers 56

Figure 7-2 Build and release version numbers in Finder preview panes and About windows
57
Figure 7-3 Locating the application bundle from the Dock 60
Figure 7-4 Application properties as seen by the user 61
Figure 7-5 Dragging c_conv512.png to the icon file editor 62
Figure 7-6 Icon file editor with icon images and icon masks at several resolutions 63
Figure 7-7 Selecting the icon file to add to the Currency Converter project 64
Figure 7-8 Specifying project file-addition options 64
Figure 7-9 Currency Converter sporting an elegant icon 65

8
2009-08-03 | © 2009 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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"Hurrah!" cried the . "Our
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course!" said little . "He's the
best in the whole !"
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARY'S LITTLE
LAMB: A PICTURE GUESSING STORY FOR LITTLE CHILDREN ***

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