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Chapter 1

Chapter 12 discusses motion in a circle, focusing on angular displacement, speed, velocity, and centripetal force. It explains the relationship between linear and angular velocity, the concept of centripetal force acting on objects in circular motion, and the calculations involved in determining centripetal acceleration and force. The chapter also covers the effects of forces on objects moving in circular paths, including examples of cars on level and banked roads.

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6 views9 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 12 discusses motion in a circle, focusing on angular displacement, speed, velocity, and centripetal force. It explains the relationship between linear and angular velocity, the concept of centripetal force acting on objects in circular motion, and the calculations involved in determining centripetal acceleration and force. The chapter also covers the effects of forces on objects moving in circular paths, including examples of cars on level and banked roads.

Uploaded by

helda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 12 MOTION IN A CIRCLE

Angular displacement(θ):
The angle through which an object moves in a circle.
Angles in radians:
It is more convenient to measure angles and angular
displacements in units called radians rather than degrees.
Angular displacement θ in terms of radian is defined as
length of arc
Angle( in radian) = radius
s
θ=
r

Since s and r are distances measured in meters, the angle θ is


simply a ratio. It is a dimensionless quantity. If the object moves
twice as far around a circle of twice the radius, its angular
displacement θ will be the same.

Radian: Angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc


of length equal to the radius of the circle.
If an objects moves round the circumference of the
circle, it moves a distance of 2πr, then angular
displacement in radians,
Θ = circumference / radius = 2πr / r = 2π
Hence a complete circle contains 2π radians.
360˚ = 2π rad
180˚ = π rad
90˚ = π/2 rad
45˚ = π/4 rad
Conversion between radian and degree

Steady speed, changing velocity:


When an object moves in a circle, we must consider the
velocity rather than speed.
Speed: rate of change of distance moved by an object. It is a
scalar quantity that has magnitude only.
Velocity: speed with direction
Or
Rate of change of displacement of an object. It is a vector
quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
When an object moves in a circular path, its speed remains
constant but direction changes. So, velocity changes. Thus, it is
accelerating and hence experiences a force.
Angular speed:
Although object velocity is changing, its angular speed is
constant, because it moves through the same angle each
second.
angular displacement
Angular speed = time taken
∆θ
ω=
∆t
∆θ is the change in angle and ∆t is the change in time
Time taken for one revolution is time period(T), the angle
through which the object rotates in one revolution is 2π radians.
So angular displacement becomes
2π
ω= =2 πf
T
Angular speed unit is measured in rad / s (or angle / s or rev /
s)
Relation between linear and angular velocity:
At speed remains constant, in time ∆t, object moves along the
arc length ∆s and sweeps out an angle ∆θ.
∆s
∆ θ=
r
∆s = r ∆θ
dividing both sides by ∆t:
∆s/∆t = r (∆θ /∆t)
V=rω

Centripetal force:
Newtons first law of motion:
An object remains at rest or moves at constant velocity unless
it is acted up on by a resultant force.
Object moving at a steady speed in a circle, whose velocity is
not constant, therefore it experiences a resultant force acting
on it.
Centripetal force: It is the resultant force acting on an object
moving in a circle at constant speed, always directed towards
the centre of the circle perpendicular to the velocity of the
object.

Vector diagrams:
The change in velocity of the object can be determined using a
vector triangle. The change in velocity of an object between the
points B and A is ∆v.

The change in velocity of the object is:


 At right angles to the velocity at A
 Directed towards the centre of the circle.
The object is accelerating because its velocity changes. The
acceleration of the object must be in the same direction as the
change in the velocity, that is, towards the centre of the circle.
Therefore, acceleration of the object is in the same direction as
the centripetal force F.
∆v
a=
∆t
Acceleration at steady speed:
The centripetal force F and acceleration are always at right
angles to the object’s velocity.

If the force is to make the object change its speed, it must have
a component in the direction of the object’s velocity; it must
provide a push in the direction in which the object is already
travelling. If the force at 90˚ to the velocity, it has no
component in the required direction. Therefore, F cos 90˚ = 0.
It acts to pull the object around the circle, without ever making
it speed up or slow down.
Work done = force Х distance moved by the object
If the distance moved by the object in the direction of
centripetal force is zero, then work done is zero. If no work is
done one the object, its kinetic energy must remain the same
and hence its speed is unchanged.
Calculating centripetal acceleration and force:
If we spin a bung around in a circle, the centripetal force F
required to keep it in its circular orbit. The greater the mass m
of the bung and the greater its speed v, the greater is the force
F that is required. However, if the radius r of the circle is
increased, F is smaller.

Consider a particle moving round a circle. In time ∆t it moves


through an angle ∆θ from A to B. Its speed remains constant
but its velocity changes by ∆v.
∆θ = ∆v / v
v. ∆θ = ∆v
Dividing both sides by ∆t
∆v v .∆θ
=
∆t ∆t
∆v ∆θ
We know that ∆ t =a and ∆ t =ω ; therefore

a=v ω ; using v =r ω
a=r ω ; or using ω = v/r
2

2
a=v /r
Newtons second law of motion:
The resultant force on a body is proportional to the rate of
change of momentum of the body.
dp
F= =ma(where p=mv)
dt
2
mv
Centripetal force F = =mr ω
2
r
Calculating orbital speed:
2
mv
The necessary centripetal force is provided by the
r
gravitational pull mg.
2
mv
mg=
r
2
v
g=
r
g = 9.8 m/s2 and r = 6400km then, v = 7.92 Х 103 m/s.
Example for centripetal force:
Consider a car moving on a level road. Here, the road provides
two forces. The force N is the normal contact force that
balances the weight mg of the car; the car has no acceleration
in the vertical direction. The second force is the friction force
between the tyre and the road.

If the car moves on a banked road, then the normal contact


force N has a horizontal component that can provide the
centripetal force. The vertical component of N balances the
weight.

Vertically, N cosθ = mg
2
mv
Horizontally, N sinθ =
r
For a slow car, friction acts up the slope to stop it from sliding
down.

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