A

MAJOR PROJECT
ON
Third Eye for Blind Ultrasonic Vibrator Glove
Major Project Report submitted to the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
in accordance with the academic requirement for the award of the bachelor degree.

Submitted by
K. BHARATHREDDY (215D1A0436)

Under the esteemed Guidance

Of
Mr.M.NIKHIL SITHARAM
Assistant professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

KASIREDDY NARAYAN REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
RESEARCH
ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), R.R (Dist)
Affiliated to, JNTUH, Kukatpally
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
KASIREDDY NARAYAN REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEEIRNG AND
RESEARCH
ABDULLAPUR (V), HAYATHNAGAR (M), R.R (Dist)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the major project entitled “Third Eye for Blind

Ultrasonic Vibrator Glove ” is a bonafied work carried out by Mr. K.

BHARATH REDDY (215D1A0436) in Electronics and Communication
Engineering of KASIREDDY NARAYAN REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEEIRNG & RESEARCH, for the academic year 2024 - 2025.

Project Guide Head of the Department

(Mr.M.NIKHIL SITHARAM) (Dr.N.ASHOKKUMAR)

External Guide

Principal
(Dr.M.NARENDRA KUMAR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any tasks

would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and
whose encouragement and guidance has been a source of inspiration throughout the
course of the the major project.
I am grateful to Mr.M.NIKHIL SITHARAM Asst. Prof our technical
seminar guide for his constant support and encouragement during the course of the the
major project.

I am thankful to Dr.N.ASHOK KUMAR Head of Department ECES

Kasireddy Narayan Reddy College of Engineering and Research, for his valuable
guidance. I also express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of our department.

I take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all those who helped us to
carry out this technical seminar successfully. We express our profound gratitude for
their valuable guidance and support. I sincere gratitude to our Principal
Dr.M.NARENDRA KUMAR and also to our college faculty for giving their
encouragement that helped us to complete the the major project work successfully.

Finally, we express our sincere thanks to our parents and friends who
supported and encouraged us in many ways for successful completion of the the major
project

BY

K. BHARATHREDDY (215D1A0436)
 INDEX

LIST OF FIGURES i
LIST OF TABLES ii
ACRONYMS USED iii
ABSTRACT
iV

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 objective of the pooject 1
1.2 existing system 2
1.3 Limitation of the existing system 2
1.4 pooposed gystem 2
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4-6
CHAPTER 3. HARDWARE ASPECTS 7-32
3.1 power supply 7
3.2 Transformer 8
3.3 Rectifier 9
3.3.1 Half wave rectifier 9
3.3.2 Full wave rectifier 10
3.4 filter capacitor 10
3.5 Voltage Ragolastos 11
3.5.1 Linear voltage regulator 11
3.5.2 Switching regulator 12
3.6 IC7805 13
3.7 IC7812 14
3.8 ESP32 Point / ESP Wroom 32 Point 15
3.8.1 Introudution to ESP32 Pin Layout 16
3.8.2 ESP Wroom-32 Pinout 18
3.8.3 ESP32 Pinout 19
3.8.4 Important ESP32 Peripherals 20
3.8.5 GPIO 21
 3.8.6 ADC 21
3.8.7 DAC 21
3.8.8 Capacitive Touch GPIOs 22
3.8.9 SPI 22
3.8.10 12C 22
3.8.11 PWM 22
3.8.12 What GPIO Pins to use 22
3.8.13 Input Only GPIO 25
3.8.14 Interupts 25
3.8.15 Boot strapping Pins 25
3.9 NEO-6MV2 GPS module 25
3.9.1 NEO 6MV2 GPS Module 26
3.9.2 Over view of the NEO-6MV2 GPS Module 27
3.9.3 How to use the NEO-6MV2 GPS Module 28
3.10 Vibrations sensor 29
3.10.1 Specification 29
3.11 Ultrasonic sensor 30
3.11.1 Transducers 31
3.11.2 Petectors 32
3.12 Buzzer 32
3.12.1 Intrduction 32
3.12.2 Electro Mechanical 32
3.12.3 Electronic 32
3.12.4 Piezo Electric Tronsdue 33
3.12.5 Applications 33
CHAPTER 4. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 34-46
4.1 INTRODUCTION 34
4.2 Suggested Reading 35
4.3 windows 35
4.3.1 Windows 8 35
4.3.2 Windows ,Vista and XP 37
4.3.3 Launch and Blink 39
4.3 Μac 42
4.4 FTDI Drivers 42
4.5 Launch and Blink 42
4.6 HACK on ARDUINO 46
CHAPTER-5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT 47
CHAPTER-6 METHODOLOGY 49
CHAPTER-7 ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES&
APPLICATIONS 50
7.1 ADVANTAGES 50
7.2 APPLICATION 50
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION 51
CHAPTER-9 FUTURE SCOPE 52
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES 53
 LIST OF THE FIGURES

Fg No NAME PAGE NO
3.1 Block Diagaram 7
3.2 Block Diagaram of power supply 8
3.3 Transformer 8
3.4 Half wave rectifier 9
3.5 Full wave rectifier 10
3.6 Wave forms of filter capacitor 11
3.7 Pin diagram of voltage regular 12
3.8 Circuit diagram of power supply 12
3.9 Pin diagram of 7805 14
3.10 7812 Pin connection 14
3.11 Arduino UNO 15
3.12 NEO-6MV2 module 21
3.13 Circuit diagram of NEO-6MV2 23
3.14 Vibration sensor 24
3.15 Utrasonic sensor 25
3.16 Buzzer 27
3.17 LCD 29
4.1 AN A TO B USB Cable 33
4.2 File 35
4.3 Tools,Arduino UNO 36
4.4 Tools,Serial part, Link 37
4.5 Blink 38

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO NAME Page No

3.1 Specifications of IC 7805 13
3.2 NEO-6MV2 GPS module pin 21-22

3.3 Pins functions tablea 30-31

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 ACRONYMS USED

ESP32 Module
IC7812
NEO-6MV2 GPS Module
Vibration Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor
Buzzer
Lithium ion Batteries
USB A to B Cable

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 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to design a product which is very much useful
to those people who are visually impaired and those who often have to rely on others.
This project is an innovative one which helps the visually impaired people to move
around and go from one place to another with speed and confidence by knowing the
nearby obstacles using the help of the wearable band which produces the ultrasonic
waves which notify them with buzz sound or vibrations. It allows the user those who
are visually impaired to walk freely by detecting the obstacles. They only need to
wear this device as a band or cloth on their body. Thus the aim of the project is to
develop a cheap, affordable and more efficient way to help the blind people to
navigate with greater comfort, speed and confidence.

GPS based blind man device with user input interfacing (remote controlled
based) intellectually finds the current location and gives the alert to the blind man if it
was his destination area. Node MCU is the heart of the device. It stores the data of the
current location which it receives from the GPS system, so that it can make use if the
data stored to compare with the destination location of the user. By this it can trace
out the distance from the destination and produce an alarm to alert the user in
advance. Here instead of an alarm sound the blind man can directly hear the location
recorded by the user itself.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective of the Project

Nowadays, technology and human life cannot be separated as it has become

the phenomenon of the world. But, how the technology can help people that visually
impaired? Blind people usually can estimate the obstacle in front them without
knowing the actual distance of the obstacle from them. Mobility for the blind people
can be defined as mobility to move with safety and ease through environment without
relay on other. Most commonly mobility aid used by the blind is cane and guide dogs
to facilitate their movement. But there are problems for this navigation supports. The
cane provide limited preview for the user and as a result, user has to be more careful
to walk and mobile very slowly. As for the guide dogs, the training and coordinating
the dogs with blind people are difficult task and the result are minimal.

In order to overcome this problem, research on the assistant devices for the
blind has been done by many people to help reduce the limited ability of the blind
people. The assistive glove for the blind is a device that can help visually impaired to
facilitate movement and to perform daily activities without relying too much on
others. The glove with the integration of ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 microcontroller
will help blind to facilitate movement and give alert to user if there are obstacles in
front of them in the range 2 cm to 300 cm.

All over the world the traffic accidents occurs due to pedestrians becoming an
increasing one, due to high population density, rapid urbanization and due to overrule
the traffic regulations by drivers and pedestrians. Pedestrians Detection is very
essential factor in surveillance for safety purpose. Several challenges were occurred
while detecting the pedestrian’s, such as style of clothing appearance, different
transition and frequent occlusion between pedestrians. In some traditional detection
methods the detectors are trained to find the pedestrians using sensors and stop the
vehicle using traffic signal.

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1.2Existing system
Visually impaired people generally use either the typical white cane or the
guide dog to travel by automatically. Although the white stick gives the caution about
1m before the obstacle, for a normal walking speeds of 1.2m/s, the time to react is
very short. The stick scans the floor and consequently cannot detect certain obstacles.
Safety and assurance could be increased using devices that give a signal to find the
direction of an obstacle –free path in odd or shifting environments. Electronic travel
aids are devices that give off a warning by acoustic or /and physical signals when an
obstacle is in the way of the visually impaired people and allow the user to elude it.
Several devices have been developed to improve the mobility of visually impaired
people. An active optical pathfinder using a LED and a photodiode is implemented as
an electronic travel aid to improve the mobility of the persons who is blind. The
improved version of LED and Photodiode is Electronic Travel Aids-smart guiding
device in the shape of pair of eyeglasses for giving these people guidance inventively
and safely. Different from existing, a novel multi-sensor fusion based obstacle
avoiding algorithm is proposed, which utilizes both the depth sensor and ultrasonic
sensor to solve the problems of detecting small obstacle, and translucent obstacles.
1.3 Limitation of the existing system
The system which was developed before was a moderate budget navigational aid for
visually impaired people. Following were the limitations of the project:
 Requirement of power source.
 Bulky to carry.
 Does not protect from obstacles at torso and face level.
 Due to use of electronic components, any malfunction will be difficult for a
blind person to identify or repair on the spot.
 It is not waterproof.
 Less mechanical strength.
1.4 Proposed system

Ultrasonic Sensor senses the obstacles in its path by continuously transmitting the
ultrasonic waves. If any obstacle comes in its vicinity then the ultrasonic waves get
reflected back to the system. The ultrasonic receiver senses these ultrasonic waves
and this information are passed to the Microcontroller. The microcontroller gives
alerts through voice message. When the blind person wears this ultrasonic waist-belt
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at stomach or at head, which consist of an ultrasonic distance sensor, Ultrasonic
distance sensor, which is capable of detecting obstacles in its path of a blind person,
senses the obstacles. This information is passed to the microcontroller which then
alerts the user through voice circuit in case of any obstacles in that particular
direction, which helps the user to avoid obstacles in its way.

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 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW:

Voice operated outdoor navigation system for visually impaired persons done by
Somnath and Ravi (2012). Uses a stick equipped with ultra-sonic sensors, GPS. The
stick contains GPS which will have SD memory card which used to store different
locations. The user can set the location by GPS will guide the person to his/her
destination. This system will also provide the speed and the remaining distance to
reach the destination. When the ultra-sonic sensors detect any obstacle directly the
buzzer will activate the vibration motor. This system can be classified as a low cost
system affordable by the user.

The system uses the ARM processor which has more memory space, so that the
operating speed is high. However, this system cannot operate indoors because there
will be no signal for the GPS system. The accuracy of the GPS signal need to be
improved because it only can be controlled within 5 meters radios. Finally, the blind
person need to be trained on the system so that he or she can use it effectively. Shruit
and Prof. A system done for using smart stick for blind people: obstacles detections,
artificial vision and real time assistance via GPS. This system operate by using GPS,
artificial vision system, obstacle detection.. This system also contains ultrasonic
sensors to detect the obstacles. Furthermore, this system include GPS system is to
reach the required destination. Once any obstacle is detected or the destination is
reached the voice circuit will activate providing certain type of voice. All these sub
systems are connected to microcontroller which control the entire operation of the
system.

This system can be classified as a low cost system. The accuracy of the artificial
vision unit provides a high accuracy output for the user. In addition to that, the
detection distance of the system is 15 meters. However, the designing complexity of
the system make it difficult to design and understand. Another study in the same field
to help blind people uses the pulse echo technique in order to provide a warning
sound when detecting the obstacles. This technique is used by the United States

Page | 4
military for locating the submarines. They used pulse of ultrasound range from 21
KHz to 50 KHz which hit the hard surface to generate echo pulses. By calculating the
difference between signals transmit time and signal receiving time we can predict the
distance between the user and the obstacles. This system is very sensitive interms of
detecting the obstacles. It has a detection range up to 3 meters and a detection angle
between 0 degree to 45 degree.

However, this system require more power to operate because of the transmitter and
receiver circuits. So, this system need to be redesigned to operate with less power
consumption (Anon., n.d.). another study done by (Sung, Young, Kim and IN, 2001)
for developing an intelligent guide stick for blind people used an intelligent CPU
called MELDOG which uses artificial intelligence. It can identify the accurate
position of obstacles using ultrasonic sensors and laser sensors. In order to identify the
position the “map matching technique” was used by using the ultrasonic sensors. This
system includes a DC motor controller which connected to the encoder. When the
wheels rotate 18 degree the infrared sensors attached to both wheels will transmit the
signal to the CPU in order to provide a location update. This system is an accurate
detecting system can provide the user continuous update for detecting the obstacles
with detection angle between 0 degree to 18 degree. However, this system is
expensive and is complex in designing. It is heavy compared to other similar system.
The weight of the system is around 5.5 Kg. The detection distance for the system is
very low which is around 87.5 cm to 105 cm. a study done by (Jayant, Pratik and
Mita, 2012) proposed a smart cane assisted mobility for the visually impaired. The
system is based on normal ultrasonic sensors and ATMEL microcontroller. It operates
with two rechargeable battery(7.4v) it can be recharged using USB cable or AC
adaptor. The control unit is programmed using ATMEL AVR microcontroller
ATMEGA328P microcontroller. Once any obstacles are detected vibration and buzzer
will start in order to warn the user. This system is a non-complex system to use. It has
the ability to cover a distance up to 3 meters and has the rechargeable feature of the
buttery. Also, this system can be International Journal of Engineering Science and
Computing, August 2018 18787 http://ijesc.org/ folded in small piece so that the user
can carry it easily.

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However, this system has only one direction detection coverage and it is inaccurate in
detecting the obstacles. All the studies which had been reviewed shows that, there are
many types of smart sticks for blind people and all of them uses different techniques
to give the required assistance for the blind person. However, the studies shows that,
using the ultrasonic sensors is an efficient solution to detect the obstacles with
maximum range of 7 meters and 45 degree coverage. In addition to that, using a
noncomplex microcontroller will help the blind person to use the devise (stick) easily
and without any problems. Finally, the device should work for a long time with
minimum power and it could be recharged. This system propose a stick which uses
ultrasonic sensors for detection and a microcontroller that controls the system without
complexity. The detection angle is 180 degree. It is use a 12 volt lithium rechargeable
battery. It is low cost and light weight system.

Have talked about the virtual white stick detecting gadget dependent on dynamic
triangulation that can measure separations at a pace of 15 estimations/second. A daze
individual can utilize this gadget for detecting nature, pointing it as though it was a
blaze light. Alongside estimating separations, this gadget can recognize surface
discontinuities, such as the foot of a divider, a stage, or a drop-off. This is gotten by
dissecting the range information gathered as the client swings the gadget around,
following planar fixes and finding discontinuities

[1]. Built up a Nav belt, a deterrent evasion wearable compact PC which is just for
indoor route. Nav belt was outfitted with two modes, in the first one the framework
data was meant sound in various sounds. One sound for nothing for movement course
and other for blocked, it was hard for the individual to separate the sounds. Other
issue was the framework would not know the client flitting position

[2]. Have portrayed the advancement of a route help so as to help daze and outwardly
impeded individuals to explore effectively, securely and to distinguish any
obstructions. The framework depends on a microcontroller with engineered discourse
yield. Notwithstanding this, the gadget comprises of two vibrators, two ultrasonic
sensors which is mounted on the client's shoulders or some other body part and
another incorporated into the stick

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[3]. Has proposed techniques for the outwardly weakened individuals for the urban
communities. Be that as it may, they didn't consider about the individuals who can't
bear the cost of exorbitant hardware and gadgets. This confinement is overwhelmed
by the gadget third eye for the dazzle

CHAPTER -3

HARDWARE ASPECTS

BLOCK DIAGARAM

POWER SUPPLY LCD

ULTRASONIC
SENSOR
ESP 32 BUZZER

GPS

VIBRATION SENSOR

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3.1 POWER SUPPLY

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c.
input i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is
fed to a rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So
in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter
to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is
given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.

230V AC D.C
Output
50Hz

Step down Bridge

transformer Rectifier
Filter Regulator

Fig: 3.2 Block diagram of power supply

3.2 TRANSFORMER

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 Fig 3.3 Transformer

A transformer consists of two coils also called as “WINDINGS” namely

PRIMARY & SECONDARY.
They are linked together through inductively coupled electrical conductors
also called as CORE. A changing current in the primary causes a change in the
Magnetic Field in the core & this in turn induces an alternating voltage in the
secondary coil. If load is applied to the secondary then an alternating current will flow
through the load. If we consider an ideal condition then all the energy from the
primary circuit will be transferred to the secondary circuit through the magnetic field.

So

3.3 Rectifier
A rectifier is a device that converts an AC signal into DC signal. For
rectification purpose we use a diode, a diode is a device that allows current to pass
only in one direction i.e. when the anode of the diode is positive with respect to the
cathode also called as forward biased condition & blocks current in the reversed
biased condition.

Rectifier can be classified as follows:

3.3.1 Half Wave rectifier

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 Fig.3.4 Half Wave Rectifier
This is the simplest type of rectifier as you can see in the diagram a half wave
rectifier consists of only one diode. When an AC signal is applied to it during the
positive half cycle the diode is forward biased & current flows through it. But during
the negative half cycle diode is reverse biased & no current flows through it. Since
only one half of the input reaches the output, it is very inefficient to be used in power
supplies.

3.3.2 Full wave rectifier

Fig.3.5 Full Wave Rectifier

Half wave rectifier is quite simple but it is very inefficient, for greater
efficiency we would like to use both the half cycles of the AC signal. This can be
achieved by using a center tapped transformer i.e. we would have to double the size of
secondary winding & provide connection to the center. So during the positive half
cycle diode D1 conducts & D2 is in reverse biased condition. During the negative half
cycle diode D2 conducts & D1 is reverse biased. Thus we get both the half cycles
across the load.
One of the disadvantages of Full Wave Rectifier design is the necessity of
using a center tapped transformer, thus increasing the size & cost of the circuit. This
can be avoided by using the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.

3.4 FILTER CAPACITOR

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 Even though half wave & full wave rectifier give DC output, none of them
provides a constant output voltage. For this we require to smoothen the waveform
received from the rectifier. This can be done by using a capacitor at the output of the
rectifier this capacitor is also called as “FILTER CAPACITOR” or “SMOOTHING
CAPACITOR” or “RESERVOIR CAPACITOR”. Even after using this capacitor a
small amount of ripple will remain.
We place the Filter Capacitor at the output of the rectifier the capacitor will
charge to the peak voltage during each half cycle then will discharge its stored energy
slowly through the load while the rectified voltage drops to zero, thus trying to keep
the voltage as constant as possible.

Fig 3.6 Waveforms of Filter Capacitor

If we go on increasing the value of the filter capacitor then the Ripple will
decrease. But then the costing will increase. The value of the Filter capacitor depends
on the current consumed by the circuit, the frequency of the waveform & the accepted
ripple.

Where,
Vr= accepted ripple voltage.( should not be more than 10% of the voltage)
I= current consumed by the circuit in Amperes.
F= frequency of the waveform. A half wave rectifier has only one peak in one cycle so
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F=25hz
Whereas a full wave rectifier has Two peaks in one cycle so F=100 Hz.
3.5 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
A Voltage regulator is a device which converts varying input voltage into a
constant regulated output voltage. Voltage regulator can be of two types
3.5.1 Linear Voltage Regulator
Also called as Resistive Voltage regulator because they dissipate the excessive
voltage resistively as heat.
3.5.2 Switching Regulators.
They regulate the output voltage by switching the Current ON/OFF very
rapidly. Since their output is either ON or OFF it dissipates very low power thus
achieving higher efficiency as compared to linear voltage regulators. But they are
more complex & generate high noise due to their switching action. For low level of
output power switching regulators tend to be costly but for higher output wattage they
are much cheaper than linear regulators.
The most commonly available Linear Positive Voltage Regulators are the 78XX
series where the XX indicates the output voltage. And 79XX series is for Negative
Voltage Regulators.

Fig.3.7 pin diagram of voltage regulator

After filtering the rectifier output the signal is given to a voltage regulator. The
maximum input voltage that can be applied at the input is 35V.Normally there is a 2-3
Volts drop across the regulator so the input voltage should be at least 2-3 Volts higher
than the output voltage. If the input voltage gets below the Vmin of the regulator due
to the ripple voltage or due to any other reason the voltage regulator will not be able
to produce the correct regulated voltage.
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 Circuit diagram

Fig 3.8 Circuit Diagram of power supply

3.6 IC 7805
7805 is an integrated three-terminal positive fixed linear voltage regulator. It
supports an input voltage of 10 volts to 35 volts and output voltage of 5 volts. It has a
current rating of 1 amp although lower current models are available. Its output voltage
is fixed at 5.0V. The 7805 also has a built-in current limiter as a safety feature. 7805
is manufactured by many companies, including National Semiconductors and
Fairchild Semiconductors.

The 7805 will automatically reduce output current if it gets too hot. The last
two digits represent the voltage; for instance, the 7812 is a 12-volt regulator. The
78xx series of regulators is designed to work in complement with the 79xx series of
negative voltage regulators in systems that provide both positive and negative
regulated voltages, since the 78xx series can't regulate negative voltages in such a
system.

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 The 7805 & 78 is one of the most common and well-known of the 78xx series
regulators, as it's small component count and medium-power regulated 5V make it
useful for powering TTL devices.

SPECIFICATIONS IC 7805

Vout 5V

Vein - Vout Difference 5V - 20V

Table. 3.1.
Specifications of Operation Ambient Temp 0 - 125°C IC7805

Output Imax 1A

Fig 3.9 Pin diagram of 7805

3.7 IC7812
Here is a 7812 voltage regulator circuit, but this is not a power supply with a
12V output voltage and load current 1A. IC LM7812 only serves as the input voltage
of an LM723 regulator IC. So these power supply circuits with a larger load current
capability with a variable voltage at the maximum voltage of 6V.
Output voltage range of the 7812 voltage regulator circuit is 2.5V-6V with
6A-8A load current. Increasing load current through the transistor BD139 and TIP142
are sourced from the DC voltage of a transformer 10A.

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 Fig 3.10 7812 Pin Connection

3.8 ESP32 Pinout | ESP-WROOM-32 Pinout

In this tutorial, we will learn about the pinout information of ESP32. The 30-pin
ESP32 Development Board will be used to demonstrate the ESP32 Pinout. We will
also learn about some important peripherals of ESP32 Microcontroller and their
associated pins, what GPIO pins can be used in your project.

Fig 3.11 ESP32 Pinout

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ESP32 based boards come in a variety of shapes and sizes and pinout of each board is
different to other. Also, not all pins of the ESP32 Microcontroller SoC will be
available on a development board as some pins might be permanently tied to a
dedicated function.

One such case is the Flash Memory. We know that all ESP32 boards come with 4 MB
of Flash Memory to store the programs. So, some of the GPIO Pins (6 to be specific)
are connected to SPI Flash IC and those pins cannot be used as regular GPIO Pins.

Hence, it is important to understand the pinout of popular ESP32 boards so that you
will know what pins are available for use in projects.

3.8.1 Introduction to ESP32 Pin Layout

The ESP32 Microcontroller IC is available in a 48-pin QFN package. Since it is a

QFN (Quad Flat No Leads) package, it is difficult solder the IC on to the PCB, if you
are interested in making an ESP32 Board by yourself.

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 Fig No 3.12 ESP32 Pin Layout

So, what Espressif Systems (the developers of ESP32) did is, they took the ESP32 IC
and made a small module board with edge castellations. One popular version of such
module board is called ESP-WROOM-32.

In addition to the ESP32 IC, the ESP-WROOM-32 also contain a 4 MB SPI Flash IC,
a 40 MHz Crystal Oscillator, PCB Antenna and some discrete passive components to
make a working system.

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 Fig No 3.13 WIFI Module

You can use this board in your hardware design (as it takes care of the complex RF
section of the PCB) and make a development board or a breakout board or even a
commercial product.

This is what third-party module manufacturers do. They take the ESP-WROOM-32
Module, design a break-out board based on this module with user friendly pins, USB
Port, RESET and BOOT switches etc.

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3.8.2 ESP-WROOM-32 Pinout

Let us start exploring the ESP32 Pinout by taking a look at the ESP WROOM 32
Pinout. The following image show the pinout of a typical ESP-WROOM-32 Module.
It consists of 38-pin (14 pins on each long edge and 10 on bottom short edge).

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The other short edge is left for PCB Antenna. If you notice the previous ESP-
WROOM-32 image, then the Microcontroller and other components are not visible as
they placed under the RF Shield.

Use this pinout of ESP-WROOM-32 module as a reference if you are using such
module in your hardware design.

3.8.3 ESP32 Pinout

One popular ESP32 Development Board available today is the 30-pin version shown
in the above image. It consists of ESP-WROOM-32 as the baseboard and additionally
few pins and components to easily interact with ESP32.

The following image shows the pinout of a 30-pin ESP32 DevKit Development
Board.

As you can see from the image, each pin has more than one possible functionality and
while using a pin for particular task, double check its alternative functions.

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Another version of ESP32 DevKit Board comes with 36-pins. This version is not as
popular as the 30-pin version. But if you happen to have a 36-pin ESP32 board, the
following pinout will be very helpful.

Note that the pinout of both the 30-pin and the 36-pin versions of ESP32
Development Boards are very identical except for some pins at the bottom. In the 36-
Pin version, 6 GPIO pins (GPIO6 to GPIO11) are used for SPI Flash IC. So, they
shouldn’t be used for other purposes. Finally, you just get one extra pin (GPIO0 – Pin
23).

3.8.4 Important ESP32 Peripherals

Now that we have seen a little bit about ESP32 Pinout. Let us now focus on some of
the important peripherals of ESP32 and their associated pins. ESP32 Microcontroller
has:

 34 Programmable GPIOs
 18 12-bit ADC Channels
 2 8-bit DAC Channels
 16 PWM Channels
Page | 21
  3 UART Interfaces
 3 SPI Interfaces
 2 I2C Interfaces
 2 I2S Interfaces
 10 Capacitive Touch Sensing GPIOs
 16 RTC GPIOs

3.8.5 GPIO

The most commonly used peripheral is the GPIO. ESP32 has 34 GPIO pins with each
pin carrying out more than one function (only one will be active). You can configure a
pin as either a GPIO or an ADC or an UART in the program.

ADC and DAC pins are predefined and you have to use the manufacturer specified
pins. But other functions like PWM, SPI, UART, I2C etc. can be assigned to any
GPIO pin through program.

3.8.6 RTC GPIO

ESP32 has 16 RTC GPIOs, which are part of the RTC Low-Power subsystem. These
pins can be used to wake ESP32 from deep sleep as external wake-up source.

3.8.6 ADC

ESP32 has two 12-bit SAR Analog to Digital Converter Modules with 8-channels and
10-channels each. So, ADC1 and ADC2 blocks combined together have 18 channels
of 12-bit ADC.

With 12-bit resolution, the output Digital values will be in the range of 0 – 4093.

3.8.7 DAC

ESP32 Microcontroller has two independent 8-bit Digital to Analog Converter

channels to convert digital values to analog voltage signals. The DAC has internal
resistor network and uses power supply as input reference voltage.

Page | 22
The following two GPIO Pins are associated with DAC functionalities.

 DAC1 — GPIO25
 DAC2 — GPIO26

3.8.8 Capacitive Touch GPIOs

The ESP32 SoC has 10 capacitive-sensing GPIOs, which can detect variations in
capacitance on a pin due to touching or approaching the GPIO Pin with a finger or
stylus. These Touch GPIOs can be used in implementing capacitive touch pads,
without any additional hardware.

3.8.9 SPI

The ESP32 Wi-Fi chip features three SPI blocks (SPI, HSPI and VSPI) in both master
and slave modes. SPI is used to interface with Flash Memory. So, you have two SPI
interfaces.

3.8.10 I2C

There are two I2C interfaces in ESP32 with complete flexibility on assigning pins i.e.,
SCL and SDA pins for both I2C interfaces can be assigned in the program by the user.

If you are using Arduino IDE, then the default I2C pins are:

 SDA – GPIO21
 SCL – GPIO22

3.8.11 PWM

The PWM Controller in ESP32 have 16 independent PWM waveform channels with
configurable frequency and duty cycle. The PWM waveform can be used to drive
motors and LEDs. You can configure the PWM signal frequency, channel, GPIO pin
and also the duty cycle.

3.8.12 What GPIO Pins to use?

Page | 23
Let us now take a look at a table which specifies the GPIO pins and their input /
output capabilities.

GPIO Pin Pin on ESP32 Information

0 – Pulled HIGH. Connected to BOOT Button

1 TX0 Do not use while TXing

2 YES Pulled LOW

3 RX0 Do not use while RXing

4 D4 Pulled LOW

5 D5 Pulled HIGH

6 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

7 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

8 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

9 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

10 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

11 – Connected to SPI Flash IC

12 D12 Pulled LOW. Boot fails if pulled HIGH as it sets vo

internal voltage regulator.

13 D13

14 D14

Page | 24
15 D15 Pulled HIGH

16 RX2 UART2 RX

17 TX2 UART2 TX

18 D18

19 D19

21 D21 I2C SDA

22 D22 I2C SCL

23 D23
25 D25

26 D26

27 D27

32 D32

33 D33

34 D34 Digital Input Only. No Digital Output.

35 D35 Digital Input Only. No Digital Output.

36 YES Digital Input Only. No Digital Output.

39 YES Digital Input Only. No Digital Output.

GPIOs Connected to SPI Flash IC

Page | 25
If you take a look at the schematic of ESP-WROOM-32 Module, then you will see
that GPIO6 to GPIO11 are connected to SPI Flash Memory IC. Even if these GPIO
pins are accessible (which are not in 30-pin ESP32 Board), do not use them for any
other purpose.

3.8.13 Input only GPIO

There are 4 GPIO pins which are capable of acting as Digital Input only pins. They
are GPIO34, GPIO35, GPIO36 and GPIO39.

3.8.14 Interrupts

All GPIO pins are capable of interrupts.

3.8.15 Boot Strapping Pins

ESP32 SoC has 5 boot strapping pins. They are:

 GPIO0 (HIGH during BOOT)

 GPIO2 (LOW during BOOT)
 GPIO5 (HIGH during BOOT)
 GPIO12 (LOW during BOOT)
 GPIO15 (HIGH during BOOT)
These pins are used to put the microcontroller in to flashing mode or bootloader
mode.

3.9 NEO-6MV2 GPS MODULE:

Page | 26
 Fig 3.12 NEO-6MV2 GPS MODULE

3.9.1 NEO-6MV2 GPS Module

The NEO-6MV2 is a GPS (Global Positioning System) module and is used for course.
The module basically checks its zone on earth and gives yield data which is longitude
and extent of its position. It is from a gathering of stay single GPS authorities
including the predominant u-blox 6 arranging engine. These versatile and viable
beneficiaries offer different accessibility choices in a little (16 x 12.2 x 2.4 mm) pack.
The littler designing, power and memory decisions make NEO-6 modules ideal for
battery worked PDAs with serious cost and space prerequisites. Its Innovative
arrangement gives NEO-6MV2 splendid course execution even in the most testing
conditions.

NEO-6MV2 GPS Module Pin Configuration

Pin Name Description

VCC Positive power pin

RX UART receive pin

TX UART transmit pin

GND Ground

Page | 27
Table 3.2 NEO-6mv2 Gps Module Pin Configuration

Features and Electrical Characteristics

• Standalone GPS recipient

• Anti-sticking innovation

• UART Interface at the yield pins (Can utilize SPI ,I2C and USB by binding
pins to the chip center)

• Under 1 second time-to-first-fix for hot and helped begins

• Receiver type: 50 Channels - GPS L1 recurrence - SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS,

MSAS, GAGAN)

• Time-To-First-fix: For Cold Start 32s, For Warm Start 23s, For Hot Start <1s

• Maximum route update rate: 5Hz

• Default baud rate: 9600bps

• EEPROM with battery reinforcement

• Sensitivity: - 160dBm

• Supply voltage: 3.6V

• Maximum DC current at any yield: 10mA

• Operation limits: Gravity-4g, Altitude-50000m, Velocity-500m/s

• Operating temperature extend: - 40ºC TO 85°C

3.9.2 Overview of the NEO-6MV2 GPS Module

This module is one of prominent GPS modules available and is

additionally shabby to purchase. The area information given by it is precise enough to
fulfill generally applications. Furthermore, for it to be incorporated into advanced
mobile phones and tablets configuration brings up its effectiveness. This module is
well known among specialist and designers through and through who need to chip
away at applications including route.

Page | 28
 3.9.3 How to use the NEO-6MV2 GPS Module

Getting this module to work is exceptionally simple. For the

application circuit beneath we have associated the ability to board and interfaced the
yield to the microcontroller UART to complete it.

Fig 3.13 ckt diagram of NEO-6MV2

After equipment you need to set the baud rate of the controller organizing the module,
if it's not facilitated you will get botch. With baud rate setting done you can examine
the consecutive data genuinely from the module. This data will be longitude and
extension regards and the customer can play with them as needed.

The crude qualities given by the module are unwieldy to peruse legitimately thus a
straightforward decimal computation should be possible in programming for getting
simple to peruse esteems.

4.5.2 Applications

 GPS application
 Smart phone and tablets
 Navigation systems
 Drones
 Hobby projects

Page | 29
2-D Model

Fig 4.14 NEO-6MV2 Component Datasheet

3.10 VIBRATIONSENSOR

Fig 3.15 VIBRATIONSENSOR

This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the transducer is displaced from the
mechanical neutral axis, bending creates strain within the piezoelectric element and
generates voltages.

3.10.1 Specifications:

The Vibration Sensor Detector is designed for the security practice When Vibration
Sensor Alarm recognizes movement or vibration, it sends a signal to either control
panel Developed a new type of omni-directional high sensitivity Security Vibration
Detector with omni-directional detection

 Sensitivity: Height adjustable

 Consistency and Interchangeability: Good
 Reliability and Interference: Accurate triggering strong anti-interference

Page | 30
  Automatic Reset: Automatic reset is strong
 Signal Post-processing: Simple
 Output Signal: Switch signal
 No External Vibration Analysis of Plates: Product design vibration analysis of
the internal amplifier circuit
 Detection Direction: Omni-directional
 Signal Output: Switch signals
 Output Pulse Width: The vibration signal amplitude is proportional to
 Operating Voltage: 12VDC (red V + shield V-)
 Sensitivity: Greater than or equal 0.2g
 Frequency Range: 0.5HZ ~ 20HZ

3.11 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Fig 3.16 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive) work
on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by
interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors
generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by
the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and
receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.

This technology can be used for measuring: wind speed and direction (anemometer),
fullness of a tank and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction a
device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to
particulates in the air or water. To measure the amount of liquid in a tank, the sensor

Page | 31
measures the distance to the surface of the fluid. Further applications include:
humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar alarms and non-destructive
testing.

Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic
range, above 18,000 hertz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon
receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured
and displayed.

The technology is limited by the shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of
the material. For example foam on the surface of a fluid in a tank could distort a
reading.

3.11.1 Transducers:

An ultrasonic transducer is a device that converts energy into ultrasound, or sound

waves above the normal range of human hearing. While technically a dog whistle is
an ultrasonic transducer that converts mechanical energy in the form of air pressure
into ultrasonic sound waves, the term is more apt to be used to refer to piezoelectric
transducers that convert electrical energy into sound. Piezoelectric crystals have the
property of changing size when a voltage is applied, thus applying an alternating
current (AC) across them causes them to oscillate at very high frequencies, thus
producing very high frequency sound waves.

The location at which a transducer focuses the sound can be determined by the active
transducer area and shape, the ultrasound frequency, and the sound velocity of the
propagation medium.

The example shows the sound fields of an unfocused and a focusing ultrasonic
transducer in water.

3.11.2 Detectors:

Since piezoelectric crystals generate a voltage when force is applied to them, the same
crystal can be used as an ultrasonic detector. Some systems use separate transmitter

Page | 32
and receiver components while others combine both in a single piezoelectric
transceiver.

Alternative methods for creating and detecting ultrasound include magnetostriction

and capacitive actuation.

3.12 BUZZER:

Fig 3.17 BUZZER

3.12.1 Introduction

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

3.12.2 Electromechanical

Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an

electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt
its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were
anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word "buzzer" comes
from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.

3.12.3 Electronic

A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or

other audio signal source. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been
pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. Electronic buzzers find many applications in
modern days

3.12.4 Piezoelectric Transduce

Page | 33
 The conversion of electrical pulses to mechanical vibrations and the
conversion of returned mechanical vibrations back into electrical energy is the basis
for ultrasonic testing. The active element is the heart of the transducer as it converts
the electrical energy to acoustic energy, and vice versa. The active element is
basically a piece of polarized material (i.e. some parts of the molecule are positively
charged, while other parts of the molecule are negatively charged) with electrodes
attached to two of its opposite faces. When an electric field is applied across the
material, the polarized molecules will align themselves with the electric field,
resulting in induced dipoles within the molecular or crystal structure of the material.
This alignment of molecules will cause the material to change dimensions. This
phenomenon is known as electrostriction. In addition, a permanently-polarized
material such as quartz (SiO2) or barium titanate (BaTiO3) will produce an electric
field when the material changes dimensions as a result of an imposed mechanical
force. This phenomenon is known as the piezoelectric effect. Additional information
on why certain materials produce this effect can be found in the linked presentation
material, which was produced
by the Valpey Fisher
Corporation.

3.12.5 Applications

 Annunciate panels
 Electronic metronomes
 Game shows
 Microwave ovens and other household appliances
 Sporting events such as basketball games

CHAPTER 4
Page | 34
 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

4.1 INTRODUCTION
This tutorial will walk you through downloading, installing, and testing the Arduino
software (also known as the Arduino IDE - short for Integrated Development
Environment). Before you jump to the page for your operating system, make sure
you’ve got all the right equipment.

What you will need:

 A computer (Windows, Mac, or Linux)

 An Arduino-compatible microcontroller (anything from this guide should
work)
 A USB A-to-B cable, or another appropriate way to connect your Arduino-
compatible microcontroller to your computer (check out this USB buying
guide if you’re not sure which cable to get).

An Arduino Uno

Fig NO 4.1 A-to-B USB Cable

Page | 35
4.2 Suggested Reading

If you’re new to Arduino in general, you want to check out this tutorial to familiarize
yourself with everyone’s favorite microcontroller platform.

 What is an Arduino?

If you’re ready to get started, click on the link in the column on the left that matches
up with your operating system, or you can jump to your operating system here.

 Windows
 Mac
 Linux

4.3 Windows

This page will show you how to install and test the Arduino software with a Windows
operating system (Windows 8, Windows 7, Vista, and XP).

Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP

 Go to the Arduino download page and download the latest version of the
Arduino software for Windows.
 When the download is finished, un-zip it and open up the Arduino folder to
confirm that yes, there are indeed some files and sub-folders inside. The file
structure is important so don’t be moving any files around unless you really
know what you’re doing.
 Power up your Arduino by connecting your Arduino board to your computer
with a USB cable (or FTDI connector if you’re using an Arduino pro). You
should see the an LED labed ‘ON’ light up. (This diagram shows the
placement of the power LED on the UNO).
 If you’re running Windows 8, you’ll need to disable driver signing, so go see
the Windows 8 section. If you’re running Windows 7, Vista, or XP, you’ll
need to install some drivers, so head to the Windows 7, Vista, and XP section
down below.
Page | 36
4.3.1 Windows 8

Windows 8 comes with a nice little security ‘feature’ that ‘protects’ you from
unsigned driver installation. Some older versions of Arduino Uno come with unsigned
drivers, so in order to use your Uno, you’ll have to tell Windows to disable driver
signing. This issue has been addressed in newer releases of the Arduino IDE, but if
you run into issues, you can try this fix first.

For a nice, step-by-step tutorial with pictures click here, otherwise the steps are
outlined below.

To temporarily disable driver signing:

 From the Metro Start Screen, open Settings (move your mouse to the bottom-
right-corner of the screen and wait for the pop-out bar to appear, then click the
Gear icon)
 Click ‘More PC Settings’
 Click ‘General’
 Scroll down, and click ‘Restart now’ under ‘Advanced startup’.
 Wait a bit.
 Click ‘Troubleshoot’.
 Click ‘Advanced Options’
 Click ‘Windows Startup Settings’
 Click Restart.
 When your computer restarts, select ‘Disable driver signature enforcement‘
from the list.

To permanently disable driver signing (recommended, but has some minor security
implications):

 Go to the metro start screen

 Type in “cmd”
 Right click “Command Prompt” and select “Run as Administrator” from the
buttons on the bottom of your screen
 Type/paste in the following commands: bcdedit -set loadoptions
DISABLE_INTEGRITY_CHECKS bcdedit -set TESTSIGNING ON

Page | 37
  Reboot!

4.3.2 Windows 7, Vista, and XP

Installing the Drivers for the Arduino Uno (from Arduino.cc)

 Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin it’s driver installation
process
 After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts
 Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel
 While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on
System
 Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager
 Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named
“Arduino UNO (COMxx)”. If there is no COM & LPT section, look under
‘Other Devices’ for ‘Unknown Device’

 FIG: 4.2

Page | 38
  Right click on the “Arduino UNO (COMxx)” or “Unknown Device” port and
choose the “Update Driver Software” option
 Next, choose the “Browse my computer for Driver software” option

FIG: 4.3

 Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named

“ArduinoUNO.inf”, located in the “Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software
download (not the “FTDI USB Drivers” sub-directory). If you cannot see
the .inf file, it is probably just hidden. You can select the ‘drivers’ folder with
the ‘search sub-folders’ option selected instead.
 Windows will finish up the driver installation from there

For earlier versions of the Arduino boards (e.g.Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, or

Diecimila) check out this page for specific directions.

Page | 39
4.3.3 Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to
test your first program with your Arduino board!

 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in
 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics >
Blink

FIG: 4.4

 Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board
type

Page | 40
FIG : 4.5

 Select the serial/COM port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port >
COMxx

FIG : 4.6
Page | 41
  If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the
available ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that
disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected, and the Blink sketch open, press the
‘Upload’ button

FIG : 4.7

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino,
followed by the message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink
sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be
blinking! You just programmed your first Arduino!

Troubleshooting

This guide from Arduino has some more details and troubleshooting tips if you get
stuck.

Page | 42
4.4 Mac

This page will show you how to install and test the Arduino software on a Mac
computer running OSX.

 Go to the Arduino download page and download the latest version of the
Arduino software for Mac.
 When the download is finished, un-zip it and open up the Arduino folder to
confirm that yes, there are indeed some files and sub-folders inside. The file
structure is important so don’t be moving any files around unless you really
know what you’re doing.
 Power up your Arduino by connecting your Arduino board to your computer
with a USB cable (or FTDI connector if you’re using an Arduino pro). You
should see the LED labed ‘ON’ light up. (this diagram shows the placement of
the power LED on the UNO).
 Move the Arduino application into your Applications folder.

4.5 FTDI Drivers

If you have an UNO, Mega2560, or Redboard, you shouldn’t need this step, so skip it!

 For other boards, you will need to install drivers for the FTDI chip on your
Arduino.
 Go to the FTDI website and download the latest version of the drivers.
 Once you’re done downloading, double click the package and follow the
instructions from the installer.
 Restart your computer after installing the drivers.

4.6 Launch and Blink!

After following the appropriate steps for your software install, we are now ready to
test your first program with your Arduino board!

 Launch the Arduino application

 If you disconnected your board, plug it back in
 Open the Blink example sketch by going to: File > Examples > 1.Basics >
Blink

Page | 43
FIG : 4.2

. Select the type of Arduino board you’re using: Tools > Board > your board type

Page | 44
 FIG : 4.3

 Select the serial port that your Arduino is attached to: Tools > Port > xxxxxx
(it’ll probably look something like “/dev/tty.usbmodemfd131” or
“/dev/tty.usbserial-131” but probably with a different number)

Page | 45
 FIG : 4.4

 If you’re not sure which serial device is your Arduino, take a look at the
available ports, then unplug your Arduino and look again. The one that
disappeared is your Arduino.
 With your Arduino board connected and the Blink sketch open, press the
‘Upload’ button

Page | 46
 FIG : 4.5

 After a second, you should see some LEDs flashing on your Arduino,
followed by the message ‘Done Uploading’ in the status bar of the Blink
sketch.
 If everything worked, the onboard LED on your Arduino should now be
blinking! You just programmed your first Arduino!

An Arduino is a popular open-source single-board microcontroller. Learn how to

program one and let the possibilities take shape.

4.7 HACK AN ARDUINO

Page | 47
The Big Book Of Hacks
STEP 1
Arduino microcontrollers come in a variety of types. The most common is
the Arduino UNO, but there are specialized variations. Before you begin building, do
a little research to figure out which version will be the most appropriate for your
project.
STEP2
To begin, you'll need to install the Arduino Programmer, aka the integrated
development environment (IDE).
STEP3
Connect your Arduino to the USB port of your computer. This may require a specific
USB cable. Every Arduino has a different virtual serial-port address, so you 'll need to
reconfigure the port if you're using different Arduinos.
STEP4
Set the board type and the serial port in the Arduino Programmer.
STEP5
Test the microcontroller by using one of the preloaded programs, called sketches, in
the Arduino Programmer. Open one of the example sketches, and press the upload
button to load it. The Arduino should begin responding to the program: If you've set it
to blink an LED light, for example, the light should start blinking.
STEP6
To upload new code to the Arduino, either you'll need to have access to code you can
paste into the programmer, or you'll have to write it yourself, using the Arduino
programming language to create your own sketch. An Arduino sketch usually has five
parts: a header describing the sketch and its author; a section defining variables; a
setup routine that sets the initial conditions of variables and runs preliminary code; a
loop routine, which is where you add the main code that will execute repeatedly until
you stop running the sketch; and a section where you can list other functions that
activate during the setup and loop routines. All sketches must include the setup and
loop routines.
STEP7
once you've uploaded the new sketch to your Arduino, disconnect it from your
computer and integrate it into your project as directed.

Page | 48
 CHAPTER-5

EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

The presented system is designed and configured for the use of the blind and visually
disabled people. This device is able to handle several states that the visually impaired
people face. This device responds to the user in all the circumstances which is faced
by the blind people with the help of the use of the Ultrasonic sensors and the
microcontroller Board.

The device is able to detect the obstacles and alert the person with good efficiency.
The ultrasonic sensor is working fine and is able to detect the object efficiently with
the help of ESP32 and the GPS coordinates received from the mobile phone have very
less error. Both the systems of creating alerts are working fine. If a device is not
connected to the mobile buzzer is creating sound when object is detected and also the
speech messages are generated when device is connected to the mobile

Page | 49
CHAPTER-6

METHODOLOGY

The aim is to provide help for the blinds with the third type of aid. The Third Eye for
Blind is integrated with ultrasonic sensors along with Voice Module. The proposed
system will detect the upcoming obstacles in the path of blind person using ultrasonic
waves. The system will also include voice module which will help the user with
recorded voice alerts of the presence and direction of the obstacles. Our purpose to
use this ultrasonic sensor, Arduino, buzzer is because they are light in weight, user-
friendly behavior, easy to use and understand, flexible and cost reductive.

Page | 50
 CHAPTER-7

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

7.1 ADVANTAGES

 Independent Mobility

• Easy to access location

• Easy to call in emergency

• Better way to explore surrounding

• Low cost device to handle with ease

• System is flexible and secure to use

• Saves times and reduce interdependency

7.2 APPLICATIONS

 Can be very for physical disabled person wants control

 And more flexible way of control the device for general people even
 The proposed system as a wide range of applications, some of them are as
follows
 Home security
 Can be used in offices
 Can be used to secure industrial plants against intruders
 Can be installed at any place where remote access is required.

Page | 51
 CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

Thus, this project proposed the design and architecture of a new concept of arduino
based Virtual Eye for the blind people. A simple, cheap, efficient, easy to carry,
configurable, easy to handle electronic guidance system with many more amazing
properties and advantages is proposed to provide constructive assistant and support
for the blind and visually impaired persons. The system will be efficient and unique in
its capability in specifying the source and distance of the objects that may encounter
the blind. It is able to scan and detect the obstacles in the areas like left, right, and in
front of the blind person regardless of its height or depth. With the proposed
architecture, if constructed with at most accuracy, the blind will be able to move from
one place to another without others help.

Page | 52
 CHAPTER 9
FUTURESCOPE

FUTURESCOPE

The whole venture can be made as coat, with the goal that the gadget doesn't should
be wear one by one. By particularly suing the specific sheets that are composed,
utilizing them furthermore by utilizing top notch ultrasonic sensors makes and gives
quicker reactions which make the gadget fit for working in swarmed spots and along
these lines this will be actualized later on upgrade of this gadget.

CHAPTER-10
Page | 53
 REFERENCES
[1] Shraga Shovel, Iwan Ulrich, Johann Borenstien. Nav Belt and the Guide Cane,
IEEE Transactions on Robotics & Automation. 2003; 10(1):9-20.

[2] D. Dakopoulos, N.G. Bourbakis, "Wearable Obstacle Avoidance Electronic

Travel Aids for Blind: A Survey", IEEE Trans. Systems Man and Cybernetics Part C:
Applications and Reviews, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 25-35, 2015.

[3] Hugo Fernandesc , João Barroso “Blind Guide: an ultrasound sensor-based body
area network for guiding blind people “,6th International Conference on Software
Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting
Infoexclusion (DSAI 2015)

[4] Sabarish S. Navigation Tool for Visually Challenged using Microcontroller,

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2013;
2(4):139-143.

[5] Espinosa MA, Ungar S, Ochaíta E. Blades comparing methods for Introducing
Blind and Visually Impaired People to unfamiliar urban environments., Journal of
Environmental psychology. 1998; 18:277-287.

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