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2024 Algebra

The document outlines the S.-T. Yau College Student Mathematics Contests 2024, focusing on topics in algebra and number theory. It includes a series of questions related to finite groups, discrete valuation rings, field extensions, p-adic numbers, cyclotomic polynomials, and their properties. Each question presents specific mathematical problems and proofs to be addressed by the participants.

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4 views2 pages

2024 Algebra

The document outlines the S.-T. Yau College Student Mathematics Contests 2024, focusing on topics in algebra and number theory. It includes a series of questions related to finite groups, discrete valuation rings, field extensions, p-adic numbers, cyclotomic polynomials, and their properties. Each question presents specific mathematical problems and proofs to be addressed by the participants.

Uploaded by

黃薪儒
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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S.-T.

Yau College Student Mathematics Contests 2024


Algebra and Number Theory

Question 1. Let G be a finite group.

(1) Let K be a field. Show that G has a finite-dimensional faithful K-linear representation.

(2) Show that G has a faithful one-dimensional complex representation if and only if G is cyclic.

(3) Assume moreover that G is commutative. Let n ≥ 1 be an integer. Show that G has a faithful
n-dimensional complex representation if and only if G can be generated by n elements.

(4) Classify all finite groups having a faithful 2-dimensional real representation.

Question 2. Let n ≥ 1 be an integer. Let A be a discrete valuation ring with K its field of
fractions and π ∈ A a uniformizer. For λ = (λ1 , . . . , λn ) ∈ Zn write
 λ 
π 1 0 ... 0
 0 π λ2 . . . 0 
Dλ = diag(π λ1 , . . . , π λn ) =  . ..  ∈ GLn (K).
 
.. ..
 .. . . . 
0 0 . . . π λn

Show that, for λ, µ ∈ Zn , the following intersection inside GLn (K)


\
GLn (A) · Dµ · GLn (A) U(K) · Dλ

is non-empty if and only if λdom ≤ µdom . Here

• GLn (K) (resp. GLn (A)) is the group of invertible n × n square matrices with coefficients
in K (resp. in A), and U(K) ⊂ GLn (K) is the standard unipotent subgroup, that is, the
subgroup of upper triangular matrices with coefficients 1 on the diagonal.

• for α = (a1 , . . . , an ) and β = (b1 , . . . , bn ) two elements in Zn , we write α ≤ β if


k
X k
X
ai ≤ bi , for any 1 ≤ k ≤ n,
i=1 i=1

and if ni=1 ai = ni=1 bi . Write also αdom := (a01 , . . . , a0n ) with a01 , . . . a0n an arrangement
P P
of a1 , . . . , an such that
a01 ≥ a02 ≥ . . . ≥ a0n .

Question 3. Let k be an imperfect field of characteristic p > 0. Let a ∈ k \ k p .

(1) Show that the polynomial X p − a ∈ k[X] is irreducible.


2
(2) Let A = k[X]/(X p − aX p ). Compute Ared , the quotient of A by its nilpotent radical.

Question 4. Let k be a field of character p > 0 and consider k(t) ⊂ k((t)).

(1) Show that the field extension k((t))/k(t) is transcendental, i.e., k((t)) contains at least one
transcendental element over k(t). (Hint: don’t spend too much time on this question.)

1
(2) Let α ∈ k[[t]] which is transcendental over k(t), and write β = αp ∈ k[[t]]. Let K = k(t, β)
and L = k(t, α): both are subfields of k((t)). Let A = k[[t]] ∩ k(t, β). Determine the integral
closure B of A in L, and show that A and B are two discrete valuation rings.

(3) Is B finitely generated over A as a module? Justify your assertion.

Question 5. Let p be a prime number. Consider Zp (resp. Qp ) the ring of p-adic integers (resp.
field of p-adic numbers). Clearly Z ⊂ Zp .

(1) Show that the set Z is dense in Zp , and deduce that a map f : Z → Qp can be extended to
a continuous function on Zp if and only if f is uniformly continuous, i.e., for any  > 0,
there exists some integer N > 0 so that |f (n) − f (m)| <  for any integers n, m ∈ Z with
m ≡ n (mod pN ).

(2) Let a ∈ Qp \ {0}. Under what condition on a, the map

f : Z −→ Qp , n 7→ an

can be extended to a continuous function over Zp ? Justify your assertion.

(3) Assume that the condition in (2) is fulfilled. Can we even extend the function f in (2) to a
continuous map
ax : Qp −→ Qp ,
so that ax+y = ax ay for any x, y ∈ Qp ? Justify your assertion.

Question 6. Let n ≥ 1 be an integer and write Φn (X) the n-th cyclotomic polynomial, that is, the
minimal polynomial of a primitive n-th root of unity in C over Q. Write also ϕ(n) = deg(Φn (X)).

(1) Let q be a power of a prime number such that (q, n) = 1. Show that Φn , viewed as an element
in Fq [X], can be decomposed as a product of ϕ(n)/d irreducible polynomials of degree d, with
d the order of q in the multiplicative group (Z/nZ)× .

(2) From now on, assume n = 2r+1 for some integer r ≥ 1. Let ζ = ζn be a primitive n-th root
of unity and K = Q[ζ]. Let p be a prime with p ≡ −3 (mod 8).

(a) For x, y ∈ K = Q[ζ], define X


(x, y) := τ (x) · τ (y)
τ

where τ runs through all the embeddings K ,→ C of K into the field C of complex
numbers. Write KR = K ⊗Q R, and we use the same notation to denote the (à priori
C-valued) bilinear form on KR obtained by extension of scalars. Show that (·, ·) gives an
inner product on KR and for 0 ≤ i, j < 2r ,
 r
i j 2 , if i = j;
(ζ , ζ ) =
0, otherwise.
√
In particular, we obtain an Euclidean space KR and (ζ i / 2r )0≤i<2r is an orthonormal
basis.
(b) Decompose pOK into a product of prime ideals.
(c) Let p ⊂ OK be a prime ideal of OK containing p. Show that for every α ∈ p, |α|2 ∈ 2r pZ,
and compute the length of the shortest non-zero vector in the prime ideal p ⊂ KR .

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