4G/5G COMMUNICATION NETWORK

EX:NO:1
QAM MODULATION
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of QAM modulation in a 5G network using GNU Octave software is to

simulate and analyse Quadrature Amplitude Modulation to understand its impact on data rate
and signal quality in high-speed communication systems.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open GNU Octave and load the provided QAM modulation script,
qam_modulation.m.

2. Define the parameters for the QAM modulation, such as modulation order (e.g., 16-
QAM), signal power, and noise level.

3. Generate random bit data that will be transmitted and map them to corresponding
QAM symbols.

4. Perform the modulation by applying the QAM mapping and add noise to simulate
channel conditions (e.g., AWGN).

5. Plot the transmitted signal constellation and compare it with the received signal to
observe any distortion or errors.

6. Calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) by comparing the transmitted bits with the
received bits and analyze the performance under different noise levels.
CODE:

clear;

clc;

N = 1000; % number of data points

% Define the size of the signal constellation

mlevel = 4; % size of signal constellation (e.g., 4 for 4-QAM)

k = log2(mlevel); % number of bits per symbol

x = randi([0 1], N, 1); % random binary signal generation

xsym = bi2de(reshape(x, k, length(x)/k).', 'left-msb'); % convert bit stream to symbol stream

xmod = qammod(xsym, mlevel); % QAM modulation

Tx_x = xmod;

SNR = 5; % SNR in dB

Tx_awgn = awgn(Tx_x, SNR, 'measured'); % adding AWGN noise

Rx_x = Tx_awgn; % received signal

Rx_x_demod = qamdemod(Rx_x, mlevel); % QAM demodulation

z = de2bi(Rx_x_demod, 'left-msb'); % convert symbols to bits

Rx_x_BitStream = reshape(z.', prod(size(z)), 1); % convert matrix to bit vector

[number_of_errors, bit_error_rate] = biterr(x, Rx_x_BitStream); % calculate BER

% Plot each step of the process

subplot(5,2,[1 2]); stem(x(1:200), 'filled'); title('Transmitted Bit Stream');

subplot(5,2,[3 4]); stem(xsym(1:50), 'filled'); title('Transmitted Symbols');

subplot(5,2,5); plot(real(Tx_x), imag(Tx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]); title('Transmitted Constellation');

subplot(5,2,6); plot(real(Rx_x), imag(Rx_x), 'go', 'MarkerFaceColor', [0, 1, 0]);

axis([-mlevel/2 mlevel/2 -mlevel/2 mlevel/2]); title('Received Constellation');

subplot(5,2,[7 8]); stem(Rx_x_demod(1:50), 'filled'); title('Received Symbols');

subplot(5,2,[9 10]); stem(Rx_x_BitStream(1:200), 'filled'); title('Received Bit Stream');

OUTPUT:

Level= 4, SNR=5:

Level= 16, SNR=10:

RESULT:

QAM modulation in a 5G network using GNU Octave software demonstrates the

modulation's effectiveness in enhancing data throughput and spectral efficiency while
assessing signal quality under various channel conditions.
EX:NO:2

DATE: QAM MIMO BER

AIM:

To simulate and analyse the performance of QAM modulation with MIMO (Multiple
Input Multiple Output) technology in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) using GNU Octave. This
lab aims to explore how MIMO improves data transmission efficiency and reduces BER in a
communication system.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open GNU Octave and load the provided QAM MIMO simulation script,
qam_mimo_ber.m.

2. Define the parameters for the MIMO system, including the number of transmit and
receive antennas, modulation order (e.g., 16-QAM), and noise levels.

3. Generate random bit sequences and map them to QAM symbols using the qammod
function.

4. Apply the MIMO channel model by simulating a multipath fading environment and
adding noise (e.g., AWGN).

5. Perform the demodulation using the qamdemod function and calculate the Bit Error
Rate (BER) by comparing the transmitted and received bits.

6. Plot the BER vs. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) curve and analyze the impact of MIMO
configuration on system performance.
CODE:

% Script for computing the Bit Error Rate (BER) for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
modulation in a

% Rayleigh fading channel with 2 Transmitters (Tx) and 2 Receivers (Rx) MIMO channel,

% using Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) equalization.

clear; % Clear workspace variables

N = 10^6; % Number of bits or symbols

Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % Multiple Eb/N0 values in dB

nTx = 2; % Number of transmitters

nRx = 2; % Number of receivers

for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% Transmitter

% Generate random bit sequence for transmission

ip = rand(1, N) > 0.5; % Generating 0s and 1s with equal probability

s = 2 * ip - 1; % BPSK modulation: 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0

% Modulate the symbols for MIMO transmission

sMod = kron(s, ones(nRx, 1));

sMod = reshape(sMod, [nRx, nTx, N / nTx]);

% Generate Rayleigh fading channel

h = 1/sqrt(2) * [randn(nRx, nTx, N / nTx) + j * randn(nRx, nTx, N / nTx)];

% Generate white Gaussian noise with 0dB variance

n = 1/sqrt(2) * [randn(nRx, N / nTx) + j * randn(nRx, N / nTx)];

% Channel and noise addition

y = squeeze(sum(h .* sMod, 2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii) / 20) * n;

% Receiver

% Compute the MMSE equalization matrix: W = inv(H^H*H + sigma^2*I)*H^H

hCof = zeros(2, 2, N / nTx);

hCof(1, 1, :) = sum(h(:, 2, :) .* conj(h(:, 2, :)), 1) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii) / 10);

hCof(2, 2, :) = sum(h(:, 1, :) .* conj(h(:, 1, :)), 1) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii) / 10);

hCof(2, 1, :) = -sum(h(:, 2, :) .* conj(h(:, 1, :)), 1);

hCof(1, 2, :) = -sum(h(:, 1, :) .* conj(h(:, 2, :)), 1);

hDen = ((hCof(1, 1, :) .* hCof(2, 2, :)) - (hCof(1, 2, :) .* hCof(2, 1, :)));

hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen, 1, N / nTx), ones(2, 2)), 2, 2, N / nTx);

hInv = hCof ./ hDen;

hMod = reshape(conj(h), nRx, N);

yMod = kron(y, ones(1, 2));

 yMod = sum(hMod .* yMod, 1);

yMod = kron(reshape(yMod, 2, N / nTx), ones(1, 2));

yHat = sum(reshape(hInv, 2, N) .* yMod, 1);

% Receiver - hard decision decoding

ipHat = real(yHat) > 0;

% Counting the errors

nErr(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat]), 2);

end

% Compute simulated BER

simBer = nErr / N;

% Compute theoretical BER for nRx=1 and nRx=2

EbN0Lin = 10 .^ (Eb_N0_dB / 10);

theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5 * (1 - (1 + 1 ./ EbN0Lin) .^ (-0.5));

p = 1 / 2 - 1 / 2 * (1 + 1 ./ EbN0Lin) .^ (-1 / 2);

theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p .^ 2 .* (1 + 2 * (1 - p));

% Plot BER curves

close all;

figure;
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB, theoryBer_nRx1, 'bp-', 'LineWidth', 2);

hold on;

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB, theoryBerMRC_nRx2, 'kd-', 'LineWidth', 2);

semilogy(Eb_N0_dB, simBer, 'mo-', 'LineWidth', 2);

axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5]);

grid on;

legend('Theory (nTx=2, nRx=2, ZF)', 'Theory (nTx=1, nRx=2, MRC)', 'Simulation (nTx=2,
nRx=2, MMSE)');

xlabel('Average Eb/No (dB)');

ylabel('Bit Error Rate');

title('BER for BPSK modulation with 2x2 MIMO and MMSE equalizer (Rayleigh channel)');
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The QAM MIMO simulation in GNU Octave demonstrated improved Bit Error Rate
(BER) performance with higher SNR and multiple antenna configuration
EX:NO:3

OFDM WAVEFORMS
DATE:

AIM:

To simulate and analyze the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing (OFDM) waveform using GNU Octave for efficient data transmission in
communication systems.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Open GNU Octave and load the provided OFDM waveform simulation script,
ofdm_waveform.m.

2. Define the key parameters for the OFDM system, including the number of subcarriers,
modulation scheme (e.g., QPSK or 16-QAM), and the length of the cyclic prefix.

3. Generate random bit data, map it to symbols using the chosen modulation scheme,
and group the symbols into blocks corresponding to subcarriers.

4. Perform the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) on each block to generate the
OFDM symbols in the time domain.

5. Add a cyclic prefix to each OFDM symbol to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI).

6. Simulate the transmission over an AWGN channel, remove the cyclic prefix, and
perform the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to recover the transmitted data, then
calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER).
CODE:

% Clear the command window and any variables in the workspace

clc

clear

% Define the size of the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

nFFTSize = 64;

% Define the subcarrier index range for each symbol

% The indices range from -26 to -1 and 1 to 26

subcarrierIndex = [-26:-1 1:26];

% Define the number of bits for transmission

nBit = 2500;

% Generate a random binary sequence of length nBit

ip = rand(1, nBit) > 0.5; % generating 1's and 0's

% Define the number of bits per symbol

nBitPerSymbol = 52;

% Calculate the number of symbols required to transmit nBit

nSymbol = ceil(nBit / nBitPerSymbol);

% Modulate the binary sequence using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

% Convert 0's to -1 and 1's to +1

ipMod = 2 * ip - 1;

% Pad the modulated symbols with zeros to match the required length

ipMod = [ipMod zeros(1, nBitPerSymbol * nSymbol - nBit)];

% Reshape the modulated symbols into a matrix with each row representing a symbol

% and each column representing bits for each symbol

ipMod = reshape(ipMod, nSymbol, nBitPerSymbol);

% Initialize an empty vector to store the OFDM symbols

st = [];

% Iterate over each symbol

for ii = 1:nSymbol

% Initialize an array to store the input for the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

inputiFFT = zeros(1, nFFTSize);

% Assign the bits from the modulated symbols to subcarriers

inputiFFT(subcarrierIndex + nFFTSize / 2 + 1) = ipMod(ii, :);

% Shift the subcarriers at indices [-26 to -1] to fft input indices [38 to 63]
 inputiFFT = fftshift(inputiFFT);

% Perform IFFT to convert frequency domain symbols to time domain

outputiFFT = ifft(inputiFFT, nFFTSize);

% Add cyclic prefix of 16 samples to the output

outputiFFT_with_CP = [outputiFFT(49:64) outputiFFT];

% Concatenate the OFDM symbol with cyclic prefix to the vector st

st = [st outputiFFT_with_CP];

end

% Close all open figures

close all

% Define the subcarrier spacing and bandwidth

% 64 subcarrier , with 15KHz subcarrier spacing equals 960KHZ Bandwidth

fsMHz = 0.960; % 960 KHz

nOverlap = 20; % Overlap for pwelch function

% Compute the power spectral density using the Welch method

[Pxx, W] = pwelch(st, [], [], 4096, nOverlap);

% Plot the power spectral density

plot([-2048:2047] * fsMHz / 4096, 10 * log10(fftshift(Pxx)));

xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')

ylabel('Power Spectral Density')

title('Transmit Spectrum of OFDM');

OUTPUT:
RESULT:

The result of generating an OFDM waveform using GNU Octave software shows the
time-domain signal consisting of multiple orthogonal subcarriers, effectively transmitted with
minimized inter-symbol interference (ISI).
EX:NO:4

OFDM BER
DATE:

AIM:

To analyze and calculate the Bit Error Rate (BER) of an OFDM system using GNU
Octave software under different channel conditions.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Define Parameters: Set parameters for the OFDM system, including the number of
subcarriers, modulation type (e.g., QAM), and SNR levels.

2. Generate Random Bits: Create a stream of random bits to be modulated.

3. Modulate and Map to OFDM Subcarriers: Apply QAM modulation to the bit stream
and map symbols to OFDM subcarriers.

4. Perform IFFT: Apply Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to create the time-
domain OFDM signal.

5. Add Channel Noise: Simulate AWGN or other channel effects on the transmitted
signal.

6. Demodulate and Calculate BER: At the receiver, apply FFT, demodulate, and compare
with original bits to calculate the BER.
CODE:

% Simulate the effect of ISI as the length of a guard interval(CP, CS, or ZP)

% It considers the BER performance of an OFDM system with 64-point FFT and

% 16 virtual carriers for 16-QAM signaling in the AWGN or multipath

% Rayleigh fading channel(with the maximum delay of 15 samples).

clear,close,clc all

% Load the communications package

pkg load communications

% Function to add guard interval (GI) to OFDM symbols

function y = guard_interval(Ng,Nfft,NgType,ofdmSym)

if NgType == 1 % CP

y = [ofdmSym(Nfft-Ng+1:Nfft) ; ofdmSym(1:Nfft)];

elseif NgType == 2 % ZP

y = [zeros(Ng,1) ; ofdmSym(1:Nfft)];

endif

endfunction

% Function to remove guard interval (GI) from OFDM symbols

function y = remove_GI(Ng,Lsym,NgType,ofdmSym)

if Ng ~= 0

if NgType == 1 % CP
 y = ofdmSym(Ng+1:Lsym);

elseif NgType == 2 % CS

y = ofdmSym(1:Lsym-Ng) + [ofdmSym(Lsym-Ng+1:Lsym) zeros(1,Lsym-2*Ng)];

endif

else

y = ofdmSym;

endif

endfunction

% Function to remove cyclic prefix (CP) from OFDM symbols

function y = remove_CP(x,Ncp,Noff)

if nargin < 3

Noff = 0;

endif

y = x(:,Ncp+1-Noff:end-Noff);

endfunction

% Function to compute Q function

function y = Q(x)

y = erfc(x/sqrt(2))/2;

endfunction

% Function to plot Bit Error Rate (BER)

function plot_ber(file_name,Nbps)
EbN0dB = [0:1:10];

M = 2^Nbps;

ber_AWGN = ber_QAM(EbN0dB,M,'AWGN');

ber_Rayleigh = ber_QAM(EbN0dB,M,'Rayleigh');

semilogy(EbN0dB,ber_AWGN,'r:');

hold on;

semilogy(EbN0dB,ber_Rayleigh,'r-');

a = load(file_name);

semilogy(a(:,1),a(:,2),'b--s');

grid on

title("BER plot of Rayleigh fading channel with OFDM");

legend('AWGN analytic','Rayleigh fading analytic','Simulation');

xlabel('EbN0[dB]'); ylabel('BER with 16 QAM OFDM with Rayleigh fading'); axis([a(1,1)

a(end,1) 1e-5 1])

endfunction

% Function to compute Bit Error Rate (BER) for QAM modulation

function ber = ber_QAM(EbN0dB,M,AWGN_or_Rayleigh)

N = length(EbN0dB);

sqM = sqrt(M);

a = 2*(1-power(sqM,-1))/log2(sqM);

b = 6*log2(sqM)/(M-1);

if nargin < 3

AWGN_or_Rayleigh = 'AWGN';
endif

if lower(AWGN_or_Rayleigh(1)) == 'a'

ber = a*Q(sqrt(b*10.^(EbN0dB/10)));

else

rn = b*10.^(EbN0dB/10)/2;

ber = 0.5*a*(1-sqrt(rn./(rn+1)));

endif

endfunction

% Set guard interval type (CP or ZP)

NgType = 2; % NgType=1/2 for cyclic prefix/zero padding

if NgType == 1

nt = 'CP';

elseif NgType == 2

nt = 'ZP';

end

% Set channel type (AWGN or multipath)

Ch=0; % Ch=0/1 for AWGN/multipath channel

#Ch=1; % Ch=0/1 for AWGN/multipath channel

if Ch == 0
 chType = 'AWGN';

Target_neb = 10000;

else

chType = 'CH';

Target_neb = 50000;

end

%figure(Ch+1), clf

% Define power and delay profiles for multipath channel

PowerdB = [0 -8 -17 -21 -25]; % Channel tap power profile 'dB'

Delay = [0 3 5 6 8]; % Channel delay 'sample'

Power = 10.^(PowerdB/10); % Channel tap power profile 'linear scale'

Ntap = length(PowerdB); % Chanel tap number

Lch = Delay(end)+1; % Channel length

% Define modulation order (2 for QPSK, 4 for 16-QAM, 6 for 64-QAM)

Nbps = 4;

M = 2^Nbps; % Modulation order=2/4/6 for QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

% Define FFT size and number of virtual carriers

Nfft = 64; % FFT size

Ng = 3;%Nfft/4; % Ng=0: Guard interval length

% Ng=Nfft/4;

Nsym = Nfft + Ng; % Symbol duration

Nvc = Nfft/4;

#Nvc=0; % Nvc=0: no virtual carrier 16

Nused = Nfft-Nvc; % 48 = 64 - 16

% Other parameters

No_of_frames=10; % Number of frames

EbN0 = [0:1:10]; % EbN0 in dB

N_iter = 1e3; % Number of iterations for each EbN0

Nframe = 3; % Number of symbols per frame

sigPow = 0; % Signal power initialization

file_name = ['OFDM_BER_' chType '_' nt '_' 'GL' num2str(Ng) '.dat']; %

OFDM_BER_AWGN_CP_GL16

fid = fopen(file_name, 'w+');

norms = [1 sqrt(2) 0 sqrt(10) 0 sqrt(42)]; % BPSK 4-QAM 16-QAM

for i = 0:length(EbN0)

randn('state',0); rand('state',0); %rand

Ber = 0; % BER initialization

Neb = 0; Ntb = 0; % Initialize the number of error/total bits

for m = 1:N_iter

% Tx

% Generate random bit sequence for transmission

X = randint(1,Nused*Nframe,M); % bit: integer vector 1 x 48*3, M=16

Xmod = qammod(X,M)/norms(Nbps); % qammod(X,M,0,'gray')/norms(Nbps);

 % Add guard interval (GI) to OFDM symbols

if NgType ~= 2

x_GI = zeros(1,Nframe*Nsym); % 3*80

elseif NgType == 2

x_GI = zeros(1,Nframe*Nsym+Ng);

% Extend an OFDM symbol by Ng zeros

end

% Generate OFDM symbols

% Extend each OFDM symbol with a guard interval (GI)

% Apply modulation and normalization

kk1 = [1:Nused/2]; % Nused = 48

kk2 = [Nused/2+1:Nused];

kk3 = 1:Nfft; % 64

kk4 = 1:Nsym; % 80

for k = 1:Nframe

if Nvc ~= 0 % 16

X_shift = [0;Xmod(kk2) ; zeros(Nvc-1,1); Xmod(kk1)];

else

X_shift = [Xmod(kk2) Xmod(kk1)];

end

x = ifft(X_shift);
 x_GI(kk4) = guard_interval(Ng,Nfft,NgType,x);

kk1 = kk1 + Nused;

kk2 = kk2 + Nused;

kk3 = kk3 + Nfft;

kk4 = kk4 + Nsym;

end

%Channel

if Ch == 0 % AWGN

y=x_GI; % No channel

else

% Generate Multipath fading channel

channel = (randn(1,Ntap)+j*randn(1,Ntap)).*sqrt(Power/2);

h = zeros(1,Lch);

h(Delay+1) = channel; % Channel Impulse Response

y = conv(x_GI,h);

endif

if i == 0 % Only to measure the signal power for adding AWGN noise

y1 = y(1:Nframe*Nsym);

sigPow = sigPow + y1*y1';

continue;

endif
% Add AWGN noise

snr = EbN0(i) + 10*log10(Nbps*(Nused/Nfft)); % SNR vs. Eb/N0

noise_mag = sqrt((10.^(-snr/10))*sigPow/2); % N0=Eb/SNR

y_GI = y + noise_mag*(randn(size(y)) + j*randn(size(y)));

% Rx

kk1 = (NgType == 2)*Ng + [1:Nsym];

kk2 = 1:Nfft;

kk3 = 1:Nused;

kk4 = Nused/2 + Nvc + 1:Nfft;

kk5 = (Nvc~=0) + [1:Nused/2];

if Ch == 1

H = fft([h zeros(1,Nfft-Lch)]); % Channel frequency response

H_shift(kk3) = [H(kk4) H(kk5)];

end

for k = 1:Nframe

Y(kk2) = fft(remove_GI(Ng,Nsym,NgType,y_GI(kk1)));

Y_shift = [Y(kk4) Y(kk5)];

if Ch == 0

Xmod_r(kk3) = Y_shift;

else

Xmod_r(kk3) = Y_shift./H_shift; % Equalizer - channel compensation

end

kk1 = kk1 + Nsym;

 kk2 = kk2 + Nfft;

kk3 = kk3 + Nused;

kk4 = kk4 + Nfft;

kk5 = kk5 + Nfft;

end

% Demodulate received symbols

X_r = qamdemod(Xmod_r*norms(Nbps),M);

% Compute number of bit errors and total bits

Neb = Neb + sum(sum(de2bi(X_r,Nbps)~=de2bi(X,Nbps)));

Ntb = Ntb + Nused*Nframe*Nbps; %[Ber,Neb,Ntb]=ber(bit_Rx,bit,Nbps);

if Neb > Target_neb

break;

end

end

% Write BER data to file

if i == 0

sigPow = sigPow/Nsym/Nframe/N_iter;

fprintf('Signal power = %11.3e\n', sigPow);

fprintf(fid,'%%Signal power= %11.3e\n%%EbN0[dB] BER\n', sigPow);

else
 Ber = Neb/Ntb;

fprintf('EbN0=%3d[dB], BER=%4d/%8d =%11.3e\n', EbN0(i), Neb, Ntb, Ber)

fprintf(fid, '%d\t%11.3e\n', EbN0(i), Ber);

if Ber < 1e-6

break;

end

end

end

% Close file

if (fid ~= 0)

fclose(fid);

endif

% Display completion message

disp('Simulation is finished');

% Plot BER

plot_ber(file_name,Nbps);
OUTPUT:

1. Explore cyclic prefix/zero padding methods:

2. Explore the impact of power and delay profiles for multipath channel
3. Explore how Noise immunity differs with BPSK 4-QAM 16-QAM

RESULT:

The Bit Error Rate (BER) of the OFDM system was successfully calculated, showing
the system's performance under specified noise conditions.
 USE CASES

4G/5G COMMUNICATION NETWORK

EX:NO:1
EMBB OPTIMIZATION WORKSHOP
DATE:

AIM:

To optimize EMBB performance in 5G networks using GNU Octave by simulating

and enhancing key metrics like throughput, latency, and spectral efficiency.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE.

PROCEDURE:

1. Open GNU Octave and load the provided EMBB optimization script.

2. Set up initial parameters, such as MIMO configurations, power control, and

scheduling algorithms, based on the experiment instructions.

3. Run the simulation to measure baseline metrics like throughput, latency, and spectral
efficiency.

4. Adjust parameters (e.g., increase MIMO layers, optimize power levels) and re-run the
simulation to observe changes in performance metrics.

5. Record and analyze the results to understand the impact of each optimization on
EMBB performance in a 5G environment.
CODE:

% Parameters

num_users = 50; % Number of mobile users

cell_radius = 500; % Radius of the cell (assuming circular cell coverage)

user_speed = 30; % Average user speed in km/h

simulation_duration = 60; % Simulation duration in seconds

time_step = 1; % Time step for simulation in seconds

% Antenna configuration parameters

antenna_height = 25; % Height of the antenna in meters

antenna_tilt = 5; % Antenna tilt angle in degrees

beamwidth = 120; % Antenna beamwidth in degrees

% Bandwidth optimization parameters

initial_bandwidth = 100e6; % Initial bandwidth in Hz

% Additional parameters for dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm can be added here

% Randomly place users within the cell

user_positions = cell_radius * exp(2i * pi * rand(1, num_users));

% Simulate user mobility over time

for t = 0:time_step:simulation_duration

% Update user positions based on their speed and direction

 user_positions = user_positions + user_speed * (time_step / 3600) * exp(2i * pi * rand(1,
num_users));

% Plot user positions

plot(real(user_positions), imag(user_positions), 'o');

title('5G eMBB Optimization - User Mobility');

xlabel('X-axis');

ylabel('Y-axis');

xlim([-cell_radius, cell_radius]);

ylim([-cell_radius, cell_radius]);

drawnow;
 OUTPUT:

RESULT:

EMBB optimization in GNU Octave successfully enhanced 5G network performance by

increasing throughput, reducing latency, and improving spectral efficiency.
EX:NO:2
URLLC IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE
DATE:

AIM:

To analyze the implementation challenges of Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency

Communication (URLLC) in 5G using GNU Octave, focusing on reliability and latency
optimization.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE.

PROCEDURE:

1. Define Parameters: Set URLLC requirements, including low latency, high reliability,
bandwidth, and modulation scheme.

2. Generate Traffic Model: Simulate real-time traffic with strict latency demands using
Poisson or bursty traffic models.

3. Channel Modelling: Define a channel model that includes fading and noise to emulate
real-world conditions.

4. Apply Modulation and Coding: Use a robust modulation scheme (e.g., QPSK) and
error-correcting codes to ensure reliability.

5. Simulate Transmission and Measure Latency: Transmit data packets, recording delays
and packet loss under different network loads.

6. Analyze Results: Calculate and compare packet success rates and latency to verify if
URLLC requirements are met.
CODE:

% Define parameters

numDevices = 10; % Number of IoT devices

latencyThreshold = 5; % Latency threshold in milliseconds for URLLC

reliabilityThreshold = 0.95; % Required reliability

numSlices = 3; % Number of network slices

sliceNames = {'URLLC', 'eMBB', 'mMTC'}; % Slice names

QoSValues = [10, 5, 3]; % QoS values for each slice

% Simulate latency for each device

deviceLatencies = randi([1, 10], 1, numDevices); % Random latency between 1

and 10 ms

% Check if latency meets URLLC requirements

urlLCDevices = deviceLatencies <= latencyThreshold;

% Simulate reliability for each device

deviceReliability = rand(1, numDevices); % Random reliability between 0 and 1

% Check if reliability meets requirements

reliableDevices = deviceReliability >= reliabilityThreshold;

% Assign devices to network slices based on QoS requirements

sliceAssignments = zeros(1, numDevices);

for i = 1:numDevices

if urlLCDevices(i)

sliceAssignments(i) = 1; % Assign to URLLC slice

else

[~, sliceIndex] = max(QoSValues); % Find slice with highest QoS value

sliceAssignments(i) = sliceIndex;

end

end

% Display slice assignments

disp('Device Slice Assignments:');

for i = 1:numDevices

disp(['Device ', num2str(i), ' assigned to slice ',

sliceNames{sliceAssignments(i)}]);

end

% Analyze impact of QoS settings on latency and reliability

averageLatency = mean(deviceLatencies);

averageReliability = mean(deviceReliability);
disp(['Average Latency: ', num2str(averageLatency), ' ms']);

disp(['Average Reliability: ', num2str(averageReliability)]);

% Plotting

figure;

subplot(2,1,1);

bar(1:numDevices, deviceLatencies);

title('Device Latencies');

xlabel('Device Index');

ylabel('Latency (ms)');

subplot(2,1,2);

bar(1:numDevices, deviceReliability);

title('Device Reliability');

xlabel('Device Index');

ylabel('Reliability');

sgtitle('Latency and Reliability Analysis');

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the URLLC implementation challenge using GNU Octave shows the calculated
packet error rate, transmission delay, total latency, and outage probability, assessing the
system's ability to meet URLLC requirements.
EX:NO:3
mMTC DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGE FOR
DATE:
SMART CITIES

AIM:

The aim of the mMTC deployment challenge for smart cities using GNU Octave is to
optimize the connectivity, reliability, and scalability of massive IoT networks in urban
environments.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE.

PROCEDURE:

1. Define Parameters: Set up the network parameters such as device density, signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR), bandwidth, and frequency for IoT devices in a smart city
environment.

2. Model IoT Traffic: Simulate the massive IoT traffic typical in smart cities using
Poisson or other traffic models for device communication.

3. Channel Modelling: Implement a channel model to simulate wireless communication,

considering path loss, fading, and interference.

4. Resource Allocation: Apply algorithms to allocate resources efficiently, ensuring

minimal interference and optimized bandwidth for a large number of devices.

5. Simulate Transmission: Simulate the transmission of data packets from IoT devices
and calculate the throughput, packet loss, and coverage.

6. Analyze Results: Evaluate the system performance based on throughput, latency,

reliability, and scalability, comparing the outcomes with the deployment requirements
for smart cities.
CODE:

% Define parameters

num_devices = 1000; % Number of IoT devices

urban_area = 10; % Urban area size in square kilometers

data_rate = 1e6; % Data rate in bits per second

packet_size = 1000; % Packet size in bits

transmit_power = 20; % Transmit power in dBm

carrier_frequency = 2e9; % Carrier frequency in Hz

bandwidth = 10e6; % Bandwidth in Hz

path_loss_exponent = 2.7; % Path loss exponent

shadowing_std_dev = 4; % Standard deviation of shadowing in dB

noise_power = -174 + 10*log10(bandwidth); % Noise power in dBm/Hz

% Parameters for scalability testing

scalability_factor = 1; % Factor to scale the number of devices

max_devices = 5000; % Maximum number of devices to test scalability

% Parameters for energy efficiency optimization

sleep_duration = 0.1; % Duration of sleep mode in seconds

% Parameters for QoS configuration

required_data_rate = 1e6; % Required data rate for QoS in bits per second

% Parameters for security implementation

encryption_algorithm = 'AES'; % Encryption algorithm

key_length = 128; % Key length in bits

security_protocol = 'TLS'; % Security protocol

% Function to calculate path loss

function PL = calculate_path_loss(distance, PL_exponent, shadowing_std_dev,

carrier_frequency)

PL = 20*log10(distance) + 20*log10(carrier_frequency) - 147.55 -

10*log10(shadowing_std_dev^2);

end

% Function to calculate received power

function Pr = calculate_received_power(distance, PL_exponent, shadowing_std_dev,

transmit_power, carrier_frequency)

PL = calculate_path_loss(distance, PL_exponent, shadowing_std_dev,

carrier_frequency);

Pr = transmit_power - PL;

end

% Function to calculate achievable data rate

function data_rate = calculate_data_rate(received_power, noise_power, bandwidth)

data_rate = bandwidth * log2(1 + 10^(received_power/10)/10^(noise_power/10));

end

% Function to simulate communication in urban area

function simulate_communication(num_devices, urban_area, path_loss_exponent,
shadowing_std_dev, transmit_power, noise_power, carrier_frequency, bandwidth)

% Generate random device locations in the urban area

device_locations = urban_area * rand(num_devices, 2);

% Initialize arrays to store results

received_powers = zeros(num_devices, 1);

data_rates = zeros(num_devices, 1);

% Loop through each device

for i = 1:num_devices

% Calculate distance between device and base station (assumed to be at the center of
the urban area)

distance = norm(device_locations(i, :) - [urban_area/2, urban_area/2]);

% Calculate received power at the device

received_powers(i) = calculate_received_power(distance, path_loss_exponent,

shadowing_std_dev, transmit_power, carrier_frequency);

% Calculate achievable data rate

data_rates(i) = calculate_data_rate(received_powers(i), noise_power, bandwidth);

end

% Calculate average data rate

avg_data_rate = mean(data_rates);
 % Display results

disp(['Average achievable data rate: ', num2str(avg_data_rate/1e6), ' Mbps']);

end

% Call the function to simulate communication

simulate_communication(num_devices, urban_area, path_loss_exponent,

shadowing_std_dev, transmit_power, noise_power, carrier_frequency, bandwidth);
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the mMTC deployment challenge for smart cities in a 5G network
shows that effective device density management, low-power optimization, and scalable
network capacity enable the support of millions of IoT devices while maintaining high
reliability and efficiency.
EX:NO:4
5G NETWORK SLICING WORKSHOP
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of the 5G network slicing workshop is to explore how to create and
manage multiple virtual networks on a shared physical infrastructure, optimizing
performance, security, and resource allocation for diverse 5G applications.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Network Slicing Environment: Configure the 5G network environment in

GNU Octave, defining different network slice parameters for each use case (eMBB,
mMTC, URLLC).
2. Define Slice Requirements: Specify the quality of service (QoS) requirements for
each slice type, including latency, bandwidth, and reliability.
3. Configure Resource Allocation: Implement resource allocation mechanisms in Octave
to allocate network resources dynamically to each slice based on demand and QoS
requirements.
4. Implement Traffic Generation: Simulate different traffic patterns (e.g., high
bandwidth for eMBB, low latency for URLLC) to test the network slicing setup.
5. Measure Slice Performance: Monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) such as
latency, throughput, and resource utilization for each slice to evaluate performance.
6. Analyze and Optimize: Adjust parameters and optimize the slicing setup to improve
performance, ensuring each slice meets its QoS requirements under varying
conditions.
CODE:

% Parameters

num_applications = 3; % Number of diverse applications

num_users_per_slice = 20; % Number of users per network slice

% Generate random network slice characteristics for each application

slice_bandwidths = randi([50, 200], 1, num_applications); % Bandwidth in Mbps

slice_latency_targets = randi([5, 20], 1, num_applications); % Latency targets in

milliseconds

% Simulate network slices for each application

for app = 1:num_applications

% Generate random user positions within a predefined area for each slice

user_positions = 100 * rand(num_users_per_slice, 2);

% Display slice information

disp(['Application ', num2str(app)]);

disp(['Slice Bandwidth: ', num2str(slice_bandwidths(app)), ' Mbps']);

disp(['Slice Latency Target: ', num2str(slice_latency_targets(app)), ' ms']);

% Visualize user positions within the slice

scatter(user_positions(:, 1), user_positions(:, 2), 'filled');

title(['5G Network Slicing - Application ', num2str(app)]);

xlabel('X-axis');
 ylabel('Y-axis');

xlim([0, 100]);

ylim([0, 100]);

drawnow;

end
 OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G network slicing workshop demonstrates the efficient allocation
of network resources, optimizing performance, throughput, and latency for diverse
applications through dynamic slice configuration and management.
EX:NO:5
MEC-AR INTEGRATION CHALLENGE
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of the MEC-AR integration challenge in 5G networks is to enhance real-

time, immersive augmented reality experiences by leveraging Multi-Access Edge Computing
(MEC) to reduce latency and improve processing efficiency at the network edge.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up MEC Environment in Octave: Configure a simulated Multi-Access Edge

Computing (MEC) environment within GNU Octave to handle data processing closer
to the user.

2. Deploy AR Application Simulation: Create or simulate an augmented reality (AR)

application that requires real-time processing and low latency, establishing data needs
and response time requirements.

3. Integrate MEC with 5G Network: Model the MEC node in Octave and integrate it
with the 5G network simulation, setting up parameters like data flow from user
equipment (UE) to MEC.

4. Simulate Edge Processing: Configure Octave to handle AR processing tasks at the

MEC node, reducing the need for data transmission to a centralized cloud server.

5. Monitor Latency and Throughput: Measure the latency and throughput between the
UE and the MEC server to evaluate the impact of edge computing on AR
performance.

6. Optimize and Validate Performance: Adjust MEC and network parameters to optimize
latency and data rates, ensuring the MEC integration meets real-time AR
requirements.
CODE:

% Step 1: Initialize connection with MEC server

function mec_init(mec_server_address)

% Code to initialize connection with MEC server

disp(['Initializing connection with MEC server at ' mec_server_address]);

end

% Step 2: Offload AR computation to MEC server

function offload_computation(data, mec_server_address)

% Code to offload computation to MEC server

disp('Offloading computation to MEC server...');

% Simulating offloading process

pause(2); % Placeholder for actual offloading process

disp('Computation offloaded successfully.');

end

% Step 3: Receive processed data from MEC server

function processed_data = receive_processed_data(mec_server_address)

% Code to receive processed data from MEC server

disp('Receiving processed data from MEC server...');

% Simulating receiving processed data

processed_data = rand(640, 480); % Placeholder data, replace with actual processed data

disp('Processed data received successfully.');

end
% Step 4: Render AR scene

function render_ar_scene(data, temperature, datetime_str, location_str)

% Code to render AR scene using processed data, temperature, date, time, and location
information

disp('Rendering AR scene...');

% Create a white background image

white_background = ones(size(data));

% Display the AR scene with white background

figure;

imshow(white_background); % Set the background color to white

% Display information

text(20, 20, ['Temperature: ' num2str(temperature) '°C'], 'Color', 'red', 'FontSize', 14);

text(20, 40, ['Date & Time: ' datetime_str], 'Color', 'red', 'FontSize', 14);

text(20, 60, ['Location: ' location_str], 'Color', 'red', 'FontSize', 14);

% Display additional text

text(20, 80, '4G/5G Communication Networks', 'Color', 'red', 'FontSize', 14);

% Simulating rendering process

pause(1); % Placeholder for actual rendering process

 disp('AR scene rendered successfully.');

end

% Step 5: Main function to orchestrate the process

function main(mec_server_address)

% Initialize connection with MEC server

mec_init(mec_server_address);

% Generate AR data (e.g., camera feed, virtual objects)

ar_data = generate_ar_data();

% Offload computation to MEC server

offload_computation(ar_data, mec_server_address);

% Receive processed data from MEC server

processed_data = receive_processed_data(mec_server_address);

% Simulate real-time information (replace with actual data)

temperature = randi([15, 30]); % Generate random temperature between 15°C and 30°C

datetime_str = datestr(now, 'yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS'); % Get current date and time

location_str = 'Your Location'; % Replace 'Your Location' with actual location data

% Render AR scene using processed data and information

render_ar_scene(processed_data, temperature, datetime_str, location_str);

end

% Helper function to generate AR data (for demonstration purposes)

function ar_data = generate_ar_data()

% Create a black-and-white checkerboard pattern

numRows = 640;

numCols = 480;

blockSize = 20;

numBlocksRow = floor(numRows / blockSize);

numBlocksCol = floor(numCols / blockSize);

checkerboard = repmat([1 0; 0 1], blockSize / 2, blockSize / 2);

ar_data = repmat(checkerboard, numBlocksRow, numBlocksCol);

end

% Call the main function to start the process

% Example usage: main('mec_server_address')

main('mec_server_address');
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the MEC-AR integration challenge in a 5G network demonstrates a

significant reduction in latency and enhanced user experience, providing smoother and
more responsive augmented reality applications by leveraging edge computing
capabilities.
EX:NO:6
NETWORK SECURITY
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of network security in a 5G network is to protect data integrity,

confidentiality, and availability by implementing advanced security protocols to safeguard
against cyber threats and unauthorized access.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure 5G Network Security Framework: Set up a 5G network simulation in

GNU Octave, incorporating essential security elements like encryption,
authentication, and access control.

2. Define Security Protocols: Implement key security protocols, such as the 5G-AKA
(Authentication and Key Agreement) for user authentication and encryption
standards for secure data transmission.

3. Set Access Control Policies: Configure access control mechanisms to regulate user
and device access to different network segments, using Octave scripts to model
various roles and permissions.

4. Simulate Security Threats: Introduce simulated security threats in the Octave

environment, such as unauthorized access attempts or data interception, to test
network resilience.

5. Measure Impact on Network Performance: Monitor the latency, throughput, and

computational load of security processes to assess their impact on network
performance.
6. Evaluate and Optimize Security Configuration: Analyze the results to identify
weaknesses, adjusting security parameters and protocols to enhance overall
network protection against potential cyber threats.
CODE:

% Parameters

num_applications = 3; % Number of diverse applications

num_users_per_slice = 20; % Number of users per network slice

% Generate random network slice characteristics for each application

slice_bandwidths = randi([50, 200], 1, num_applications); % Bandwidth in Mbps

slice_latency_targets = randi([5, 20], 1, num_applications); % Latency targets in

milliseconds

% Simulate network slices for each application

for app = 1:num_applications

% Generate random user positions within a predefined area for each slice

user_positions = 100 * rand(num_users_per_slice, 2);

% Display slice information

disp(['Application ', num2str(app)]);

disp(['Slice Bandwidth: ', num2str(slice_bandwidths(app)), ' Mbps']);

disp(['Slice Latency Target: ', num2str(slice_latency_targets(app)), ' ms']);

% Visualize user positions within the slice

scatter(user_positions(:, 1), user_positions(:, 2), 'filled');

title(['5G Network Slicing - Application ', num2str(app)]);

xlabel('X-axis');
 ylabel('Y-axis');

xlim([0, 100]);

ylim([0, 100]);

drawnow;

end
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of network security implementation in a 5G network ensures robust

protection against cyber threats, maintaining data privacy, integrity, and availability
while minimizing performance degradation.
EX:NO:7
5G NR CONFIGURATION
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of 5G NR (New Radio) configuration in a 5G network is to establish and

optimize radio access parameters for efficient communication, high throughput, and low
latency in the next-generation mobile network.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Initialize 5G NR Environment: Set up a 5G New Radio (NR) environment in GNU

Octave, defining necessary parameters like frequency bands and subcarrier spacing.

2. Configure Bandwidth and Subcarriers: Specify bandwidth and subcarrier

configurations, adjusting the number of resource blocks based on the 5G deployment
requirements.

3. Set Up Modulation Scheme: Implement Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) or

other modulation schemes in Octave to simulate high data rate transmission.

4. Define MIMO Parameters: Configure Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) settings,

such as antenna arrays and spatial streams, to improve signal quality and coverage.

5. Simulate Uplink and Downlink Transmission: Model data transmission between user
equipment (UE) and base station (gNB) for both uplink and downlink channels,
monitoring performance indicators.

6. Test and Optimize Configuration: Run simulations to evaluate throughput, latency,

and signal strength, fine-tuning parameters to achieve optimal 5G NR performance in
the network setup.
CODE:

% Function to configure 5G NR parameters

function configure_5G_NR_parameters()

% Load default 5G NR parameters

default_parameters = load_default_parameters();

% Fine-tune parameters for optimal performance

optimized_parameters = fine_tune_parameters(default_parameters);

% Display the optimized parameters

display_optimized_parameters(optimized_parameters);

end

% Function to load default 5G NR parameters

function default_parameters = load_default_parameters()

% Load default parameters from a file or define them here

% For example:

default_parameters.bandwidth = 100; % MHz

default_parameters.modulation = 'QAM256';

default_parameters.code_rate = 0.8;

default_parameters.frequency_planning = 'Dense';
 default_parameters.beamforming = 'On';

default_parameters.mimo_setup = '4x4';

default_parameters.interference_management = 'Dynamic';

% Add more parameters as needed

end

% Function to fine-tune parameters for optimal performance

function optimized_parameters = fine_tune_parameters(parameters)

% Implement fine-tuning algorithm

% Adjust parameters based on optimization goals

% For example:

optimized_parameters = parameters;

optimized_parameters.code_rate = 0.85; % Adjusted for better performance

% Fine-tune other parameters as needed

% Collect data for plotting

bandwidth = parameters.bandwidth;

original_code_rate = parameters.code_rate;

optimized_code_rate = optimized_parameters.code_rate;

% Plotting

figure;
 bar([original_code_rate, optimized_code_rate]);

title('Code Rate Comparison');

xlabel('Code Rate');

ylabel('Value');

legend('Original', 'Optimized');

set(gca, 'xticklabel', {'Original', 'Optimized'});

% Optionally, display or save the plot

% For display:

% disp('Plotting Code Rate Comparison...');

% pause(2); % Add a pause if needed

% For saving:

% saveas(gcf, 'code_rate_comparison.png'); % Save the plot as an image file

end

% Function to display the optimized parameters

function display_optimized_parameters(parameters)

% Display the optimized parameters

disp('Optimized 5G NR Parameters:');

disp(['Bandwidth: ' num2str(parameters.bandwidth) ' MHz']);

disp(['Modulation: ' parameters.modulation]);

disp(['Code Rate: ' num2str(parameters.code_rate)]);

 disp(['Frequency Planning: ' parameters.frequency_planning]);

disp(['Beamforming: ' parameters.beamforming]);

disp(['MIMO Setup: ' parameters.mimo_setup]);

disp(['Interference Management: ' parameters.interference_management]);

% Display other parameters as needed

end

% Call the main function to start configuration

configure_5G_NR_parameters();
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of 5G NR configuration in a 5G network ensures optimized radio access,

improved throughput, and low latency communication, enabling seamless connectivity and
efficient performance.
EX:NO:8 5G BEAM FORMING COVERAGE
DATE: ENHANCEMENT

AIM:

The aim of 5G beamforming coverage enhancement is to improve signal strength,

extend coverage, and optimize network efficiency by directing radio signals towards specific
users or areas using phased array antenna technology.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Initialize 5G NR Parameters: Begin by setting up key 5G New Radio (NR) parameters

in GNU Octave, such as carrier frequency, bandwidth, and numerology (subcarrier
spacing).

2. Configure Channel Model: Define the propagation environment (e.g., urban, rural)
and set up the channel model, including path loss and fading parameters, to simulate
realistic 5G conditions.

3. Set Up Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS): Implement modulation and coding
schemes like QAM in Octave, defining the code rate and modulation order to balance
data rate and reliability.

4. Configure MIMO and Beamforming: Set up MIMO parameters and beamforming

techniques to enhance signal strength and extend coverage, modeling antenna arrays
for spatial diversity.

5. Simulate Uplink and Downlink Channels: Configure both uplink and downlink data
channels, adjusting parameters for different scenarios, and monitor signal quality and
performance.
6. Optimize and Validate Performance: Run simulations to evaluate KPIs like
throughput, latency, and error rate, fine-tuning configuration settings to achieve
desired 5G NR performance levels
CODE:

% Simulated 5G Network Environment Setup

num_base_stations = 5;

coverage_map = zeros(100, 100); % Assuming a 100x100 grid for coverage map

% Simulate base station locations

base_station_locations = randi([1, 100], num_base_stations, 2);

% Simulate obstacles that affect signal propagation

num_obstacles = 10;

obstacle_locations = randi([1, 100], num_obstacles, 2);

% Generate random coverage map

for i = 1:num_base_stations

coverage_map(base_station_locations(i, 1), base_station_locations(i, 2)) = 1;

end

% Add obstacles to coverage map

for i = 1:num_obstacles

coverage_map(obstacle_locations(i, 1), obstacle_locations(i, 2)) = -1;

end

% Visualize coverage map

figure;
imagesc(coverage_map);

colorbar;

title('Initial Coverage Map');

xlabel('X-coordinate');

ylabel('Y-coordinate');

% Beamforming Configuration

% Implement simple beamforming by focusing signals towards areas with weak coverage

% Find areas with weak coverage

weak_coverage_indices = find(coverage_map == 0);

% Implement beamforming by adjusting signal strength towards weak coverage areas

for idx = 1:numel(weak_coverage_indices)

[x, y] = ind2sub(size(coverage_map), weak_coverage_indices(idx));

% Implement beamforming by increasing signal strength in weak coverage areas

coverage_map(x, y) = 2; % For simplicity, assuming doubling the signal strength

end

% Visualize coverage map after beamforming

figure;

imagesc(coverage_map);

colorbar;

title('Coverage Map after Beamforming');

xlabel('X-coordinate');

ylabel('Y-coordinate');
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

5G NR configuration in a 5G network using GNU Octave software demonstrates

optimized signal strength, improved throughput, and reduced latency, validating the
effectiveness of NR parameters in real-world network conditions.
EX:NO:9
5G CORE NETWORK DESIGN CHALLENGE
DATE:

AIM:

The aim of the 5G Core Network Design Challenge in a 5G network using GNU
Octave software is to simulate and optimize core network elements for efficient data routing,
user management, and QoS provisioning in a 5G environment.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Initialize Core Network Elements: Configure the 5G core network components in

GNU Octave, including the AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function), SMF
(Session Management Function), and UPF (User Plane Function), to model the core
architecture.

2. Define User Equipment (UE) and Network Interfaces: Set up user equipment (UE)
and establish connections between UE and the core network, ensuring proper
configuration of interfaces like N1, N2, and N3 for communication.

3. Configure Data Routing and Mobility Management: Implement routing protocols to

handle data traffic between core network elements and simulate mobility management
to track UE movement across different cells.

4. Implement Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters: Set QoS rules in Octave to prioritize
traffic based on application requirements (e.g., low latency for URLLC, high
throughput for eMBB) and configure scheduling and traffic shaping mechanisms.

5. Simulate Network Traffic: Generate and simulate various traffic patterns (e.g., video
streaming, VoIP) to test the core network’s handling of different data types and ensure
balanced load distribution.
6. Monitor and Optimize Network Performance: Run simulations to monitor key
performance indicators (KPIs) such as latency, throughput, and reliability, and
optimize network configurations to meet performance and scalability goals.
CODE:

% Define parameters

latency_requirements = [10, 20, 30]; % Latency requirements in milliseconds for different

types of traffic

bandwidth_requirements = [100, 200, 300]; % Bandwidth requirements in Mbps for different

applications

reliability_threshold = 0.99; % Desired reliability threshold

network_scale_factor = 1.5; % Factor for network scalability

% Define core network elements

num_base_stations = 10;

num_users_per_station = 5;

num_UPF = 2;

num_SMF = 1;

num_AMF = 1;

% Simulation: Generate random throughput and interference matrices

throughput = rand(num_base_stations, num_users_per_station) * 100; % Random throughput

values (Mbps)

interference_matrix = rand(num_base_stations, num_base_stations);

% Optimization: Implement optimization strategies (placeholder)

% Here, you can implement optimization algorithms for resource allocation, routing, and
traffic management
% Quality of Service (QoS) Implementation (placeholder)

% Configure QoS parameters to prioritize traffic based on requirements

qos_params = struct('priority', [1, 2, 3], 'traffic_type', {'VoIP', 'Video Streaming', 'Web

Browsing'}, 'latency_requirement', latency_requirements, 'bandwidth_requirement',
bandwidth_requirements);

% Security Integration (placeholder)

% Integrate security measures such as encryption, access control, and authentication

protocols

security_protocols = {'Encryption', 'Access Control', 'Authentication'};

% Calculate total throughput of the network

total_throughput = sum(sum(throughput));

% Plot throughput distribution across base stations

figure;

bar(1:num_base_stations, sum(throughput, 2), 'b');

xlabel('Base Station');

ylabel('Total Throughput (Mbps)');

title('Throughput Distribution Across Base Stations');

grid on;

% Display results

disp(['Total throughput of the network: ' num2str(total_throughput) ' Mbps']);

disp(' ');
% Display QoS parameters

disp('Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters:');

disp(qos_params);

disp(' ');

% Display Security Protocols

disp('Security Protocols:');

disp(security_protocols);
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G Core Network Design Challenge in a 5G network using GNU
Octave software demonstrates efficient data routing, optimal resource management, and
enhanced QoS provisioning, ensuring robust performance across the core network.
EX:NO:10 NFV IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE IN 5G
DATE: NETWORKS

AIM:

The aim of NFV (Network Function Virtualization) implementation challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize virtualized network
functions to enhance flexibility, scalability, and resource efficiency.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up NFV Architecture: Configure the NFV environment in GNU Octave, including
virtualized network functions (VNFs) such as the virtualized EPC (Evolved Packet
Core) and virtualized RAN elements.

2. Define Virtualization Parameters: Specify resource allocation, such as CPU, memory,

and bandwidth, for each virtualized function, ensuring that resources are optimally
distributed across the virtualized network.

3. Simulate Network Traffic: Generate various traffic loads to test how the virtualized
functions handle different types of data (e.g., eMBB, URLLC) and evaluate their
performance under stress.

4. Configure Service Chaining: Model service chaining between virtualized network

functions to create an efficient flow of traffic and manage QoS (Quality of Service)
within the virtualized environment.

5. Monitor Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Track the performance of the virtualized
network, focusing on latency, throughput, and resource utilization, to ensure optimal
operation of the NFV system.
6. Optimize and Validate: Adjust parameters and fine-tune the NFV configuration based
on the simulation results, improving network efficiency and ensuring that the
virtualized network meets 5G requirements for scalability and flexibility.
CODE:

% Task 1: VNF Identification

% Define a list of network functions and their characteristics

network_functions = {

struct('name', 'Session Management Function (SMF)', 'virtualizable', true,

'resource_consumption', 'medium', 'scalability', 'high');

struct('name', 'User Plane Function (UPF)', 'virtualizable', true, 'resource_consumption',

'high', 'scalability', 'high');

struct('name', 'Firewall', 'virtualizable', true, 'resource_consumption', 'low', 'scalability',

'medium');

struct('name', 'Load Balancer', 'virtualizable', true, 'resource_consumption', 'medium',

'scalability', 'high');

% Add more network functions as needed

};

% Display the list of network functions and their characteristics

disp('Task 1: VNF Identification');

disp('----------------------------');

disp('List of Network Functions and Characteristics:');

disp('Name, Virtualizable, Resource Consumption, Scalability');

for i = 1:length(network_functions)

disp([network_functions{i}.name, ', ', num2str(network_functions{i}.virtualizable), ', ', ...

network_functions{i}.resource_consumption, ', ', network_functions{i}.scalability]);

end
% Task 2: NFVI Configuration

% Define NFVI (NFV Infrastructure) parameters

num_servers = 5; % Number of physical servers

server_cpu_capacity = 64; % CPU capacity of each server in cores

server_memory_capacity = 128; % Memory capacity of each server in GB

server_bandwidth_capacity = 10; % Bandwidth capacity of each server in Gbps

% Calculate total capacity of NFVI

total_cpu_capacity = num_servers * server_cpu_capacity;

total_memory_capacity = num_servers * server_memory_capacity;

total_bandwidth_capacity = num_servers * server_bandwidth_capacity;

% Display NFVI configuration

disp(' ');

disp('Task 2: NFVI Configuration');

disp('----------------------------');

disp('NFVI Configuration:');

disp('-------------------');

disp(['Number of Servers: ', num2str(num_servers)]);

disp(['CPU Capacity per Server: ', num2str(server_cpu_capacity), ' cores']);

disp(['Total CPU Capacity: ', num2str(total_cpu_capacity), ' cores']);

disp(['Memory Capacity per Server: ', num2str(server_memory_capacity), ' GB']);

disp(['Total Memory Capacity: ', num2str(total_memory_capacity), ' GB']);

disp(['Bandwidth Capacity per Server: ', num2str(server_bandwidth_capacity), ' Gbps']);

disp(['Total Bandwidth Capacity: ', num2str(total_bandwidth_capacity), ' Gbps']);

% Task 3: VNF Deployment

% Define VNF instances to deploy

vnf_instances = {

struct('name', 'SMF_instance_1', 'type', 'SMF', 'cpu_cores', 8, 'memory_GB', 16,

'bandwidth_Gbps', 2);

struct('name', 'UPF_instance_1', 'type', 'UPF', 'cpu_cores', 16, 'memory_GB', 32,

'bandwidth_Gbps', 4);

% Add more VNF instances as needed

};

% Display VNF deployment details

disp(' ');

disp('Task 3: VNF Deployment');

disp('-----------------------');

disp('VNF Deployment:');

disp('----------------');

for i = 1:length(vnf_instances)

disp(['Deploying ', vnf_instances{i}.type, ' instance ', vnf_instances{i}.name, ':']);

disp([' CPU Cores: ', num2str(vnf_instances{i}.cpu_cores)]);

disp([' Memory: ', num2str(vnf_instances{i}.memory_GB), ' GB']);

 disp([' Bandwidth: ', num2str(vnf_instances{i}.bandwidth_Gbps), ' Gbps']);

% Add deployment logic here (e.g., use orchestration tools)

disp([' Deployment successful!']);

disp(' ');

end

% Task 4: Dynamic Scaling (Example)

% Simulate changing network load

network_load = [100, 200, 150, 250, 180]; % Network load in Mbps over time

% Plot network load over time

figure;

plot(1:length(network_load), network_load, '-o');

title('Network Load Over Time');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Network Load (Mbps)');

grid on;

% Display dynamic scaling based on network load

disp(' ');

disp('Task 4: Dynamic Scaling');

disp('------------------------');

for i = 1:length(network_load)
 disp(['Network load at time ', num2str(i), ': ', num2str(network_load(i)), ' Mbps']);

% Implement scaling logic based on network load (e.g., adjust VNF instances)

if network_load(i) > 200

disp('Scaling UP VNF instances...');

% Add logic to scale UP VNF instances

elseif network_load(i) < 150

disp('Scaling DOWN VNF instances...');

% Add logic to scale DOWN VNF instances

else

disp('Network load within normal range, no scaling needed.');

end

disp(' ');

end

% Task 5: Performance Monitoring (Example)

% Simulate performance metrics

cpu_utilization = [60, 70, 75, 80, 65]; % CPU utilization in percentage over time

memory_utilization = [40, 45, 50, 55, 48]; % Memory utilization in percentage over time

% Plot performance metrics over time

figure;

subplot(2, 1, 1);

plot(1:length(cpu_utilization), cpu_utilization, '-o', 'Color', 'b');

title('CPU Utilization Over Time');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('CPU Utilization (%)');

grid on;

subplot(2, 1, 2);

plot(1:length(memory_utilization), memory_utilization, '-o', 'Color', 'r');

title('Memory Utilization Over Time');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Memory Utilization (%)');

grid on;

% Display performance metrics

disp(' ');

disp('Task 5: Performance Monitoring');

disp('-------------------------------');

disp('Performance Monitoring:');

disp('-----------------------');

for i = 1:length(cpu_utilization)

disp(['Performance metrics at time ', num2str(i), ':']);

disp([' CPU Utilization: ', num2str(cpu_utilization(i)), '%']);

disp([' Memory Utilization: ', num2str(memory_utilization(i)), '%']);

% Add monitoring and analysis logic here (e.g., use monitoring tools)

disp(' ');

end
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of NFV implementation in 5G networks using GNU Octave software

demonstrates improved network scalability, resource allocation, and dynamic service
provisioning through virtualized network functions.
EX:NO:11 5G IOT CONNECTIVITY MANAGEMENT
DATE: CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G IoT Connectivity Management Challenge in 5G networks using

GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize IoT device connectivity, resource
allocation, and data transmission for efficient management in a 5G environment.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure IoT Device Simulation: Set up a simulation for multiple IoT devices in the
5G network, defining device parameters such as data rate, power consumption, and
mobility.

2. Define Network Architecture: Implement the 5G architecture with network functions

like eNB/gNB, AMF, and UPF to handle IoT traffic, ensuring proper integration of
IoT devices within the 5G core network.

3. Implement Resource Allocation: Simulate resource allocation techniques such as

dynamic spectrum management and QoS (Quality of Service) prioritization for IoT
traffic to optimize performance.

4. Simulate IoT Data Traffic: Generate different IoT traffic patterns (e.g., periodic data
transmission, real-time data) and model their interaction with the 5G network, testing
the network's ability to handle various IoT use cases.

5. Monitor Connectivity and Latency: Measure key performance indicators (KPIs) such
as connectivity success rate, latency, and throughput for IoT devices across different
network conditions and traffic loads.
6. Optimize and Validate: Analyze the results to optimize the connectivity management
strategies and validate that the IoT devices are effectively integrated into the 5G
network with minimal latency and efficient resource usage.
CODE:

% Define parameters

num_sensors = 10; % Number of sensors in the field

field_size = 100; % Size of the field (in meters)

data_interval = 1; % Time interval for data collection (in seconds)

num_iterations = 100; % Number of data collection iterations

transmission_delay = 0.1; % Transmission delay over 5G network (in seconds)

% Initialize data structures

sensor_data = zeros(num_sensors, num_iterations);

processed_data = zeros(num_iterations, 1);

% Initialize figure for plotting

figure;

xlabel('Time (iterations)');

ylabel('Processed Data');

title('Processed Data over Time');

% Simulate data collection and processing

for iter = 1:num_iterations

% Simulate data collection from each sensor

for sensor = 1:num_sensors

% Generate random sensor data (e.g., temperature, humidity)

sensor_data(sensor, iter) = rand();

 end

% Simulate data transmission over 5G network (with transmission delay)

transmitted_data = sensor_data(:, iter); % For simplicity, transmit raw sensor data

% Add transmission delay

pause(transmission_delay);

% Process transmitted data (e.g., calculate average)

processed_data(iter) = mean(transmitted_data);

% Plot processed data

plot(1:iter, processed_data(1:iter), 'b-'); % Plot processed data up to current iteration

xlim([1, num_iterations]); % Set x-axis limit

ylim([0, 1]); % Set y-axis limit (adjust as needed)

grid on; % Add grid lines

drawnow; % Update plot

% Pause for data interval

pause(data_interval);

end
OUTPUT:
RESULT:

The result of the 5G IoT Connectivity Management Challenge demonstrates

optimized IoT device connectivity, low-latency communication, and efficient resource
management under varying network conditions.
EX:NO:12 5G-ENABLED SMART AGRICULTURE
DATE: IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G-Enabled Smart Agriculture Implementation Challenge in 5G networks

using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize the use of 5G connectivity for real-
time data collection, monitoring, and automation in agricultural environments.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure IoT Sensors and Devices: Set up IoT sensors for various agricultural
parameters like soil moisture, temperature, and crop health, simulating their operation
within a 5G network environment.

2. Define 5G Network Architecture: Implement a 5G network model with low-latency,

high-throughput configurations to support real-time data collection and control for
agricultural IoT devices.

3. Simulate Data Transmission: Model data transmission from IoT devices to a central
cloud platform, ensuring that the data flow meets the low-latency and high-throughput
requirements for real-time monitoring.

4. Implement Automated Control Systems: Simulate automated systems for irrigation,

fertilization, and pest control, which are triggered by sensor data and optimized using
the 5G network’s real-time capabilities.

5. Monitor Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Measure KPIs such as network latency,
throughput, and reliability to ensure efficient data transfer and decision-making in the
smart agriculture setup.
6. Optimize and Validate Performance: Analyze the simulation results and fine-tune the
5G network and IoT configurations to maximize the performance and reliability of the
smart agriculture system.
CODE:

% Define parameters

num_sensors = 10; % Number of IoT sensors in the field

num_drones = 2; % Number of drones deployed

field_size = 100; % Size of the field (in meters)

data_interval = 1; % Time interval for data collection (in seconds)

num_iterations = 100; % Number of data collection iterations

% Initialize data structures

sensor_data = zeros(num_sensors, num_iterations);

drone_data = zeros(num_drones, num_iterations);

processed_data = zeros(num_iterations, 1);

irrigation_level = zeros(num_iterations, 1); % Irrigation level control

% Initialize figure for plotting

figure;

subplot(3, 1, 1); % Create subplot for processed data

xlabel('Time (iterations)');

ylabel('Processed Data');

title('Processed Data over Time');

subplot(3, 1, 2); % Create subplot for irrigation control

xlabel('Time (iterations)');

ylabel('Irrigation Level');
title('Irrigation Control over Time');

subplot(3, 1, 3); % Create subplot for drone actions

xlabel('Time (iterations)');

ylabel('Drone Action');

title('Drone Actions over Time');

% Simulate data collection, processing, and control

for iter = 1:num_iterations

% Simulate data collection from IoT sensors

for sensor = 1:num_sensors

% Generate random sensor data (e.g., temperature, humidity)

sensor_data(sensor, iter) = rand();

end

% Simulate data collection from drones

for drone = 1:num_drones

% Generate random drone data (e.g., crop health, pest detection)

drone_data(drone, iter) = rand();

end

% Process sensor and drone data (e.g., calculate average)

combined_data = [sensor_data(:, iter); drone_data(:, iter)];

processed_data(iter) = mean(combined_data);
 % Plot processed data

subplot(3, 1, 1);

plot(1:iter, processed_data(1:iter), 'b-'); % Plot processed data up to current iteration

xlim([1, num_iterations]); % Set x-axis limit

ylim([0, 1]); % Set y-axis limit (adjust as needed)

grid on; % Add grid lines

title('Processed Data over Time');

% Perform data analytics (e.g., anomaly detection, trend analysis)

% For demonstration purposes, we'll simulate simple analytics based on processed data

% Example: If processed data exceeds a threshold, trigger drone action

if processed_data(iter) > 0.7

drone_action = 1; % Drone action triggered

else

drone_action = 0; % No drone action

end

% Control precision irrigation system based on real-time data

% For demonstration purposes, we'll simulate irrigation control based on processed data

irrigation_level(iter) = processed_data(iter) * 0.8; % Adjust irrigation level based on

processed data

% Plot irrigation control

subplot(3, 1, 2);
 plot(1:iter, irrigation_level(1:iter), 'g-'); % Plot irrigation control up to current iteration

xlim([1, num_iterations]); % Set x-axis limit

ylim([0, 1]); % Set y-axis limit (adjust as needed)

grid on; % Add grid lines

title('Irrigation Control over Time');

% Simulate drone actions based on analytics

% For demonstration purposes, we'll plot drone actions over time

subplot(3, 1, 3);

plot(iter, drone_action, 'r*'); % Plot drone action at current iteration

xlim([1, num_iterations]); % Set x-axis limit

ylim([-0.5, 1.5]); % Set y-axis limit

grid on; % Add grid lines

title('Drone Actions over Time');

hold on; % Hold plot for next iteration

% Pause for data interval

pause(data_interval);

end
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G-Enabled Smart Agriculture Implementation Challenge shows

improved real-time data transmission, enhanced automation, and optimized resource
management for agriculture through 5G network capabilities.
EX:NO:13 5G TELEMEDICINE DEPLOYMENT
DATE: CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G Telemedicine Deployment Challenge in 5G networks using GNU

Octave software is to simulate and optimize the deployment of telemedicine services,
focusing on low-latency, high-throughput communication for real-time healthcare
applications.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Telemedicine Devices and Sensors: Simulate IoT devices such as remote
patient monitoring sensors (e.g., heart rate, temperature) connected to telemedicine
platforms via the 5G network.

2. Define 5G Network Parameters: Configure the 5G network model with low-latency,

high-throughput requirements to ensure seamless data transmission from patient
devices to healthcare providers.

3. Simulate Real-Time Data Transfer: Simulate real-time video conferencing and

diagnostic data transmission (e.g., ECG, X-rays) to healthcare professionals, ensuring
low latency and high reliability.

4. Implement Quality of Service (QoS) for Healthcare Applications: Apply QoS policies
to prioritize critical healthcare data, such as real-time video streams and patient health
metrics, ensuring uninterrupted service during high traffic.

5. Monitor KPIs (Key Performance Indicators): Measure key network performance

indicators (KPIs) such as latency, throughput, and reliability to ensure the network
meets telemedicine service requirements.
6. Optimize Network Performance: Analyze the results and adjust network
configurations, including resource allocation and bandwidth management, to optimize
the delivery of telemedicine services over the 5G network.
CODE:

% Define network infrastructure

network_location = [0, 0];

medical_device_locations = [

1, 1; % Example medical device 1

-1, 1; % Example medical device 2

0, -1 % Example medical device 3

];

optimized_delays = [5, 4, 3]; % Optimized delays for each device in milliseconds

video_data_rates = [10, 8, 12]; % Data transfer rates for video consultation in Mbps

% Plot network infrastructure

scatter(network_location(1), network_location(2), 200, 'b', 'filled');

text(network_location(1), network_location(2), '5G Network', 'HorizontalAlignment',

'center');

hold on;

% Plot medical devices

scatter(medical_device_locations(:, 1), medical_device_locations(:, 2), 100, 'r', 'filled');

for i = 1:size(medical_device_locations, 1)

text(medical_device_locations(i, 1), medical_device_locations(i, 2), sprintf('Device %d', i),

'HorizontalAlignment', 'center');

end
% Draw optimized transmission paths between network and devices

for i = 1:size(medical_device_locations, 1)

line([network_location(1), medical_device_locations(i, 1)], [network_location(2),

medical_device_locations(i, 2)], 'Color', 'k', 'LineStyle', '-');

text(medical_device_locations(i, 1), medical_device_locations(i, 2) + 0.2, sprintf('Delay:

%d ms', optimized_delays(i)), 'HorizontalAlignment', 'center', 'Color', 'b');

text((network_location(1) + medical_device_locations(i, 1)) / 2, (network_location(2) +

medical_device_locations(i, 2)) / 2 - 0.2, sprintf('Data Rate: %d Mbps', video_data_rates(i)),
'HorizontalAlignment', 'center', 'Color', 'r');

end

% Print security measures and compliance checks data

disp('Security Measures:');

disp('- Encrypt data transmission');

disp('- Authenticate devices and users');

disp('Compliance Checks:');

disp('- Ensure compliance with healthcare data protection regulations');

xlabel('X Position');

ylabel('Y Position');

title('Simulated Telemedicine Environment Deployment with Minimized Delays and Video

Data Rates');

axis equal;

grid on;
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

5G Telemedicine Deployment Challenge demonstrates enhanced real-time

communication, improved remote diagnostics, and efficient resource utilization for
telemedicine services over 5G networks.
EX:NO:14 5G-ENABLED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE
DATE: COMMUNICATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G-Enabled Autonomous Vehicle Communication Challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize vehicle-to-everything
(V2X) communication for enhanced safety and real-time control.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Vehicle and Sensor Simulation: Simulate autonomous vehicles equipped with
sensors (e.g., LiDAR, cameras) connected to a 5G network for real-time data
transmission.

2. Configure 5G Network Parameters: Set low-latency and high-throughput parameters

to support continuous V2X communication and real-time vehicle response.

3. Simulate V2X Communication: Model V2X interactions, including vehicle-to-vehicle

(V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) data
exchanges, ensuring quick, reliable message delivery.

4. Implement Positioning and Control Algorithms: Use GPS and sensor data to calculate
vehicle positions and apply control algorithms for autonomous navigation in real-
time.

5. Monitor Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Track network latency, data rate, and
packet delivery success to ensure communication reliability for safe autonomous
driving.

6. Optimize Network and Vehicle Response: Adjust network configurations and vehicle
control settings based on simulation data to enhance response speed, safety, and
reliability in autonomous operations over 5G.
CODE:

% Autonomous Vehicle Network Simulation with 5G Communication and V2X Integration

% Define number of vehicles

num_vehicles = 10;

% Define simulation time (in seconds)

simulation_time = 100;

% Initialize vehicle positions randomly

vehicle_positions = rand(num_vehicles, 2) * 1000; % Assuming a 1000x1000 meter area

% Initialize network connectivity matrix

connectivity_matrix = zeros(num_vehicles);

% Simulate communication among vehicles

for t = 1:simulation_time

for i = 1:num_vehicles

for j = 1:num_vehicles

if i ~= j && norm(vehicle_positions(i,:) - vehicle_positions(j,:)) <=

communication_range_V2X

% Vehicles i and j can communicate via V2X

% Check for collision avoidance system integration

if norm(vehicle_positions(i,:) - vehicle_positions(j,:)) <= collision_detection_range

 % Collision avoidance system detects vehicles i and j are too close

% Take appropriate action to avoid collision

disp(['Collision Avoided between Vehicle ', num2str(i), ' and Vehicle ',
num2str(j)]);

end

% Check for security measures implementation

% Encrypt communication using security protocol

disp(['Secure communication established between Vehicle ', num2str(i), ' and

Vehicle ', num2str(j)]);

% Vehicles i and j can communicate

connectivity_matrix(i, j) = 1;

else

% Vehicles i and j cannot communicate

connectivity_matrix(i, j) = 0;

end

end

end

% Update vehicle positions (simulate movement)

vehicle_positions = vehicle_positions + randn(num_vehicles, 2) * 0.1; % Random

movement with standard deviation 0.1 meter

% Clip vehicle positions to stay within the simulation area

vehicle_positions = max(0, min(vehicle_positions, 1000));

end

% Display the connectivity matrix

disp("Connectivity Matrix:");

disp(connectivity_matrix);

% Plot the positions of vehicles

figure;

plot(vehicle_positions(:,1), vehicle_positions(:,2), 'bo', 'MarkerSize', 10); % Plot vehicles as

blue circles

hold on;

% Plot communication links

for i = 1:num_vehicles

for j = 1:num_vehicles

if connectivity_matrix(i,j) == 1

% Vehicles i and j can communicate

plot([vehicle_positions(i,1), vehicle_positions(j,1)], [vehicle_positions(i,2),

vehicle_positions(j,2)], 'g--'); % Plot communication link as green dashed line

end

end

end

title('Autonomous Vehicle Network with 5G Communication and V2X Integration');

xlabel('X Position (m)');

ylabel('Y Position (m)');

grid on;

axis([0 1000 0 1000]);

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G-Enabled Autonomous Vehicle Communication Challenge shows

improved low-latency communication, accurate vehicle positioning, and efficient V2X
message delivery for autonomous driving.
EX:NO:15 5G-ENHANCED VIDEO STREAMING
DATE: OPTIMIZATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G-Enhanced Video Streaming Optimization Challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize video streaming quality
and bandwidth efficiency in real-time environments.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Video Streaming Simulation: Configure video streaming parameters (e.g.,

resolution, frame rate) and simulate the data flow over a 5G network.

2. Define 5G Network Settings: Set high-bandwidth, low-latency configurations for

smooth video transmission, ensuring optimal performance in real-time streaming
scenarios.

3. Simulate Dynamic Bitrate Adjustment: Implement adaptive bitrate streaming to adjust

the video quality based on network conditions and available bandwidth in real-time.

4. Implement Buffer Management: Simulate buffer control mechanisms to reduce

latency and prevent interruptions during video playback.

5. Measure KPIs for Video Quality: Track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as
video quality, buffer time, and latency to assess streaming performance.

6. Optimize Video and Network Settings: Adjust video resolution, bitrate, and network
configurations based on the KPIs to optimize quality and reduce network load during
streaming.
CODE:

% Define parameters

network_bandwidth = 100; % Mbps (5G network bandwidth)

video_quality_levels = [240, 360, 480, 720, 1080]; % Available video quality levels (p)

network_load_threshold = 0.8; % Threshold for network load testing

% Simulate network load testing

network_load = rand(); % Random network load value (0 to 1)

if network_load > network_load_threshold

disp('Network load is high. Implementing latency reduction strategies...');

% Scenario 1: Latency Reduction Strategies

% Reduce buffer size to decrease latency

buffer_size = 2; % seconds

disp(['Reducing buffer size to ', num2str(buffer_size), ' seconds.']);

else

disp('Network load is acceptable.');

end

% Implement adaptive bitrate streaming setup

selected_quality = find(video_quality_levels <= network_bandwidth, 1, 'last'); % Select the

highest quality level that fits within the network bandwidth

if isempty(selected_quality)
 selected_quality = 1; % Minimum quality if network bandwidth is insufficient

end

disp(['Selected video quality level: ', num2str(selected_quality)]);

% Scenario 2: Adaptive Bitrate Streaming Setup

% Implement Quality of Service (QoS) implementation

if selected_quality >= 4 % High-quality video

disp('Implementing QoS for high-quality video streaming...');

% Scenario 3: Quality of Service (QoS) Implementation

% Set packet priority for high-quality video

packet_priority = 'High';

disp(['Setting packet priority to ', packet_priority, ' for high-quality video streaming.']);

else

disp('Implementing QoS for standard-quality video streaming...');

% Set packet priority for standard-quality video

packet_priority = 'Standard';

disp(['Setting packet priority to ', packet_priority, ' for standard-quality video streaming.']);

end

% Objective: Deliver high-quality video content

disp('Objective: Deliver high-quality video content over 5G networks');

% Plot network load

figure;

bar(network_load);

title('Network Load');

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Load');
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G-Enhanced Video Streaming Optimization Challenge shows

enhanced video quality, reduced buffering, and improved bandwidth utilization over the 5G
network.
EX:NO:16 5G AUGMENTED REALITY GAMING
DATE: DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G Augmented Reality Gaming Development Challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize AR gaming performance
for low latency and high interactivity.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure AR Gaming Environment: Set up an AR gaming environment with virtual

objects and interactions, simulating the data requirements over a 5G network.

2. Define 5G Network Parameters: Configure the 5G network model to support low-

latency and high-bandwidth requirements for AR applications.

3. Simulate Real-Time Data Transmission: Model the transmission of AR data (e.g.,

graphics and user actions) to ensure low delay and high interactivity in the game.

4. Implement Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation: Adjust bandwidth allocation based on in-

game data load, ensuring stable performance during high activity.

5. Monitor Latency and Throughput: Track key performance indicators (KPIs) like
latency, throughput, and packet loss to maintain smooth gameplay.

6. Optimize Game and Network Settings: Adjust AR rendering, data compression, and
network configurations to minimize delays and optimize the gaming experience.
CODE:

% Function to connect to 5G network

function connectTo5G()

disp('Connecting to 5G network...');

% Code to simulate connecting to 5G network

pause(2); % Simulate connection process

disp('Connected to 5G network.');

end

% Function to initialize augmented reality

function initializeAR()

disp('Initializing augmented reality...');

% Code to initialize augmented reality

pause(1); % Simulate initialization process

disp('Augmented reality initialized.');

end

% Function to set up real-time multiplayer

function setupMultiplayer()

disp('Setting up real-time multiplayer...');

% Code to set up real-time multiplayer

pause(1); % Simulate setup process

disp('Real-time multiplayer setup complete.');

end
% Function for performance optimization

function optimizePerformance()

disp('Performing performance optimization...');

% Code for performance optimization

pause(1); % Simulate optimization process

disp('Performance optimization complete.');

end

% Function to initialize game state

function gameState = initializeGameState()

% Initialize players' positions and velocities

gameState.player1.position = [0, 0];

gameState.player1.velocity = [0, 0];

gameState.player2.position = [10, 10];

gameState.player2.velocity = [0, 0];

% Initialize items' positions and types

gameState.items = generateItems();

% Initialize scores

gameState.player1.score = 0;

gameState.player2.score = 0;

end
% Function to update game state

function updatedGameState = updateGameState(gameState)

% Update players' positions

gameState.player1.position = gameState.player1.position + gameState.player1.velocity;

gameState.player2.position = gameState.player2.position + gameState.player2.velocity;

% Apply bounds to player positions

gameState.player1.position = applyBounds(gameState.player1.position);

gameState.player2.position = applyBounds(gameState.player2.position);

% Check for collisions between players

if norm(gameState.player1.position - gameState.player2.position) < 1

% Players collide, apply repulsion force

repulsionForce = (gameState.player1.position - gameState.player2.position) * 0.1;

gameState.player1.velocity = gameState.player1.velocity + repulsionForce;

gameState.player2.velocity = gameState.player2.velocity - repulsionForce;

end

% Check for item collection and apply item effects

for i = 1:numel(gameState.items)

if norm(gameState.player1.position - gameState.items{i}.position) < 1

applyItemEffect(gameState.player1, gameState.items{i}.type);

gameState.items{i} = []; % Remove collected item

 end

if norm(gameState.player2.position - gameState.items{i}.position) < 1

applyItemEffect(gameState.player2, gameState.items{i}.type);

gameState.items{i} = []; % Remove collected item

end

end

gameState.items = gameState.items(~cellfun('isempty', gameState.items)); % Remove

collected items

updatedGameState = gameState;

end

% Function to apply bounds to player positions

function position = applyBounds(position)

position(position < 0) = 0; % Lower bound

position(position > 10) = 10; % Upper bound

end

% Function to apply item effects to players

function applyItemEffect(player, itemType)

switch itemType

case 'score'

player.score = player.score + 1;

case 'speedup'

player.velocity = player.velocity * 2;
 case 'slowdown'

player.velocity = player.velocity * 0.5;

% Add more item effects as needed

end

end

% Function to render augmented reality scene

function renderARScene(gameState)

clf; % Clear figure

% Plot players' positions

plot(gameState.player1.position(1), gameState.player1.position(2), 'ro', 'MarkerSize', 10);

% Player 1

hold on;

plot(gameState.player2.position(1), gameState.player2.position(2), 'bo', 'MarkerSize', 10);

% Player 2

% Plot items

for i = 1:numel(gameState.items)

if ~isempty(gameState.items{i})

switch gameState.items{i}.type

case 'score'

color = 'g';

case 'speedup'

color = 'c';
 case 'slowdown'

color = 'm';

% Add more item types and colors as needed

end

plot(gameState.items{i}.position(1), gameState.items{i}.position(2), [color, 'x'],

'MarkerSize', 10); % Items

end

end

% Set plot limits

xlim([-1, 11]);

ylim([-1, 11]);

axis equal;

grid on;

title('Augmented Reality Game');

xlabel('X');

ylabel('Y');

% Pause to display the scene

drawnow;

end

% Function to generate initial positions and types of items

function items = generateItems()

% Generate random positions and types for items

 numItems = 5;

items = cell(numItems, 1);

for i = 1:numItems

items{i}.position = rand(1, 2) * 10; % Limit positions to within 10 units

itemType = randi(3); % Randomly select item type

switch itemType

case 1

items{i}.type = 'score';

case 2

items{i}.type = 'speedup';

case 3

items{i}.type = 'slowdown';

% Add more item types as needed

end

end

end

% Function to check for game over condition

function gameOver = isGameOver(gameState)

% Check if all items are collected

gameOver = isempty(gameState.items);

end

% Function to end game

function endGame()

disp('Game over. Thanks for playing!');

end

% Function to handle keyboard input for player controls

function keyPressed(~, event)

global gameState;

switch event.Key

case 'uparrow'

gameState.player1.velocity(2) = 0.1;

case 'downarrow'

gameState.player1.velocity(2) = -0.1;

case 'leftarrow'

gameState.player1.velocity(1) = -0.1;

case 'rightarrow'

gameState.player1.velocity(1) = 0.1;

% Add more controls as needed

end

end

% Main function to start the game

function startGame()

% Network Integration

connectTo5G();
% AR Implementation

initializeAR();

% Real-Time Multiplayer Setup

setupMultiplayer();

% Performance Optimization

optimizePerformance();

% Initialize game state

gameState = initializeGameState();

% Create figure window for plotting

figure('Name', 'Augmented Reality Game', 'NumberTitle', 'off');

% Set up keyboard input handling

set(gcf, 'KeyPressFcn', @keyPressed);

% Start the game loop

while true

% Update game state

gameState = updateGameState(gameState);
 % Render augmented reality scene

renderARScene(gameState);

% Check for game over condition

if isGameOver(gameState)

break;

end

% Pause to control game loop speed

pause(0.05); % Adjust as needed for desired frame rate

end

% End game

endGame();

end

% Call the main function to start the game

startGame();
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G AR Gaming Development Challenge demonstrates improved

responsiveness, seamless user experience, and reduced lag in AR gaming over 5G networ
EX:NO:17 5G-ENABLED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
DATE: IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G Augmented Reality Gaming Development Challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize AR gaming performance
for low latency and high interactivity.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure AR Gaming Environment: Set up an AR gaming environment with virtual

objects and interactions, simulating the data requirements over a 5G network.

2. Define 5G Network Parameters: Configure the 5G network model to support low-

latency and high-bandwidth requirements for AR applications.

3. Simulate Real-Time Data Transmission: Model the transmission of AR data (e.g.,

graphics and user actions) to ensure low delay and high interactivity in the game.

4. Implement Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation: Adjust bandwidth allocation based on in-

game data load, ensuring stable performance during high activity.

5. Monitor Latency and Throughput: Track key performance indicators (KPIs) like
latency, throughput, and packet loss to maintain smooth gameplay.

6. Optimize Game and Network Settings: Adjust AR rendering, data compression, and
network configurations to minimize delays and optimize the gaming experience.
CODE:

function data = useCase17()

% Simulating sensor data collection for temperature, humidity, and air quality

temperature = randi([20, 30], 1, 1); % Random temperature between 20 to 30 degrees

Celsius

humidity = randi([40, 60], 1, 1); % Random humidity between 40% to 60%

air_quality = randi([1, 100], 1, 1); % Random air quality index between 1 to 100

% Combine sensor readings into a matrix

data = [temperature, humidity, air_quality];

% Real-Time Data Transmission

% Simulating data transmission over 5G network

fprintf('Transmitting data over 5G network: %s\n', mat2str(data));

% Actual implementation would involve sending data to a server or cloud platform

% Data Processing and Analytics

% Simulating basic data processing by calculating average values

average_temperature = mean(data(:, 1));

average_humidity = mean(data(:, 2));

average_air_quality = mean(data(:, 3));

% Combine processed data into a matrix

processed_data = [average_temperature, average_humidity, average_air_quality];

% Alerting Mechanism
 % Simulating sending alert message

if processed_data(3) > 70 % If air quality is poor

fprintf('Sending Alert: Alert: Poor air quality detected!\n');

% Actual implementation would involve sending alerts via email, SMS, or push
notifications

end

% Visualization Interface

% Plotting real-time environmental data

figure;

subplot(3, 1, 1);

plot(data(:, 1), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Temperature (°C)');

title('Real-Time Environmental Data');

subplot(3, 1, 2);

plot(data(:, 2), 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Humidity (%)');

subplot(3, 1, 3);

plot(data(:, 3), 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Time');

ylabel('Air Quality Index');

legend('Temperature', 'Humidity', 'Air Quality');

end
% Call the function to start the process

use17();
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G-Enabled Environmental Monitoring Challenge shows enhanced

data accuracy, rapid response times, and efficient data transmission over 5G networks for
environmental monitoring.
EX:NO:18 5G NETWORK ENERGY EFFICIENCY
DATE: OPTIMIZATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G Network Energy Efficiency Optimization Challenge in 5G

networks using GNU Octave software is to analyze and reduce energy consumption across
network components.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Configure 5G Network Model: Set up a 5G network simulation in GNU Octave,

including base stations and user equipment with energy tracking metrics.

2. Set Power Consumption Parameters: Define power consumption for each network
element, focusing on transmit power, idle states, and active states.

3. Simulate Dynamic Resource Allocation: Adjust resource allocation based on real-time

traffic demand, reducing unnecessary power usage in low-load conditions.

4. Implement Sleep Mode Strategies: Activate sleep modes for idle base stations and
user equipment to minimize energy consumption.

5. Monitor Key Energy Metrics: Track power usage, network load, and idle times across
all network elements in real time.

6. Optimize and Fine-Tune Settings: Adjust power settings and energy-saving

parameters iteratively to achieve a balance between network performance and energy
efficiency.
CODE:

% Define parameters

num_base_stations = 10; % Number of base stations in the network

num_user_equipment = 100; % Number of user equipment in the network

num_time_slots = 24; % Number of time slots for dynamic energy management

% Generate random data for energy consumption analysis

base_station_energy = rand(num_base_stations, num_time_slots); % Energy consumption for

each base station over time

user_equipment_energy = rand(num_user_equipment, num_time_slots); % Energy

consumption for each user equipment over time

% Base Station Optimization

% Placeholder for optimization algorithm to minimize energy consumption of base stations

% Let's assume a simple algorithm where we find the base station with the highest energy
consumption and reduce its power level by 10%

[max_energy, max_bs] = max(sum(base_station_energy, 2));

base_station_energy(max_bs, :) = base_station_energy(max_bs, :) * 0.9; % Reduce energy

consumption by 10%

% User Equipment Efficiency

% Placeholder for analyzing and optimizing user equipment energy efficiency

% Let's assume we optimize user equipment energy efficiency by adjusting transmission

power levels based on signal strength

user_equipment_signal_strength = rand(num_user_equipment, num_time_slots); % Signal

strength for each user equipment over time
user_equipment_energy = user_equipment_energy .* user_equipment_signal_strength; %
Adjust energy consumption based on signal strength

% Network Infrastructure Efficiency

% Placeholder for calculating network infrastructure efficiency metrics

% Let's calculate the total energy consumption of network infrastructure components (e.g.,
switches, routers)

network_infrastructure_energy = rand(1, num_time_slots); % Energy consumption of

network infrastructure over time

total_infrastructure_energy = sum(network_infrastructure_energy);

% Dynamic Energy Management

% Placeholder for implementing dynamic energy management strategies to optimize energy

consumption over time

% Let's assume we dynamically adjust base station sleep modes based on user activity levels

user_activity = rand(1, num_time_slots); % User activity levels over time

base_station_sleep_mode = ones(num_base_stations, num_time_slots); % Initialize sleep

mode for all base stations

for t = 1:num_time_slots

if user_activity(t) < 0.5 % If user activity is low, activate sleep mode for some base stations

num_bs_sleep = randi([1, num_base_stations]); % Randomly select number of base

stations to put to sleep

sleep_bs_indices = randperm(num_base_stations, num_bs_sleep); % Randomly select

base stations to put to sleep

base_station_sleep_mode(sleep_bs_indices, t) = 0; % Set sleep mode for selected base

stations

end
end

% Example analysis or visualization

% Calculate and print average energy consumption per user equipment after optimization

avg_user_energy_after_optimization = mean(user_equipment_energy, 'all');

disp(['Average User Equipment Energy Consumption After Optimization: '

num2str(avg_user_energy_after_optimization)]);

% Plotting total energy consumption of base stations over time after optimization

total_base_station_energy_after_optimization = sum(base_station_energy, 1);

time_slots = 1:num_time_slots;

figure;

plot(time_slots, total_base_station_energy_after_optimization, 'b-');

xlabel('Time Slot');

ylabel('Total Base Station Energy Consumption After Optimization');

title('Base Station Energy Consumption Over Time After Optimization');

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G Network Energy Efficiency Optimization Challenge

demonstrates improved energy efficiency and reduced power consumption within the 5G
network.
EX:NO:19 5G-ENABLED SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION
DATE: CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G-Enabled Supply Chain Optimization Challenge in 5G networks

using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize supply chain logistics for real-time
data transmission and decision-making.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Supply Chain Model: Simulate the supply chain process, including suppliers,
warehouses, and distribution centers, connected through a 5G network.

2. Define Data Transmission Parameters: Configure real-time data transmission

requirements for inventory tracking, shipment status, and production rates.

3. Simulate Real-Time Data Flow: Model the continuous flow of data between supply
chain elements, optimizing for low-latency communication over 5G.

4. Monitor Network Load and Latency: Track network performance, including latency
and bandwidth usage, to ensure efficient communication during peak supply chain
operations.

5. Implement Optimization Algorithms: Apply optimization algorithms to enhance

inventory management, minimize delays, and improve overall supply chain efficiency.

6. Evaluate KPIs and Adjust Network Parameters: Measure key performance indicators
(KPIs) like delivery time, inventory accuracy, and operational costs, and fine-tune
network settings for optimal supply chain performance.
CODE:

% Define coordinates of locations (in this example, randomly generated)

num_locations = 10;

coordinates = rand(num_locations, 2) * 100; % Generate random coordinates within a

100x100 grid

% Define initial asset information (e.g., randomly generated initial quantities and usages)

initial_assets = randi([10, 50], 1, num_locations); % Random initial quantities of assets at

each location

initial_usages = zeros(1, num_locations); % Initial usages of assets at each location

% Define environmental conditions for each location (e.g., randomly generated)

environmental_conditions = rand(num_locations, 1); % Random environmental conditions

% Define initial route (e.g., starting from location 1 and visiting each location once)

initial_route = [1:num_locations 1];

% Function to calculate the total cost of a route

function cost = calculate_route_cost(route, coordinates)

cost = 0;

for i = 1:length(route)-1

% Calculate distance between consecutive locations

cost = cost + norm(coordinates(route(i), :) - coordinates(route(i+1), :));

end

end
% Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Dynamic Route Optimization with Asset Tracking,
Inventory Management, and Predictive Maintenance

T_initial = 100; % Initial temperature

T_final = 0.1; % Final temperature

cooling_rate = 0.99; % Cooling rate

T = T_initial;

current_route = initial_route;

current_cost = calculate_route_cost(current_route, coordinates);

while T > T_final

% Generate a neighboring solution by randomly swapping two locations in the current

route

neighbor_route = current_route;

idx1 = randi(num_locations);

idx2 = randi(num_locations);

neighbor_route([idx1, idx2]) = neighbor_route([idx2, idx1]);

% Calculate cost of the neighboring solution

neighbor_cost = calculate_route_cost(neighbor_route, coordinates);

% Decide whether to accept the neighboring solution

if neighbor_cost < current_cost || rand() < exp((current_cost - neighbor_cost) / T)

current_route = neighbor_route;
 current_cost = neighbor_cost;

end

% Simulate predictive maintenance

for i = 1:num_locations

% Increase usage of assets at each location

initial_usages(i) = initial_usages(i) + 1;

% Check if maintenance is required based on usage threshold and environmental

conditions

usage_threshold = 100; % Threshold for usage count

environmental_threshold = 0.5; % Threshold for environmental conditions

if initial_usages(i) >= usage_threshold || environmental_conditions(i) >

environmental_threshold

fprintf('Maintenance required for assets at location %d\n', i);

% Reset usage count after maintenance

initial_usages(i) = 0;

end

end

% Cool down the temperature

T = T * cooling_rate;

end

fprintf('Optimal Route: %s\n', mat2str(current_route));

fprintf('Optimal Cost: %.2f\n', current_cost);

% Plot the optimal route on a map

figure;

plot(coordinates(:, 1), coordinates(:, 2), 'bo', 'MarkerSize', 10, 'LineWidth', 2);

hold on;

plot(coordinates(current_route, 1), coordinates(current_route, 2), 'r-', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('X-coordinate');

ylabel('Y-coordinate');

title('Optimal Route');

legend('Locations', 'Optimal Route');

grid on;

hold off;
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G-Enabled Supply Chain Optimization Challenge shows

improved inventory management, reduced delays, and efficient real-time decision-
making using 5G connectivity.
EX:NO:20 5G NETWORK PERFORMANCE MONITORING
DATE: AND OPTIMIZATION CHALLENGE

AIM:

The aim of the 5G-Enabled Supply Chain Optimization Challenge in 5G networks

using GNU Octave software is to simulate and optimize supply chain logistics for real-time
data transmission and decision-making.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

GNU OCTAVE

PROCEDURE:

1. Set Up Supply Chain Model: Simulate the supply chain process, including suppliers,
warehouses, and distribution centers, connected through a 5G network.

2. Define Data Transmission Parameters: Configure real-time data transmission

requirements for inventory tracking, shipment status, and production rates.

3. Simulate Real-Time Data Flow: Model the continuous flow of data between supply
chain elements, optimizing for low-latency communication over 5G.

4. Monitor Network Load and Latency: Track network performance, including latency
and bandwidth usage, to ensure efficient communication during peak supply chain
operations.

5. Implement Optimization Algorithms: Apply optimization algorithms to enhance

inventory management, minimize delays, and improve overall supply chain efficiency.

6. Evaluate KPIs and Adjust Network Parameters: Measure key performance

indicators (KPIs) like delivery time, inventory accuracy, and operational costs, and
fine-tune network settings for optimal supply chain performance.
CODE:

function simulate_5G_network()

% Generate random performance metrics

metrics = rand(1, 10) * 100; % Example: 10 random metrics

% Set thresholds

threshold = 70; % Example: Threshold set to 70

% Display metrics

disp("Performance Metrics:");

disp(metrics);

% Plot metrics and threshold

figure;

plot(metrics, 'b.-');

hold on;

plot([1, length(metrics)], [threshold, threshold], 'r--');

xlabel('Metric Index');

ylabel('Metric Value');

title('5G Network Performance Metrics');

legend('Metrics', 'Threshold');

hold off;

% Check metrics against threshold

 for i = 1:length(metrics)

if metrics(i) > threshold

disp(['Alert: Metric ', num2str(i), ' crossed threshold at ', num2str(metrics(i))]);

% Call troubleshooting function

troubleshooting(i, metrics(i));

end

end

% Propose optimization strategy

disp("Optimization Strategy: Implement load balancing to distribute traffic evenly.");

end

function troubleshooting(metric_index, metric_value)

% Simulate troubleshooting scenarios based on the metric crossing threshold

switch metric_index

case 1

disp("Troubleshooting Scenario: High latency detected.");

disp("Action: Check for interference, adjust antenna orientation.");

case 2

disp("Troubleshooting Scenario: High packet loss detected.");

disp("Action: Check for network congestion, optimize routing.");

otherwise

disp("Troubleshooting Scenario: Unknown issue detected.");

disp("Action: Perform general network health check.");

 end

end

% Main function call

simulate_5G_network();
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The result of the 5G Network Performance Monitoring and Optimization Challenge

demonstrates improved network performance with reduced latency and optimized
throughput across various 5G network scenarios.