SECURITY GUARD BOOK

By

LPDP CONSULTANCY-Mzuzu

David Phelemero Kumwenda (M.Ed., B.A.Ed.) Senior

Superintendent of Police& Hesten Trapence
(BAAAIS) Inspector of Police
davidkumwenda441@yahoo.com
+265888172477/999629403

Mzuzu-City

March 2019
 DEDICATION
This security guard book is dedicated to all retired police officers and those who used to wonder
why everything is “different” today, and then figured out the reasons.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements must go to God the almighty for His mercy and love. For granting healthy and
safe life. God’s intelligence for continuous inspiration the day-to-day life so that people and
companies live healthy and limitless life.
Appreciations must also not jump Rev. Dr Mapala for his thought-provoking intentions which
prompted the contributors to come up with the designed security guard book.
The family’s spouses and children of all three authors must be acknowledged for their tireless
support in times when writing of the material deprived them of exercising Section 22 of Malawi
Constitution, to enjoy family and marriage right.

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 AUTHOR’S PROFILE

David Phelemero Kumwenda is a superior officer in the Malawi Police Service and
is currently Senior Superintendent. Joined the Malawi Police Service on the 03rd July 2004. Served
in various capacities as Criminal Intelligence Officer, General Duty’s Officer, Officer in-charge
Chikangawa Police Post from October 2012 to February 2014 & Station Officer. Worked as an
international Police Advisor in Sudan (Darfur 2008-2010) under United Nations Hybrid Operation
in Darfur (UNAMID). Has attended different Police Professional Courses such as; Command and
Leadership (Malawi-Zomba) 2015, Cyber investigations and electronic evidence (Tanzania-Dar-
es-alaam) 2015, Investigative Interview and TOT (Lilongwe American Embassy) 2014, Assault
Course (Malawi- Nkula) 2011, Responsibility Course (Malawi-Limbe) 2007, Peace Keeping
Operations Induction Course (Malawi-Lilongwe) 2008, Advanced Security in the Field (UN-
Darfur) 2008, Basic Security in the Field (UN-Darfur) 2008. Has been awarded UNAMID medal
(United Nations 2008-2010) and UNAMID Road Safety medal (United Nations 2008).
Has Master of Education in Leadership and Management (M.Ed.) & Bachelor of Arts (BA. Ed.)
from Mzuzu University-Malawi 2018 and 2002 respectively. Has in-depth knowledge of theories,
concepts and approaches relevant to leadership and management theories. Good research,
analytical and problem-solving skills. Ability to identify and participate in the resolution of
complex issues and problems. Very good negotiation skills. Ability to incorporate gender
perspectives into substantive work. Excellent conceptual, analytical and evaluative skills. Ability
to conduct independent research and analysis, identify issues, formulate opinions and make
conclusions and recommendations. Take responsibility for incorporating gender perspectives and
ensuring the equal participation of women and men in all areas of work. Planner and organizer.
Has always worked as a Public security service administrator by leading and managing police
human resource and other relevant resources. Able to develop clear goals that are consistent with
agreed strategies. Identify priority activities and assignments. Adjust priorities as required.
Allocate appropriate amount of time and resources for completing work. Foresee risks and allow
for contingencies when planning.
Monitor, adjust plans and actions as necessary. Use time efficiently. Believes in Team Work and
will work collaboratively with colleagues to achieve organizational goals. Has learnt to use
emotional intelligence to maintain effective partnerships and working relations in a multi-cultural
environment with sensitivity and respect for diversity.
He is the founder and coordinator of LPDP Consultancy which got registered on 11th September
2015 under certificate of registration number 182475. Specialized in doing research, trainings and
writing security leadership and management books both in private and public sectors.

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CONTENTS
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... ii
AUTHOR’S PROFILE .............................................................................................................................. iii
OBJECTIVES OF SECURITY GUARD BOOK..................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Security Guard ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1. Duties of Private Security officers ............................................................................................. 2
2.0 SECURITY ACTIVITIES TO BE PERFORMED BY SECURITY.......................................... 4
GUARDS IN A PRIVATE MANUFACTURING COMPANY .............................................................. 4
2.1 Campus safety and security ........................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Access Control ............................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.1. Control room ................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1.1. CCTV Operator ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.3. Crowd Control ................................................................................................................................... 16
2.4 Carpark Patrolling and Control .................................................................................................. 17
2.5 Traffic Control and Parking ........................................................................................................ 18
2.6 Patrolling ....................................................................................................................................... 19
2.7 Reports ........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Formal recruiting process ............................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Lack of adequate training ............................................................................................................ 20
3.3 The poor wages and working conditions..................................................................................... 23
3.4 Risk of violent attacks ................................................................................................................... 23
3.5 The problem of overzealousness and brutality........................................................................... 23
3.6 The unlawful activities .................................................................................................................. 23
3.7 Emotional and verbal abuse and nepotism ................................................................................. 23
3.8 The effect of irregular shifts and long working hours and shifts on security guards and their
families ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL SECURITY GUARDS .................................... 24
4.1 Personal Integrity.......................................................................................................................... 24
4.2 Discipline........................................................................................................................................ 24
4.3 Hand over and Takeover of duty ................................................................................................. 28
4.4 Maintaining OB ............................................................................................................................. 28

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4.4.1 Occurrence Books ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.2 Shift Handover: ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.2 Guiding principles of handover and takeover process ...................................................... 29
4.4.2.1 Transparency..................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2.2 Honesty............................................................................................................................... 29
4.4.2.3 Probity ................................................................................................................................ 29
4.5. Knowledge of 10 fatal errors ................................................................................................ 29
4.7. Use of Emotional intelligence when on duty ....................................................................... 31
4.8. Knowledge of patrolling ........................................................................................................... 31
4.8.1 Patrolling .................................................................................................................................. 31
4.8.2. Carrying out a patrol .................................................................................................................. 32
4.8.3. Types of patrol............................................................................................................................. 32
4.8.3.1. The first or lock down patrol .............................................................................................. 32
4.8.3.2. Snap or interim patrols........................................................................................................ 33
4.8.3.3. Unlocking or last patrol ....................................................................................................... 33
4.8.4. Initial patrol ................................................................................................................................. 33
4.8.5. Sign on for duty ........................................................................................................................... 33
4.8.6. Check radio and torch batteries ............................................................................................ 33
4.8.7. Internal patrols............................................................................................................................ 33
4.8.8. External patrolling ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.9. Briefing and debriefing on assignments ...................................................................................... 34
4.10. Reasonable force to overcome resistance ................................................................................ 35
4.11. Professional attitude ................................................................................................................. 35
4.12. Anticipative behavior................................................................................................................ 35
4.12.1. Opportunistic................................................................................................................................. 35
4.12.2. Deliberate ....................................................................................................................................... 35
4.12.3. Planned........................................................................................................................................... 35
4.13. SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE: ............................................................................................... 36
4.14. PHYSICAL DEMANDS: ......................................................................................................... 36
4.15. Knowledge of Education program........................................................................................... 36
4.16. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 37
5.0. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 37

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OBJECTIVES OF SECURITY GUARD BOOK
▪ To define the scope of security guard duties.
▪ To define security guarding standards.
▪ Creating security guarding principles that may foster crime free environment.

1. INTRODUCTION
Livingston (2013) and Islam (2018) claim that most African countries are experiencing rapid
urbanization. Rapid urbanization has negative impact in the sense that governments are trailing
behind in providing people with basic public services.
This includes lack of public security services administered by Police. Where public security is only
concentrated to public activities. The result is that private companies experience high level of
crime. Gangs build up and organized criminal activities against the private increases. High level
of violent crime and criminality affect negatively on private companies’ productions.
As part of economic and professional resilience, various companies have come up with their own
private security guards (Christián & Sotlar, 2020; Owusu, Owusu, Oteng‑Ababio, Wrigley‑Asante,
& Agyapong, 2016)
The aim of having private security guards is to reduce negative production. This has led to
mushrooming of various unprofessional private guarding companies. The desperation to hire such
unprofessional private security guarding companies has risen so high because private company
owners want to protect life and property in the institutions.
The purpose of this book is to help improve the situation by helping the untrained guards build
their professional resiliency through security guarding knowledge. Once the security guards are
imparted with professional knowledge it will help to promote harmonious co-existence that will
promote attainment of SDGs 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment
and decent work for all. SDG 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries. SDG 16: Promote
just, peaceful and inclusive societies.

1.1 Security Guard

A security guard is someone who may not necessarily be commissioned as a public security officer,
but providing various security services employed by private company or person.
The implication is that the security guards recruited by such concerned entities may be not
recruited formally through all vetting processes as well as undergo proper security guarding
training professional training.
The author of this security guard book, is an experienced professional police officer. The
knowledge and experience in public security administration has led to the production of this
material which may help security guards know their duties as elucidated in the following sections.

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 1.2.1. Duties of Private Security officers
A security officer within the private security guard system is someone who is a supervisor of
security guards. It is important to have security guard supervisors to manage the security guarding
activities. The private security officers administrate private guarding through leading and
managing the security guards in line with the objectives of the particular security guard company.
He or she may perform so many responsibilities as the employment stipulates within the company.
Amongst so many security responsibilities his or her duties may include;
I. Planning, scheduling, organizing and directing work, training personnel and
recommending applicants for employment or for discipline, termination or retention.
II. Teaches and enforces safety regulations at the work site.
III. Establishes security patrol priorities.
IV. Assists Crime Prevention Officer in identifying high risk areas and initiates actions to
reduce risk exposure.
V. Provide information and assistance to staff, employees and visitors.
VI. Examines doors, windows, and gates to determine that they are secure.
VII. Performs all duties of a Security Guard when required to do so by the employer.
VIII. Perform other duties as assigned by Company management.
IX. Reviews utilization and maintenance of security equipment.
X. Prepares daily and periodic reports to Company officials regarding activities.
XI. Prepare verbal and written reports to company’s management.
XII. Assists in development of security policy and procedures in line with the company’s
security vision.
XIII. Maintains and recommends changes or improvements in the recordkeeping system for
security guard activities.
XIV. Orders, maintains and issues clothing and equipment.
XV. Assist administration with investigations as assigned.
1.2.2. Duties of Security guards
The security guards are the ones who are detailed to maintain actual watch of company property.
For them to do well they are to be supervised by the private security officers. They are in majority.
Amongst many of their details they may perform duties such as the following:
i. Respond to and investigate incidents, occurrences, and emergencies.
ii. Communicates with service users about security needs and problems.
iii. Monitor employees and visitors in building and/or on Company campus.
iv. Watch for unauthorized persons, suspicious/criminal activity, disturbances, fights and
Company rule violations, report to proper authorities.
v. Monitor surveillance camera system, conduct camera searches, and prepare back-up of
incidents for law enforcement as needed.
vi. Observe and gather information regarding employees using alcohol, drugs, gang
activity and/or any other illegal activity.
vii. Monitor traffic flow before and after Company functions.

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 viii. Conduct building sweep, secure assigned areas, and locker, property and person
searches as assigned.
ix. Prepare incident reports as requested.
x. Escort employees and visitors as needed.
xi. Ensure employees, staff, and visitors adhere to Company board policies and regulations
while on campus.
xii. Build strong, positive relationships with staff, departments, and visitors.
xiii. Provide security for the employees living in all residence buildings.
xiv. Conduct ongoing patrols of the Company during each shift to ensure physical security
of property. Check entrances/exits and interior doors and points of entry. Unlock and
secure buildings according to daily schedules.
xv. Participate in alarm testing and monitor safety issues.
xvi. Assess intoxicated persons - provide safe environment or call for help.
xvii. Provide a welcoming, courteous and efficient reception service as required for
employees, visitors and contractors.
xviii. Implement booking-in arrangements for all visitors and contractors in accordance with
agreed Company procedures.
xix. Regularly undertake campus grounds patrols to monitor and manage security.
xx. Monitor and supervise employee’s behavior across the campus and the immediate
surrounding area, promoting a positive Company ethos at all times.
xxi. Take immediate suitable action when incidents of misbehavior occur on site.
xxii. Undertake car park patrols to manage and monitor parking to ensure compliance with
Company policies and provide a safe environment.
xxiii. Undertake security duties to ensure the Company campus is opened and closed at
agreed times, including locking and unlocking premises, setting and un- setting alarms,
taking responsibility for keys and participating in a key-holder rota. Permits authorized
persons to enter property. Manage access through the vehicle barriers for deliveries,
visitors, collections drop offs / pickups etc.
xxiv. All employees have a general duty in law to take reasonable care for the health and
safety of themselves and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or
omissions.
xxv. Be aware of and comply with the health and safety legislation and other Company
requirements that are relevant to his/her post.
xxvi. Demonstrate commitment and enthusiasm to promote the principle of equality and
diversity in employment and service delivery.
xxvii. Warns violators of rule infractions, such as loitering, smoking, or carrying forbidden
articles. Sounds alarm or calls police by telephone in case of unauthorized persons.
xxviii. Watches for and reports irregularities such as fire hazards, leaking water pipes, and
security doors left unlocked.

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2.0 SECURITY ACTIVITIES TO BE PERFORMED BY SECURITY

GUARDS IN A PRIVATE MANUFACTURING COMPANY

2.1 Campus safety and security
Apart from intelligence activities, trained guards may be mandated to perform some other tasks
including security of infrastructural facilities of their employers. Security guards are employed to
reduce violent incidents, harmful worker’s or visitor’s behaviors and criminal activities on
Company campus. The roles and responsibilities of Company security guards have continued to
evolve in response to the increase in amount and severity of campus crime that may include drug
and alcohol abuse, sexual assaults, thefts, vandalism, and domestic violence.
Note: It is very important to continuously monitor throughout the Company campus during dark times, quiet
times, rainy times, foggy times and night times because those with bad intentions use such situations to
accomplish their endeavors against established order.

Fig. 1.1. Showing Company office building which also needs Company Security Guard attention at all times.
Company Security Guards must always check windows, doors and other related security attention.

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Fig. 1.2. Showing Company Campus packed with various production materials, Company items and passages
where Company workers and visitors may be passing used as roads in the long run pick up something which
belongs to the Company. Company Security Guards must be alert at all times to detect and prevent such
instances.

5
Fig. 1.3. Shows the Company workers controlled by the Company Security Guard on an interior barrier for
directions on where to pass when into various Company sections.

6
Fig 1.4. Shows various Company machines inclusive motor vehicles of which some suspects moving around
pretending to be visitors may find opportunity to steal some accessories. Company Security Guards must also
anticipate evil intentions by alleged terrorists who may end up trying to cause damage to Company factory
engines and other items.

7
Fig. 1.5. Shows Company Filling station which at all times need Company Security Guard’s attention to avoid
intentional caused fires, fuel theft, and other malpractice to derail Company development.

8
Fig. 1.6. Shows some of Company big plants and raw materials for production which at all times must be
protected from terrorist attacks which may come out of malice, leakages to avoid derailing production
resiliency.

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Fig 1.7. Shows some Company items which are at times abandoned and opportunists may take their chances
to tamper and remove for their benefits. If not attended to, sabotage may also be manifested at its highest order.
Company Security Guards must always keep their watch through professional patrolling strategies.

10
Fig.1.8. Shows one of interior sections for Company where Company employees are doing their job and in
places like this Company Security Guards must patrol around to see suspicious activities that may derail
Company economic development.

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Fig. 1.9. Shows some Company resources put at a deliberate area as contingency plans in case of eventualities
in times of disasters. Terrorists may still sabotage such arrangements if security is not enhanced through
presence of Company Security Guards.

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Fig. 1.10. Shows one of the Company raw materials and it is the raw materials that will keep the Company
grow. Company Security Guards must be on the watch and collect a lot of intelligence related facts to promote
production resiliency.

2.2 Access Control

Access control policies vary from company to company. Security guards may be required to
observe and record who enters and exits a site. A completed log sheet should record the
individual’s name and the time of entrance to, and exit from the site. The information obtained
will permit guards to locate visitors, either while on the property in the event of an emergency, or
at a later time after they have left. A visitor’s pass also contains information which helps the guards

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to determine whether a visitor has to be escorted, the name of the person who has authorized the
visit, the status of the visitor and their business while on the site.

Fig. 1.11. Shows one of the Company main barriers where control of any person, items coming in and going
out must be thoroughly assessed to create Company tight security of management, employees, property and
resources.

2.2.1. Control room

Some well-established companies who have managed to establish CCTV camera gadgets to help
monitor security situation within their designated premises have gone further to establish a
particular central point where screens have been put to show sections of protected areas and
property on screen monitors. As such security guards who may be deployed at such posts must at
all times be very attentive to what the screens beam. They must not allow any other person
including their fellow security guards to distract them from their tasks. They must not come into
such posts already tired because that may not be helpful. Must be committed and be very
responsible to follow given instructions.

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2.2.1.1. CCTV Operator

CCTV Operators are mainly responsible for operating and maintaining surveillance equipment,
watching both live and recorded video surveillance footage, reporting incidents or suspicious
behavior and contacting the authorities when necessary. CCTV Operators can be employed at
hospitals, airports, schools, housing complexes, gated communities, malls and many other types
of establishments.

Regardless of the type of institution they work for, the role of a CCTV Operator is relatively
uniform across the board. They are charged with maintaining control central equipment, watching
multiple monitors at once, making note of any unusual occurrences and sometimes interacting with
law enforcement officers. Typically, CCTV Operators will report to a higher-level member of
staff, such as a CCTV Supervisor, CCTV Manager, Security officer or Security supervisors, and
will be expected to maintain a high level of fastidiousness, professionalism, care and integrity at
all times.

CCTV Operator Duties and Responsibilities

In the interest of protecting people, information and property, CCTV Operators perform a variety
of tasks. This material identifies these core CCTV Operator duties and responsibilities.

(1) Operate Equipment

To do their job effectively, CCTV Operators must have a thorough understanding of the equipment
they’re working with. They are tasked with deleting or archiving old footage as needed, organizing
old footage in an orderly fashion, and switching out videotapes, compact discs, memory cards,
hard drives or servers.

(2) Maintain Equipment

Simply knowing how to operate video surveillance equipment is not all there is to being a CCTV
Operator. Additionally, CCTV Operators must also be able to maintain and repair that same
equipment, whether it’s analog or digital.

(3) Store Footage

Since any amount of footage from any given day could be required at any given time, properly
storing footage is one of the most important roles of a CCTV Operator. Storage policy can vary
slightly from company to company, but in general CCTV Operators will need to correctly catalog
all footage so that it can be easily recalled at a later time.

(4) Watch Surveillance

This is the crucial difference between a CCTV Technician and a CCTV Operator: while the
Technician may be asked to come in for a few hours, complete any necessary repairs and then
leave, CCTV Operators must watch the video surveillance footage as it’s being recorded.

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 (5) Make Observations

CCTV Operators don’t just watch a bunch of screens all day. Rather, they must be unwaveringly
focused and observant so that whenever they witness something unusual, suspicious or
questionable they are able to make a detailed note of it.

(6) Report Incidents

If a CCTV Operator sees something illegal on one of their monitors, it is up to them to contact the
appropriate authorities at the appropriate time. In serious situations, CCTV Operators can also save
the police vital time by immediately reporting a criminal’s license plate number, clothing, tattoos
or other identifying features.

CCTV Operator Skills

Successful CCTV Operators are mindful, alert and scrupulous individuals who are highly
dedicating to protecting others. In addition to having a talent for all things technical, they also have
the ability to quickly identify patterns and abnormalities. In addition to these general personality
traits and abilities, CCTV Operators will need to have the following skills:

• Surveillance System Knowledge: Because extensive knowledge of video surveillance

systems is too crucial to the job of a CCTV Operator, many employers required CCTV
Operators to have video surveillance certification of some kind.
• Attention to Detail: CCTV Operators must be able to identify small, seemingly
insignificant details that most people would overlook. This ability allows them to keep the
area as safe as possible.
• Ability to Multitask: Even when a CCTV Operator receives a phone call or has to speak
to a colleague, they must always be keeping an eye on the monitors.
• Ability to Work Independently: For the most part, CCTV Operators will not be required
to interact with very many people. Because of this, it is important that they’re able to work
and stay alert without constant supervision.
• Communication Skills: Since CCTV Operators will occasionally have to give statements
to police officers, communicate with emergency services or even appear in court, they need
to have strong written and verbal communication skills.

2.3. Crowd Control

On private property, a security guard may have a role in maintaining crowd control and if it
escalates, there may be a necessity to alert Company management or call the police. When crowd
control is necessary, efforts to restore the peace or to control the crowd should be made with several
things in mind:
(i) The risk to life and/or property whether or not action is taken.
(ii) The personal risk to the security guard.
(iii) Instructions of the guard’s supervisor or the client.
(iv) Risks posed by leaving the post.
(v) Availability of support or backup.

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 (vi) Urgency.
(vii) Development of tactics or plans for dealing with the situation.
After considering these factors and if the crowd threatens to get out of control the security guard
may wish to contact the police through Company management.

2.4 Carpark Patrolling and Control

Carpark is where visitors of company personnel may park their motor vehicles and other motor
plants. As such it is important for security guards to realize that managing carpark is very vital to
avoid unsuspected persons breaking and stealing from motor vehicles. Most suspect will manage
to break into people’s motor vehicles during dark, congested disserted areas, rainy, unattended
times. In public places such as worship, hospital, government and non-governmental offices,
suspects will manage to break and steal in motor vehicle because other people may not realize that
such a person is doing the wrong thing to someone’s property. Unless, an employed security guard
deployed into such areas is very watchful of such security related activities.

Fig. 1.12. Shows one of Company motor vehicle parking area where some suspects may find opportunity to
sabotage by removing some accessories to derail Company performance resiliency. Company Security Guards
must be on the watch through intense patrolling at all times.

17
Fig. 1.13. Shows one of the Company housed carpark which may attract suspects attention to do some
homework to remove accessories and other items. Company Security Guards must take their time to safeguard
these areas.

2.5 Traffic Control and Parking

A security guard may be called upon to control traffic on private property at barricaded entrances
to buildings or in parking lots, to ensure traffic safety and to assist in the movement of vehicles. It
is important for the guard to use conventional signals and movements in order to be understood
and seen by the drivers. Guards should be dressed comfortably according to weather conditions.
Proper reflective vests or cuffs must be worn to ensure visibility. This control should be done in a
courteous and persuasive manner, trying to make people understand the reasons for the control.

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2.6 Patrolling
The main purpose of a patrol is to maintain the security of the premises under the security guard’s
authority. Preparation for a patrol should always begin with an understanding regarding the
purpose of the patrol. For example, is the security guard;
1. Expected to keep intruders away?
2. Assist members of the public who appear confused or in need of assistance?
3. Check the safety of the Company property?

2.7 Reports
Should stick to factual information and observations, rather than opinions and assumptions, and
should contain answers to the following questions:
1. Who? (names of suspects, victims, complainants, witnesses, etc.)
2. What? (description of what happened, what each person involved did, what evidence is
available, etc.)
3. When? (time, date, sequential account of what happened from start to finish)
4. Where? (location where the incident took place, where each person involved was situated,
where evidence was found, etc.).
5. Why? (describe the motives for what happened, if they are evident).
6. How? (how the incident happened, how each person involved was acting, etc.

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3.0 PROBLEMS FACED BY SECURITY GUARDS
3.1 Formal recruiting process
On the other hand, the Company does recruit security guards through advertising in the media
especially through the daily newspapers. And interviews are conducted for shortlisting, selection
and appointment, but the kinds of service being rendered Company security guards will depend
largely on the laws of this country where private guards are not allowed to carry weapons like guns
but they carry sjamboks, buttons, whistles, phanga knives and knob-sticks.

3.2 Lack of adequate training

Most private security companies are always in the habits of recruiting people as guards with very
little or no training. Many of the private security guards undergo only physical fitness as training
while they have no knowledge of several other aspects of security training including intelligence
collection and analysis, martial arts, crowd control, riot control, data mining and automated data
analysis in crime mitigation, to mention a few. Usually security outfits show little interest to
periodical training of their guards. This brings incompetence and inefficiency in guarding
activities.

Fig. 1.14. In this fig Company Security Guards are undergoing through in-service training as a way of
improving performance after being recruited without formal training.

20
LPDP Consultancy Coordinator Senior Superintendent David Phelemero Kumwenda facilitating graduation
parade for RAIPLY Security guard training.

21
The Chief Executive for RAIPLY handing over certificates to graduating Security guards.

22
3.3 The poor wages and working conditions
This is one of the leading factors militating against efficiency in private security activities in the
country. It is unfortunate that government has never considered in its regulation of private security
activities the importance of prioritizing the welfare of guards commissioned by various private
security companies in the country. In the end there is low job satisfaction, which has led to low
job performance and lack of commitment to the job among them. However, the Company
management will take care of improving the wages and good working conditions.

3.4 Risk of violent attacks

The Private security guards are not permitted to carry specific weapons like guns, and in
performing their duties, the lives of many of them are usually at risk. This is because the criminals
are often equipped with more dangerous weapons like guns and grenades, and the private guards
face the risk of losing their lives by confronting the armed criminals. This situation has led to
untimely deaths of many private security guards.

3.5 The problem of overzealousness and brutality

There have been cases where activities of some private security guards have been criticized
especially where guards infringe on the fundamental rights of innocent civilians in providing the
security needs of their clients. The habits of brutality among some security guards have become a
subject of national debate in recent times. Many innocent citizens have been killed with the use of
phanga knives and other dangerous weapons by some overzealous security guards, a situation
which has led to public repudiation and criminalization of the private security guard activities.

3.6 The unlawful activities

Some security guards’ unlawful behaviors such as negligence whilst on duty, theft, conniving with
criminals, corruption, indiscipline have made the public to doubt its relevance in the management
of people’s security. The consequences of these offences range from losing some pay, suspension,
re-training to dismissal, depending on the gravity of the offence and how often the offences are
committed. The negative impact is that there is no trust with security guards.

3.7 Emotional and verbal abuse and nepotism

Apart from the physical nature of their job, security guards at access gates at Company campus
are also emotionally and verbally abused by employees and other people who feel they have better
academic status than that of security guards. These employees and other people feel they may not
be managed by inferior guards. At the same time nepotism may influence favoritism, abuse of
power and harassment.

3.8 The effect of irregular shifts and long working hours and shifts on security guards
and their families
How are working hours and shifts structured at a specific workplace? How are these monitored?
What effect do these issues have not only on security guards, but also on their families? Shift work
for security guards at Company campus must be based on a duty roster where one group of
employees succeeds another at the same access gate at specific times.

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4.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL SECURITY GUARDS
The conceptual demarcation between defensive actions and offensive actions may distinguish the
professionalism and unprofessionalism of security guards. In carrying out security guard duties the
following attributes must be taken into consideration;

4.1 Personal Integrity

Integrity fosters high standards, unity, credibility and leadership influence when security guards
are doing their job.

4.2 Discipline
This is allowing security guards to be doing the right thing at the right time in the right manner.
So that there is no security crisis at the Company campus. A good and professional security guards
will comply with Christian standards on Psalms Chapter 1 Verses 1-4.
4.2.1. Parade and parade drill
It is important that Company Security Guards must always attend parade drills spearheaded by the
Company Security officers. The purpose is to inspect the physical fitness, turn out, care of
uniforms, care of guarding equipment, unity, time management, perseverance and compliance to
orders and briefing. Therefore, it is important that some days within the week have to be specially
reserved for morning parade drills and it should be the intention of the Company Security
management to see to it that every Company Security Guard is competent to lead the parade and
command fellow guards.

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Fig.1.15. Shows Company Security Guards on parade drills. Parade is an activity that influences positive
discipline amongst Company Security Guards.

25
Fig.1.16. Shows one of Company Security Officer inspecting the Company Security Guards
to monitor guard’s turn out and sober mind assessment.

4.2.2. Inspection, Supervision, Monitoring & Evaluation

Change is inevitable and it is important that Company Security Officers are able to monitor and
evaluate fellow guards through inspection, auditing and supervision as per objectives of the
Company security needs.
Company Security Guards have to be monitored and evaluated each and every time they are
performing their designated work. Daily duty rosters, daily personnel tracking and daily attendance
list must be signed every time guards are reporting in and off for work. This will help to asses
performance.
This entails that Security Officers and Supervisors take a leading role on leadership and
Management. These are mandated to authority through appointment. They have the power to
influence, manage and administrate Company security services. As such they need to understand
the differences between leadership management and administration.

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4.2.2.1. Leadership
Security officers and Supervisors must know that appointment to their positions has limited power
over their security guards. They need to display their professional expertise if they have to exert
influence into their subordinates. They have to be role models in character, decision making,
following Company rules and integrity.
4.2.2.2. Management
Security Officers and Supervisors need to know that security services can only be achieved through
the use of well managed Human resources. This means that Security officers and Supervisors
must start managing themselves before managing security guards. Time management, emotional
intelligence, alignment to Company security goals are important aspects of good management.
4.2.3. Self-Regulated Learning
Company Security Guards are human being as such the levels of performance may not be the same
considering differences in needs, understanding, missions, and application of various principles.
Company Security Guards must know that work place and its surrounding is a social system where
human beings always do have their own personal ambitions influenced by knowledge, beliefs and
influence from various corners of life.
Then it is important to realize that analytical thinking may play a vital role to help one realize the
exact professional position one has to contend with. They must also realize that authority on the
security related activities relies on the powers through appointment by Company management. As
such every security related decision must fall under Company’s management mandate.
Therefore, Company Security Guards must plan, monitor, assess, evaluate their level of
performance to adapt to the Company security needs of their engagement.
They may require to seek help from fellow guards, use available information, have personal
security philosophy aligned to Company’s direction, get in-service training, follow Company
standard operating procedures and be guided by Company’s management.
4.2.4. Professional Resiliency
Professional resiliency means doing the right thing at the right time in the right manner.
Professional resiliency may only be enhanced when Company Security Guards are able to make
decisions related to guard duties guided by analytical mind, creative mind and practical mind in
relation to Company security issues at hand. Company Security Guards must know that it is
important to safeguard their lives first before engaging in anything else and that is the way toward
achieving professional resiliency.

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4.3 Hand over and Takeover of duty
The security guard must not start his or her job at any place without proper taking over and handing
over activities. This will bring accountability and transparency on security of place and property.
In complying with taking and handing over duties the security guards must be able to handle the
occurrence of incidences of the designated place. As such all activities and incidences happening
at the designated place must be endorsed in an occurrence book mostly known as the OB.

4.4 Maintaining OB
Table 1.1. Sample of page in an occurrence book.
Day of the week and date
Serial no Time Nature of occurrence
123 21:00hrs

4.4.1 Occurrence Books

1. An entry shall be made in the Company guardroom OB whenever the security guard reports
on or off duty.
2. All routine events, (e.g. the posting of duties, inter-Company campus movements,
inspection of Company campus, properties, checking of buildings and vehicles) shall be
entered in the OB.
3. Any report of incident observed at the Company campus shall be entered in the OB.
4. Entries in an OB shall be numbered consecutively commencing at 0600 hours on 1st
January each year.
5. Entries made under the 'Date' and 'Time' columns shall reflect the actual date and time that
the entry is made. Where the date and time of the occurrence referred to differ from the
date and time of the entry, this will be reflected in the column marked 'Occurrence'.
6. An OB will be kept on the main gate. Every report received and all actions taken by
security guards on duty will be recorded in the OB.
4.4.2 Shift Handover:
This is when a security guard with sole responsibility for a task hands over while going off duty
and the other takes over starting work. Briefing and agreeing to the current situation of the
Company campus in relation to the orderliness and disorderliness of the property, situation etc.
Under such conditions, communication and coordination assume crucial importance. Guarding
duties operate on continuous processes, as such continuity is maintained across shift changes via
shift changeover.
Shift changeover typically includes;
1. A period of preparation by outgoing personnel,

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 2. Shift handover, where outgoing and incoming personnel communicate to exchange task-
relevant information and
3. Cross-checking of information by incoming personnel as they assume responsibility for the
task1, 2.
The goal of shift handover is the accurate, reliable communication of task-relevant information
across shift changes, thereby ensuring continuity of safe and effective working.
4.4.2 Guiding principles of handover and takeover process
4.4.2.1 Transparency
Once approved, all documents should be available in the public domain in line with existing
guidance and best practice, to ensure that all successor bodies have full access to information which
they may need to fulfil their responsibilities.
4.4.2.2 Honesty
All going out security guards must endeavor to be as open and honest about known areas of risk,
(potential or existing) so that appropriate action can be taken by the receiving body.
4.4.2.3 Probity
The security guarding sectors need to ensure that they have governance systems in place to assure
full and frank disclosure, particularly in the case of dual accountabilities. Whilst continuity of staff
is positive in terms of maintaining security guarding sector memory.
4.5.Knowledge of 10 fatal errors

1. Failure to Maintain Equipment and Proficiency – Company Security Guards must at all times
clean their guns, magazines, button sticks, service torches and handcuffs. Keep flashlights charged.
Keep a fresh battery in the radio. If the Company is licensed to use guns get to the range and
practice shooting. Work with fellow guard on security drill techniques.

2. Improper Surveillance, Improper Use of equipment – A lot of guards have been hurt or killed
because of a poor surveillance. Learn how to do a systematic and thorough surveillance of
designated post and frisks of suspicious people. Understand that weapons can be secreted
anywhere on and in the body.

3. Sleepy or Asleep – If you do not get enough rest and sleep, you become a danger to yourself
and your partners. A lack of alertness is exceptionally dangerous.

4. Relaxing Too Soon – Do not relax until the shift is over and you have left the workplace and
gone back home. Most veteran guards can tell stories about a guy that was “cool” and then
suddenly snapped. Offenders may act relaxed, but do not let them lull you into a false sense of
security. If you slack off while around someone who wants to hurt you, you invite disaster.

5. Missing Danger Signs – Danger signs could be verbal cues, non-verbal cues, bulges, clothing,
location, or any number of other things. A suspect who keeps touching his hip while talking to you
could be giving you a non-verbal indication that he is armed. A suspect who doesn’t directly
answer a question could be hiding information.

29
A specific type, style, or color of clothing could be an indication of gang affiliation. Even
inconsistent un-aimed movements may signal that someone is trying to do something unlawfully.
Become informed of what danger signs may exist and then actively look for them.

6. Bad Positioning – Know where you are and figure out the safest place to be. In a Terry Stop,
how close are you to the suspect? Where is your cover partner? Can you effectively respond to a
sudden attack from your current position? Is there some form of cover you might be able to use?

7. Failure to Watch the Hands – Their eyes may be the windows to their soul, but their hands
will kill you. Although watching the hands falls in with missing the danger signs, this error has
hurt or killed so many security guards, it is deserving of its own place on the list. Humans are tool
users.

With little exception, this means offenders will use their hands to obtain a weapon to attack you.
Hands will retrieve a gun from the waistband, a knife from the pocket, or a baseball bat from
behind the door. Can you see their hands? Where are the hands? What are they doing?

8. Tombstone Courage – Don’t rush in if you don’t need to. Take your time and wait for backup.
Sometimes you have to go in alone. Most of the time you don’t, so wait for your partner!

9. Preoccupation – If you are messing with your cell phone especially “what’s app” or listening
to music, radio through head phones, how can you watch or hear or pick up on other danger signs?

Also, if you are so stressed about your finances, relationship with your spouse, or about your
drinking problem, how are you supposed to remain alert all shift? If you are stressed out, talk to a
peer counselor or request help from the security officer assistance program at your Company.
There is no shame in asking for help, especially if it can prevent you getting hurt on the job.

10. Apathy – Don’t think it can’t happen to you? Think again. Bad things happen on all sorts of
calls, on all shifts, and to guards of all levels of experience.

4.6.Security Intelligence
Security intelligence is a means to adapting to a particular environment so that one may secure the
Company environment. As such Company Security Guards must use their senses to observe,
monitor and assess security activities before their hand.
Secondly, they must ask from those that have knowledge towards the issue at hand. Finally, they
must also remember to understand the particular issue at hand. It is important for Company
Security Guard to triangulate all the three described means to arrive at rational decisions relevant
to Company security guard needs.

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4.7.Use of Emotional intelligence when on duty
There are five components of emotional intelligence that may help and influence security guards
to maintain professional job standards as follows;
4.7.1. Intrapersonal:
Security guards’ ability to be aware of themselves, to understand their strengths and weaknesses,
and to express their thoughts and feelings non-destructively. These are; Independence, Self-
actualization, Self-regard, Emotional self-awareness and Assertiveness
4.7.2. Interpersonal:
Security guards’ ability to be aware of others’ emotions, feelings, and needs and to be able to
establish and maintain cooperative, constructive and mutually satisfying relationships. These are;
Interpersonal relationships, Social responsibility and Empathy.
4.7.3. Adaptability:
Security guards’ ability to manage change, by realistically and flexibly coping with the immediate
situation, effectively solving problems as they arise and anticipating future demands. These are;
Problem-solving, Reality testing, Flexibility and Acting proactively.
4.7.4. Stress management:
Security guards’ ability to manage emotions so that they work for them and not against them.
These are; Impulse control and Stress tolerance.
4.7.5. General mood:
Security guards’ ability to be optimistic, positive and sufficiently self-motivated to set and pursue
security enforcement goals. These are; Happiness, Optimism and Self-confidence.

4.8. Knowledge of patrolling

4.8.1 Patrolling
On most assignments, Security Officers and guards will have to carry out patrols of some
description. Each site’s requirements will be different, although the basics remain the same.
It must be stressed, that during patrols a competent Security guard can prevent minor problems
becoming major disasters by being alert and acting in a professional manner.
There are various types of issues to consider when conducting patrols, each type having different,
important features. Every Assignment Instructions will have all the information one needs about
the patrols that will be carried out: -
1. How many?
2. At what times?
3. Covering what area?
4. What duties are to be performed during patrols?
5. Particular hazards or problems to look for?

31
Security guards may need to patrol inside a Company campus checking on buildings, office, or
may carry out patrols of the perimeter of the property within the Company campus. Guards may
also patrol the grounds of the whole Company campus.
Responsibilities may include locking and unlocking the premises for staff and/or for the public.
4.8.2. Carrying out a patrol
Before setting out on patrols, security guards must make sure that they have made their own post
safe; if one is controlling the guard room do not leave kettles, heaters or other electrical equipment
switched on, make sure there are no cigarette ends which may cause fire and lock up before you
leave to attend to patrolling.
Make sure you are aware of any alarmed areas or that you know how to unset and reset any alarms
that you may be responsible for. These may be intruder alarms. It is important to carry the correct
equipment for example;
1. Clocking device (if used)
2. Torch
3. Notebook/pen
4. Keys
5. Button stick
6. Paper spray
7. Radio
8. Protective gloves
9. High visibility clothing (if required)
During all patrols, a special watch must be kept for and a report made in respect of: -
1. Glass breakage
2. Obstruction
3. Faulty door
4. Lights not working
5. Suspected people
6. Vandalism – toilets, telephones etc.
7. Any safety infringement
To the above will be reported in the occurrence book at the guard room so that management may
know and take action officially and at the right time.
4.8.3. Types of patrol
Patrols are commonly divided into 3 types: -
4.8.3.1. The first or lock down patrol
It is generally accepted that the first patrol a Security Officer carries out when coming on duty is
the most important. It is this patrol, which sets the standard to which the officer compares all the
rest of his/her patrols.

32
It is imperative to be sure that everything is secure on the first patrol, that there are no outstanding
problems, this ensures guards own safety, as well as that of the premises. Guards will be able to
recognize if changes have occurred between patrols. It is particularly important to ensure guards
own safety, as he may well be, especially at night, the only person on the premises.
4.8.3.2. Snap or interim patrols
Snap or interim patrols will be specified in the Assignment Instructions. Security guards may well
have to carry out a set number of patrols of specific length during the shift. They may be at set
times, or you may have to fit them into a shift. The routes may vary. They will be unlikely to be
as long or as detailed as the first patrol, as security guards will have thoroughly checked everything
by then. Security guards are looking for changes or differences.
4.8.3.3. Unlocking or last patrol
The last patrol security guards make before handing over and finishing the shift may be early
morning and may involve unlocking premises for the day. This patrol may be longer than the
interim patrols as security guards are giving a final check that everything is secure before handing
over.
4.8.4. Initial patrol
Before commencing the first patrol, it is essential that the Security guards satisfies himself/herself
that everything is normal around the assignment at the start of his/her duty. It is professional to
take some preliminary steps: -
4.8.5. Sign on for duty
I. Check all security guard equipment if are available and working.
II. Read the incident report book and any specific incident’s reports
III. Read the assignment instructions and check that they have not changed since the last shift
on site
4.8.6. Check radio and torch batteries
When security guards arrive at an assignment for duty, they must make sure that they know all the
relevant information. This will be part of their normal signing on procedures. When guards book
on with the Control, they may also be informed of the past situation. Guards must also ensure that
they complete handover documentation fully.
4.8.7. Internal patrols
It may be that the bulk of the duties and assignments are related to the internal security of premises.
There will be a wide variety of properties within the estate, but broadly, the following are the aims
of the security guards.
1. The preservation of life and property
2. To prevent and detect offences against the site’s interest
3. Ensure local rules are observed
4. To ensure that safety regulations are being observed
5. Prevention of loss and waste

33
Remember, during patrol, as well as checking for fire hazards and making sure premises are safe,
guards should also turn off electrical equipment thus cutting wastage in fuel bills.
Note: The Site Assignment Instructions may give specific instructions about certain types of
equipment that must NOT be turned off, e.g. fax machines, computers.
If security guards find anything unusual or suspicious, do not rely on memory to report it on return
to base. Note details in the pocket book. Areas such as locker rooms, lecture rooms, cloakrooms
and toilets must not be ignored, as intruders may be hiding there. Turn off all unnecessary lights
as one proceeds.
When the patrol is complete and guards return to base, remember to clock back in, make any
specified check calls and write up any incidents that was noted in the OB.
4.8.8. External patrolling
The objectives, rules and regulations of Internal Patrols also relate to the external duties. The car
parks, service areas, roadways, including any buildings and landscaping within security guards
patrol area are their responsibility. All persons, whether they are members of the public, tenant
staff or client staff within the relevant patrol area, are also guard’s responsibility. External patrols
may be a permanent feature of a site or at pre-determined intervals.
While patrolling designated area, always remember that whilst guards are observing, they are also
being observed by both the public, tenants and also by likely offenders. Always be alert and
observant whilst on patrol, distinguish the unusual from the usual, and understand what you see
and remember the facts – use your pocket book.
Patrolling outside will involve;
1. Checking all windows and doors are secure
2. Checking exterior lights are functioning
3. Checking for signs of intrusion
4. Checking for suspicious vehicles
5. Checking for breaches of health & safety; leakages, hazardous equipment left out, fire
hazards
6. Looking for defects in fencing or in the security of the site.
Actions
All patrolling security guards are to keep a lookout for and take appropriate action regarding
suspicious packages, parcels, fire hazards, water leaks, gas leaks etc. Details on Emergency
Actions are in Remember: More information is better than less but don’t waffle!

4.9. Briefing and debriefing on assignments

Security guards must always allow their supervisors to brief them on how to carry out their job.
Must be informed of the situation around the working area prior to taking over so that their mental
stamina is prepared for the eventualities.

34
 4.10. Reasonable force to overcome resistance
Security guards must always remember that they are deployed to prevent criminals or law breakers
to steal Company property. As such when they meet resistance, they must use reasonable force to
overcome the perpetrators so that they get hold of them.

4.11. Professional attitude

It is imperative to suggest that attitude plays a very important influence on how security guards
may execute their job. They need to develop positive self-awareness self-confession as follows;
i. I know what is expected of me at work
ii. I have the materials and equipment I need to do my work right
iii. I have the opportunity to do what I do best everyday
iv. In the last seven days, I have received recognition or praise for my good work
v. My supervisor, or someone at work, seem to care about me as a person
vi. There is someone at work who encourages my development

4.12. Anticipative behavior

Security guards whilst on post must anticipate enemy attack in form of ambush. Law breakers
always may come to attack security guards with so many techniques such as;

4.12.1. Opportunistic

4.12.2. Deliberate

4.12.3. Planned
Basically, security guards must have some knowledge that they may overcome any ambush by
knowing the following factors;
I. Mind – Your mental state can help you or kill you
II. Movement – Unpredictable tactical action can defeat your enemy
III. Recognition Eliminates Surprise – If you can see the ambush even one second before it
initiates you are on the way to defeating your enemy. Time is all about surviving. Your
tactical action must happen in split seconds.
IV. Patience
V. Camouflage discipline
VI. A good plan that is well-rehearsed
VII. Prior knowledge of the enemy
VIII. While on post: Look at your post and evaluate the locations outside where an attack could
come from
IX. When patrolling: When you exit or return at your position, use a different route and walk
a variety of paths to and from your entry/exit point
X. You are the target: If you are on duty in your jurisdiction, connect with the partners in
the area where you work

35
In brief, the best ways to prepare for and survive an ambush attack are to maintain situational
awareness, equip yourself, maintain a safe distance, seek cover, return fire, call for assistance, use
stealth, and administer aid.

4.13. SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE:

It is imperative that security guards must have skills and knowledge when engaged for duty for
example;
• Oral and written communication skills.
• English language skills.
• Interpersonal relations skills.
• Personal computer, keyboarding and word processing skills.
• Customer service and public relations skills.
• Critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Organizational skills.
• Ability to maintain confidentiality in all aspects of the job.
• Ability to manage multiple priorities.
• Ability to manage multiple tasks with frequent interruptions.
• Ability to diffuse and manage volatile and stressful situations.
• Ability to intervene in physical altercations or physically restrain people.

4.14. PHYSICAL DEMANDS:

The task that security guards are engaged with require personal physical fitness so that they are
flexible and strong because of the following;
• While performing the duties of this job, the security guards are regularly required to walk
and hear.
• They frequently are required to stand; use hands to finger, handle, or feel; reach with hands
and arms; talk.
• Guards are occasionally required to sit; climb or balance; stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl; or
smell.
• Guards must frequently lift and/or move up to 25 pounds and occasionally lift and/or move
more than 100 pounds.
• Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, color
vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus.
• Able to perform the duties of the position, having regard to your own safety and the safety
of members of the public.
• Willingness to undertake additional training.
• Willingness to work a shift rotation including days/nights and weekends.
• Morning jogging and weight lifting will keep guards fit.

4.15. Knowledge of Education program

Participate in the delivery of a range of education programs for security guards such as:

36
 • Legal rights for security guards
• Alcohol and drug education
• Sexual assault programs
• Safety and personal protection programs for women
• Programs to promote dorm safety
• Lockdowns

4.16. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT

Security guards must know that they are employees and as such they must always comply with
directives from Company management. In so doing they must know that they are employed to
serve and not to dictate by following behaviors below;
• Act with honesty and integrity
• Comply with all legal framework guided by the Constitution
• Treat all persons equally (without discrimination)
• Avoid using profanity or abusive language
• Avoid using excessive force
• Not be under the influence of alcohol or drugs while on duty.
• Uniforms. The term “SECURITY” or “SECURITY GUARD” must be displayed on the
uniform in specific places and specific dimensions.

5.0. CONCLUSION
In summary, this book has been designed to prepare guards who have been recruited but have
not undergone formal guarding training. The significance of this material is that the content
that has been articulated has all the capacity to enhance confidence in the incumbent guards.
The content has targeted the professional, social, emotional and physical elements of security
guarding principles which will help the untrained security guards to self-regulate themselves
into becoming competent professional guards.
Competent professional guards will enhance crime free environment and that may promote
quality institutional development. Quality institutional development will foster quality service
delivery to the public. Quality service delivery will help transform the people and the nation.

37
 REFERENCE:
Adegboyega, K. M., (2016). Analyzing the Evolution of Private Security Guards and their
Limitations to Security Management in Nigeria. African Journal of Criminology and
Justice Studies: AJCJS, Vol.5, #s1 &2-
Christián, L., & Sotlar, A., (2020). Private Security Regulation in Hungary and Slovenia –
A Comparative Study Based on Legislation and Societal Foundations. VARSTVOSLOVJE,
Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, year 20 no. 2 pp. 143‒162
Islam, S. (2018) Community Policing (CP): Challenges on Preventing Crime and Human Security
in Bangladesh. Review Pub Administration Manag 6: 253. doi:10.4172/2315-
7844.1000253.
Livingston, S. (2013) Africa’s Information Revolution: Implications for Crime, Policing, and
Citizen Security. Africa Center for Strategic Studies Research Paper No.5. Washington,
D.C.
Owusu, G., Owusu, A.Y., Oteng‑Ababio, M., Wrigley‑Asante, C., & Agyapong, I., (2016). An
assessment of households’ perceptions of private security companies and crime in urban
Ghana. Crime Sci 5:5. GOwusu@ug.edu.gh

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