CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI FOR

POST GRADUATE PROGRAMMES

(Agricultural Engineering)

KERALA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology
Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology
Tavanur- 679 573, Malappuram Dt.
2023
 Post Graduate Curricula and Syllabi
M. Tech and Ph.D (Agricultural Engineering)

Specializations

Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

Processing and Food Engineering
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology

Tavanur- 679 573
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology
Kerala Agricultural University
2023
 CONTENTS

M. TECH IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

1. M. Tech Credit Requirements 02

2. List of M. Tech Courses 02

2.1 Major Courses 02

2.1.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 02

2.1.2 Processing and Food Engineering 02

2.1.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 03

2.2 Minor Courses 03

2.2.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 03

2.2.2 Processing and Food Engineering 04

2.2.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 04

2.3 Common supporting courses 04

2.4 Common compulsory courses 04

2.5 Other essential requirements 05

2.5.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 05

2.5.2 Processing and Food Engineering 05

2.5.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 05

3. Syllabus of Major Courses 06

3.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 06

1. FMPE 501 Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction (2+1) 06
2. FMPE 502 Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment (2+1) 08
3. FMPE 503 Ergonomics and Safety in Farm Operations (2+1) 10
4. FMPE 504 Design of Tractor Systems (2+1) 12
5. FMPE 505 Design of Farm Machinery I (2+1) 14
6. FMPE 506 Design of Farm Machinery II (1+1) 16
7. FMPE 507 Management of Farm Power and Machinery System (2+1) 18
8. FMPE 511 Principles of Automation and Control (2+1) 20
9. FMPE 512 Principles of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems (2+1) 22
10. FMPE 513 Applied Instrumentation in Farm Machinery (2+1) 23
11. FMPE 514 Systems Simulation & Computer Aided Problem Solving in Engineering (1+1) 25
12. FMPE 515 Computer Aided Design of Machinery (0+2) 28
13. FMPE 516 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (2+1) 29
14. FMPE 517 Machinery for Precision Agriculture (2+1) 31
15. FMPE 518 Machinery for Horticulture and Protected Agriculture (2+0) 33

3.2 Processing and Food Engineering 35

ii
 1. PFE 501 Transport Phenomena in Food Processing (2+1) 35
2. PFE 502 Unit Operations in Food Process Engineering (2+1) 37
3. PFE 503 Field Crops Process Engineering (2+1) 39
4. PFE 504 Horticultural Crops Process Engineering (2+1) 41
5. PFE 505 Storage Engineering and Handling of Agricultural Produce (2+1) 43
6. PFE 506 Food Packaging Engineering (1+1) 45
7. PFE 507 Instrumentation and Sensors in Food Processing (2+1) 47
8. PFE 508 Application of Engineering Properties in Food Processing (2+1) 49
9. PFE 509 Food Quality and Safety (2+1) 51
10. PFE 510 Food Processing Technologies (2+1) 53
11. PFE 511 Food Processing Equipment and Plant Design (1+1) 55
12. PFE 512 Seed Process Engineering (1+1) 56
13. PFE 513 Agri-Project Planning and Management (2+1) 58
14. PFE 514 Farm Structures and Environmental Control (2+1) 60
15. PFE 515 Dairy Product Processing (2+1) 62
16. PFE 516 Processing of Meat, Poultry and Fish (2+1) 64
17. PFE 517 Design of Aquacultural Structures (2+1) 66
18. PFE 518 Thermal Environmental Engineering for Agricultural Processing (3+0) 68

3.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 69

1. SWCE 501 Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (2+1) 69
2. SWCE 502 Applied Watershed Hydrology (2+1) 71
3. SWCE 503 Soil and Water Conservation Structures (2+1) 72
4. SWCE 504 Stochastic Hydrology (2+1) 74
5. SWCE 505 Watershed Management and Modelling (2+1) 77
6. SWCE 506 Flow Through Porous Media (2+0) 78
7. SWCE 507 GIS & Remote Sensing for Land and Water Resources Management (2+1) 80
8. SWCE 508 Climate Change and Water Resources (3+0) 82
9. SWCE 509 Numerical Methods in Hydrology (2+0) 84
10. SWCE 510 Dryland Water Management Technologies (2+0) 85

4. Syllabus of Minor Courses 87

1. PFE 508 Application of Engineering Properties in Food Processing (2+1) 87
2. ME 501 Mechatronics and Robotics in Agriculture (2+0) 87
3. ME 502 Refrigeration systems (2+1) 88
4. ME 504 Vibrations (3+0) 90
5. ME 507 Fatigue Design (2+1) 92
6. ME 515 Computer Aided Design (2+1) 93
7. REE 503 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies (2+1) 95
8. REE 510 Energy Ecology and Environment (3+0) 97
9. REE 515 Energy Management in Food Processing Industries (1+1) 98
10. REE 516 Agro Energy Audit and Management (2+1) 100
11. CE 501 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (2+0) 101
12. CE 502 Water Quality and Pollution Control (2+1) 103

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 13. CE 510 Experimental Stress Analysis (2+1) 104
14. CSE 501 Big Data Analytics (2+1) 106
15. CSE 502 Artificial Intelligence (2+1) 107
16. CSE 504 Soft Computing Techniques in Engineering (2+1) 109
17. MATH 501 Finite Element Methods (2+1) 111
18. MATH 502 Numerical Methods for Engineers (2+1) 113
19. FMPE 502 Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment (2+1) 115
20. FMPE 514 Systems Simulation & Computer Aided Problem Solving in Engineering (1+1) 115
21. FMPE 515 Computer Aided Design of Machinery (0+2) 115
22. FMPE 517 Machinery for Precision Agriculture (2+1) 116
23. IDE 502 Design of Farm Drainage Systems (2+1) 116
24. IDE 505 Design of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems (2+1) 117
25. IDE 506 Groundwater Engineering (2+1) 119
26. IDE 510 Minor Irrigation (2+1) 121
27. IDE 513 Water Resources System Engineering (2+1) 123

5. Syllabus of Common Supporting Courses 125

1. STAT 503 Statistical Methods for Research (2+1) 125
2. STAT 511 Experimental Design (1+1) 127
3. STAT 512 Basic Sampling Techniques (2+1) 129
4. STAT 521 Applied Regression Analysis (2+1) 129
5. STAT 522 Data Analysis Using Statistical Packages (2+1) 130
6. MATH 506 Numerical Analysis (2+1) 132
7. MATH 507 Numerical Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations (2+1) 133
8. MCA 512 Information Technology in Agriculture (2+1) 135
9. MCA 565 Soft Computing Techniques (1+1) 136
10. BIOCHEM 501 Basic Biochemistry (2+1) 137

6. Syllabus of Common Compulsory Courses 138

1. PGS 501 Library and Information Services (0+1) 138
2. PGS 502 Technical Writing and Communication Skills (0+1) 138
3. PGS 503 Intellectual Property and its Management in Agriculture (1+0) 139
4. PGS 504 Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques (0+1) 140
5. PGS 505 Agricultural Research, Research Ethics & Rural Development Programmes (1+0) 140

Ph.D IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

7. Ph.D Credit Requirements 143

8. List of Ph.D Courses 143

8.1 Major Courses 143

8.1.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 143

8.1.2 Processing and Food Engineering 143

8.1.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 143

iv
 8.2 Minor Courses 144

8.2.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 144

8.2.2 Processing and Food Engineering 144

8.2.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 144

8.3 Common supporting courses 144

8.4 Other essential requirements 144

8.4.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 144

8.4.2 Processing and Food Engineering 144

8.4.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 145

9. Syllabus of Major Courses 146

9.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering 146

1. FMPE 601 Advances in Farm Machinery and Power Engineering (2+1) 146
2. FMPE 602 Advances in Machinery for Precision Agriculture (2+1) 148
3. FMPE 603 Energy Conservation and Management in Production Agriculture (3+0) 151
4. FMPE 604 Mechanics of Tillage in Relation to Soil and Crop (2+1) 152
5. FMPE 611 Mechanics of Traction and its Application (2+1) 154
6. FMPE 612 Farm Machinery Management and Systems Engineering (2+1) 157
7. FMPE 613 Machinery for Special Farm Operations (2+0) 158
8. FMPE 614 Ergonomics in Working Environment (2+1) 160

9.2 Processing and Food Engineering 162

1. PFE 601 Advances in Food Process Engineering (2+1) 162
2. PFE 602 Drying and Dehydration of Food Materials (2+1) 164
3. PFE 603 Textural and Rheological Characteristics of Food Materials (2+1) 166
4. PFE 604 Agricultural Waste and By Product Utilization (2+1) 169
5. PFE 605 Mathematical Modelling in Food Processing (3+0) 171
6. PFE 606 Bio Process Engineering (2+1) 172

9.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 174

1. SWCE 601 Advances in Hydrology (2+1) 174
2. SWCE 602 Soil and Water Systems Simulation and Modelling (2+1) 176
3. SWCE 603 Reservoir Operation and River Basin Modelling (2+1) 177
4. SWCE 604 Modelling Soil Erosion Process and Sedimentation (2+1) 179
5. SWCE 605 Waste Water Treatment and Utilization (2+1) 181
6. SWCE 606 Hydro Chemical Modelling (2+0) 183

10. Syllabus of Minor Courses 184

1. REE 602 Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass (2+1) 184
2. REE 609 Energy Planning, Management and Economics (3+0) 186
3. REE 610 Renewable Energy for Industrial Applications (2+1) 187
4. CSE 503 Nuero Fuzzy Application in Engineering (2+1) 189
5. CSE 506 Digital Image Processing (2+1) 191

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 6. CE 501 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (2+0) 192
7. ME 501 Mechatronics and Robotics in Agriculture (2+0) 192
8. ME 507 Fatigue Design (2+1) 192
9. ME 515 Computer Aided Design (2+1) 193
10. IDE 601 Recent Developments in Irrigation Engineering (2+1) 193
11. IDE 602 Advances in Drainage Engineering (2+1) 195
12. IDE 603 Hydro-Mechanics and Groundwater Modelling (3+0) 197
13. IDE 604 Soil-Water-Plant-Atmospheric Modelling (2+1) 198
14. IDE 606 Multi Criteria Decision Making Systems (2+1) 200

11. Syllabus of Common Supporting Courses 201

1. CPE-RPE Research Publication and Ethics (1+1) 201

vi
 Preamble

Agriculture is the world's largest and most essential industry which helps in meeting the
food and fibre demands of the rising global population. Innovative agricultural methods and
cutting-edge technologies are of paramount importance for increasing the agricultural outputs in
the present context of globalization, climate change, and economic recessions. The agricultural
technologists and agricultural engineers play a key role in developing appropriate cost-effective
innovations and better farming practices coupled with technology support in line with the varying
farming needs. To commensurate the agricultural production with the shooting up population, it is
inevitable that the graduates and post graduates in the field of Agricultural Engineering have to
be given adequate exposure to the latest strides and technological advancements.

The post graduate students should not only learn the recent advances but have also to be
trained and given hands on experience in the modern and latest techniques in their major
disciplines so that they can participate and contribute in the development and advancement in
their related fields. Further, the shrinking job opportunities in the National Agricultural Research
System (ICAR/SAUs) have put additional pressure on our education system to prepare students in
tune with the demands of the corporate sector.

Three major points kept in mind while preparing the course curricula of each specialization
in Agricultural Engineering are: (i) The syllabus and courses taught at UG level as recommended
by 6th Dean’s Committee (ii) Preparing students to keep pace with future requirement of human
resources in institutions and industries and (iii) To align the syllabus with ARS/NET examination.

All courses are designed to cover the basic topics by considering the demands of the
corporate sector. The revised curricula support the students to acquire knowledge on modern
research tools and their applications and render them with the know-how on the supplementary
skills required. Moreover, it enhances the global competitiveness and employability of students. To
meet these objectives new courses were added which cover the wide aspects of the subject.
Further, existing courses were suitably modified and restructured by deleting topics already
covered in UG, removing overlapping topics in different courses, and adding topics/ courses to
cover the syllabus of ARS/NET examination.

The ICAR recommendations for PG courses have been considered in framing these
courses. The course content and the upgraded syllabus is more conceptual and practical-
oriented. It is hoped that this will prove very useful to the postgraduate students of Agricultural
Engineering.

vii
 M. Tech
(Agricultural Engineering)

1
1. M. Tech Credit Requirements

The minimum credit requirements for M. Tech programme are as follows;

SL. NO. COURSE WORK CREDIT REQUIREMENTS

1. Major Courses 20 Credits

2. Minor Courses 08 Credits

3. Supporting Courses 06 Credits

4. Compulsory Courses 05 Credits

OTHER ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Mater's Seminar 0+1

3. Master's Research 0+30

2. List of M. Tech Courses

2.1 Major Courses
2.1.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
1. *FMPE 501 Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction (2+1)
2. *FMPE 502 Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment (2+1)
3. *FMPE 503 Ergonomics and Safety in Farm Operations (2+1)
4. FMPE 504 Design of Tractor Systems (2+1)
5. FMPE 505 Design of Farm Machinery I (2+1)
6. FMPE 506 Design of Farm Machinery II (1+1)
7. *FMPE 507 Management of Farm Power and Machinery System (2+1)
8. FMPE 511 Principles of Automation and Control (2+1)
9. FMPE 512 Principles of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems (2+1)
10. FMPE 513 Applied Instrumentation in Farm Machinery (2+1)
11. FMPE 514 Systems Simulation & Computer Aided Problem Solving in Engineering (1+1)
12. FMPE 515 Computer Aided Design of Machinery (0+2)
13. FMPE 516 Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (2+1)
14. FMPE 517 Machinery for Precision Agriculture (2+1)
15. FMPE 518 Machinery for Horticulture and Protected Agriculture (2+0)

*Compulsory Courses

2.1.2 Processing and Food Engineering

1. *PFE 501 Transport Phenomena in Food Processing (2+1)
2. *PFE 502 Unit Operations in Food Process Engineering (2+1)
3. *PFE 503 Field Crops Process Engineering (2+1)
4. *PFE 504 Horticultural Crops Process Engineering (2+1)
5. PFE 505 Storage Engineering and Handling of Agricultural Produce (2+1)
6. PFE 506 Food Packaging Engineering (1+1)
7. PFE 507 Instrumentation and Sensors in Food Processing (2+1)
8. PFE 508 Application of Engineering Properties in Food Processing (2+1)

2
 9. PFE 509 Food Quality and Safety (2+1)
10. PFE 510 Food Processing Technologies (2+1)
11. PFE 511 Food Processing Equipment and Plant Design (1+1)
12. PFE 512 Seed Process Engineering (1+1)
13. PFE 513 Agri-Project Planning and Management (2+1)
14. PFE 514 Farm Structures and Environmental Control (2+1)
15. PFE 515 Dairy Product Processing (2+1)
16. PFE 516 Processing of Meat, Poultry and Fish (2+1)
17. PFE 517 Design of Aquacultural Structures (2+1)
18. PFE 518 Thermal Environmental Engineering for Agricultural Processing (3+0)
*Compulsory Courses

2.1.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

1. *SWCE 501 Advanced Soil and Water Conservation Engineering (2+1)
2. *SWCE 502 Applied Watershed Hydrology (2+1)
3. SWCE 503 Soil and Water Conservation Structures (2+1)
4. SWCE 504 Stochastic Hydrology (2+1)
5. *SWCE 505 Watershed Management and Modelling (2+1)
6. SWCE 506 Flow Through Porous Media (2+0)
7. SWCE 507 GIS and Remote Sensing for Land and Water Resources Management (2+1)
8. SWCE 508 Climate Change and Water Resources (3+0)
9. SWCE 509 Numerical Methods in Hydrology (2+0)
10. SWCE 510 Dryland Water Management Technologies (2+0)
*Compulsory Courses

2.2 Minor Courses

2.2.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
1. PFE 508 Application of Engineering Properties in Food Processing (2+1)

2. ME 501 Mechatronics and Robotics in Agriculture (2+0)

3. ME 504 Vibrations (3+0)

4. ME 507 Fatigue Design (2+1)
5. ME 515 Computer Aided Design (2+1)
6. REE 503 Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies (2+1)
7. REE 516 Agro Energy Audit and Management (2+1)
8. CE 501 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (2+0)
9. CE 510 Experimental Stress Analysis (2+1)
10. CSE 501 Big Data Analysis (2+1)
11. CSE 502 Artificial Intelligence (2+1)
12. CSE 504 Soft Computing Techniques in Engineering (2+1)
13. MATH 501 Finite Element Methods (2+1)
14. MATH 502 Numerical Methods for Engineers (2+1)
(Any other course(s) of other department other than course(s) from major can be
taken as per recommendations of the student’s advisory committee.)

3
 2.2.2 Processing and Food Engineering
1. ME 501 Mechatronics and Robotics in Agriculture (2+0)

2. ME 502 Refrigeration systems (2+1)

3. REE 510 Energy Ecology and Environment (3+0)
4. REE 515 Energy Management in Food Processing Industries (1+1)
5. FMPE 502 Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Equipment (2+1)
6. FMPE 514 Systems Simulation & Computer Aided Problem Solving in Engineering (1+1)
7. FMPE 515 Computer Aided Design of Machinery (0+2)
8. CSE 501 Big Data Analysis (2+1)
9. CSE 502 Artificial Intelligence (2+1)
10. MATH 501 Finite Element Methods (2+1)
11. MATH 502 Numerical Methods for Engineers (2+1)
12. CE 501 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (2+0)
(Any other course(s) of other department other than course(s) from major can be
taken as per recommendations of the student’s advisory committee.)

2.2.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

1. CE 501 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude (2+0)
2. CE 502 Water Quality and Pollution Control (2+1)
3. IDE 502 Design of Farm Drainage Systems (2+1)
4. IDE 505 Design of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Systems (2+1)
5. IDE 506 Groundwater Engineering (2+1)
6. IDE 510 Minor Irrigation (2+1)
7. IDE 513 Water Resources System Engineering (2+1)
8. REE 510 Energy Ecology and Environment (3+0)
9. CSE 501 Big Data Analysis (2+1)
10. CSE 502 Artificial Intelligence (2+1)
11. CSE 504 Soft Computing Techniques in Engineering (2+1)
12. MATH 501 Finite Element Methods (2+1)
13. MATH 502 Numerical Methods for Engineers (2+1)
14. ME 501 Mechatronics and Robotics in Agriculture (2+0)
15. FMPE 517 Machinery for Precision Agriculture (2+1)
(Any other course(s) of other department other than course(s) from major can be taken as
per recommendations of the student’s advisory committee.)

2.3 Common compulsory courses

1. PGS 501 Library and Information Services (0+1)
2. PGS 502 Technical Writing and Communication Skills (0+1)
3. PGS 503 Intellectual Property and its Management in Agriculture (1+0)
4. PGS 504 Basic Concepts in Laboratory Techniques (0+1)
5. PGS 505 Agricultural Research, Research Ethics and Rural Development Programmes
(1+0)

2.4 Common supporting courses

1. *STAT 503 Statistical Methods for Research (2+1)

4
 2. STAT 511 Experimental Design (1+1)
3. STAT 512 Basic Sampling Techniques (2+1)
4. STAT 521 Applied Regression Analysis (2+1)
5. STAT 522 Data Analysis Using Statistical Packages (2+1)
6. MATH 506 Numerical Analysis (2+1)
7. MATH 507 Numerical Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations (2+1)
8. MCA 512 Information Technology in Agriculture (2+1)
9. MCA 565 Soft Computing Techniques (1+1)
10. BIOCHEM 501 Basic Biochemistry (2+1)
*Compulsory Courses

2.5 Other essential requirements

2.5.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering
1. FMPE 591 Master's Seminar (0+1)
2. FMPE 599 Master's Research (0+30)

2.5.2 Processing and Food Engineering

1. PFE 591 Master's Seminar (0+1)
2. PFE 599 Master's Research (0+30)

2.5.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

1. SWCE 591 Master's Seminar (0+1)
2. SWCE 599 Master's Research (0+30)

5
3. Syllabus of Major Courses
3.1 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

FMPE 501 SOIL DYNAMICS IN TILLAGE AND TRACTION (2+1)

Aim
To have an understanding of the principles of soil mechanics as applied to interaction
of tillage tools and traction devices with soil in terms of soil forces and deformation
during soil cutting and generation of traction.

Theory

Unit I

Characterization of state of stress in a point: Derivation, representation by Mohr’s

Circle. Coulomb’s law of friction and cohesion. Measurement of soil resistance
properties: Direct shear boX, torsion shear apparatus, tri-aXial apparatus. Soil
behaviour considerations: Soil water pressure and movement. Critical state soil
mechanics: Soil stress-strain behaviour, shear rate effects, Soil strength determining
factors and stress/strain tensors.

Unit II

Soil cutting forces: The universal earthmoving equation, two dimensional cases,
smooth vertical blade, smooth and rough raked blades in cohesive soil, unconstrained
tool to soil adhesion. The shape of failure surfaces. Hettiaratchi’s calculations,
effect of soil weight. Soil cutting force by method of trial wedges.

Unit III

EXtension of theory to three dimension: Hettiaratchi, Reece-Godwin and Spoor. Three

dimensional wedges: McKyes and Ali, Grisso models. Dynamic effect: Inertial forces,
change in soil strength. Concept of critical depth. CompleX tool shapes: Curved tools-
shank and foot tools-mould board plough. Soil Loosening and manipulation:
Measurement of soil loosening and its efficiency. Draft force efficiency: Loosening and
pulverization efficiency. Soil miXing and inversion: Soil properties, tool shape, tool
speed and tool spacing.

Unit IV

Traction devices: Tyres, type, size, selection mechanics of traction devices. MaXimum
traction force: Soil deformation and slip, estimation of contact areas. Sinkage in
soil: Rolling resistance, Bekker’s formulae, McKyes formulae. Soil compaction by
agricultural vehicles and machines.

Practical

Measurements of soil shear strength by in-situ shear boX apparatus and soil friction by
friction plate. Measuring cone penetrometer resistance and working out tractive
coefficients for tyres. Measurement of in-situ shear strength of soil by torsional vane
shear apparatus. Solving problems on stress in soil. Solving problems on soil
properties. Solving problems of tool forces. Problems on tillage forces, wheel slippage,
type deflection, design and performance of traction devices.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to understand the principles that govern manipulation of soil by tillage
tools. The student will be able to apply the principles of soil mechanics to theoretically calculate

6
the forces on tillage tools during soil cutting and forces generated by tractor wheels.

Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Characterization of state of stress in a point: Derivation, representation by Mohr’s
2
Circle.
2. Coulomb’s law of friction and cohesion. 1
3. Measurement of soil resistance properties: Direct shear box, torsion shear
2
apparatus, tri-axial apparatus.
4. Soil behaviour considerations: Soil water pressure and movement. 1
5. Critical state soil mechanics: Soil stress-strain behaviour,
2
shear rate effects
6. Soil cutting forces: The universal earthmoving equation, two dimensional cases,
smooth vertical blade, smooth and rough raked blades in cohesive soil, 3
unconstrained tool to soil adhesion.
7. The shape of failure surfaces. 2
8. Hettiaratchi’s calculations, effect of soil weight. 2
9. Soil cutting force by method of trial wedges. 2
10. Extension of theory to three dimensions: Hettiaratchi, Reece-Godwin and Spoor. 2
11. Three dimensional wedges: McKyes and Ali, Grisso models. Dynamic effect: Inertial
2
forces, change in soil strength.
12. Concept of critical depth. 1
13. CompleX tool shapes: Curved tools-shank and foot tools-mould board
1
plough.
14. Soil Loosening and manipulation: Measurement of soil loosening and its
1
efficiency.
15. Draft force efficiency: Loosening and pulverization efficiency. 1
16. Soil miXing and inversion: Soil properties, tool shape, tool speed and
2
tool spacing.
17. Traction devices: Tyres, type, size, selection mechanics of traction
1
devices.
18. Maximum traction force: Soil deformation and slip, estimation of contact areas. 1
19. Sinkage in soil: Rolling resistance, Bekker’s formulae, McKyes formulae. 2
20. Soil compaction by agricultural vehicles and machines. 1
Total 32

List of Practical

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Measurements of soil shear strength by in-situ shear box apparatus and soil
3
friction by friction plate.
2. Measuring cone penetrometer resistance and working out tractive coefficients
2
for tyres
3. Measurement of in-situ shear strength of soil by torsional vane shear
1
apparatus.
4. Solving problems on stress in soil. 2
5. Solving problems on soil properties. 2
6. Solving problems of tillage tool forces. 1
7. Problems on wheel slippage and tyre deflection. 3
8. Problems on design and performance of traction devices. 1

7
 9. Practical eXamination 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Gill WR and Van den Berg GE. 1968. Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction.
• Handbook 316, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC,
1968.
• John BL, Paul KT, David WS and Makoto H. 2012. Tractors and their Power Units. 4th Edition.
Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN: 81-239 0501-7, ASAE ISBN: 0-929355-72-5.
• Koolen AJ and Kuipers H. 1983. Agricultural Soil Mechanics. Springer-Verlag ISBN 13:978- 3-642-
69012-9.
• McKyes E. 1989. Agricultural Engineering Soil Mechanics, Elsevier science publishers B.V., P.O.
BoX 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• McKyes E. 2016. Soil Cutting and Tillage: Vol 7. Developments in Agricultural Engineering
Elsevier R Science Publisher SBV.

FMPE 502 TESTING AND EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT (2+1)

Aim
To enable the student to learn the procedure for testing of different farm machinery
and the concept behind evaluation of different performance parameters of farm
machinery and the standards adopted therein.

Theory

Unit I

Importance and significance of testing and types of testing. Test equipment, usage
and limitations. Test procedures and various test codes: National and International.

Unit II

Laboratory and field testing of tillage and sowing machinery: Sub-soiler, laser land
leveler, mould board Plough, disc plough, rotavator, cultivator, disc harrow, seed
cum fertilizer drill and planter.

Unit III

Laboratory and field testing of manual and power operated intercultural machinery
and plant protection machine.

Unit IV

Laboratory and field testing of reaper, thresher and chaff cutter.

Unit V

Laboratory and field testing of straw combine and combine harvester. Review and interpretation
of test reports. Importance and need of standardization of components of agricultural equipment.

Practical

Laboratory and field testing of selected farm equipment: Tillage, sowing and
planting. Material testing of critical components. Accelerated testing of fast wearing
components.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to test farm machinery, prepare performance reports and also analyze
the performance reports to find the suitability of a machinery for a given farm operation.
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 Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Introduction, various test codes, Test programs, testing terminology, procedures
2
and type of testing systems
2. Study of different types of Dynamometers 2
3. Stationary diesel engine performance testing 2
4. Tractor Test Codes and Data Interpretation Estimation of error 2
5. Testing and evaluation of tillage machinery 2
6. Testing and evaluation of seed-cum-fertilizers drills/planters 3
7. Testing and evaluation of manually and power operated Sprayers 3
8. Testing and evaluation of reapers and straw combines 1
9. Testing and evaluation of combine harvester and threshers 3
10. Testing and evaluation of manually and power operated chaff
2
c utters
11. Testing and evaluation of advanced f a r m machinery 2
12. Reliability in Engineering with emphasis on agricultural machinery 2
13. Discussion on Farm machinery t e s t codes 2
14. Interpretations of the information given in different t e s t codes for
1
farm machinery
15. Formulation of test-code for machines that do not have any code. 2
16. Current topics/discussion 1

Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Lab Testing of Stationary diesel engine for full load, variable load and governor
2
test
2. Lab Testing and evaluation of seed-cum-fertilizer drills 1
3. Lab Testing and evaluation of seed-cum-fertilizer planters 1
4. Lab Testing and evaluation of knapsack Sprayers 1
5. Lab Testing and evaluation of s p r a y nozzles 1
6. Field testing of rotavators 1
7. Lab testing of rotavators different soil types 1
8. Testing and evaluation of reapers 1
9. Testing and evaluation of combine harvester and threshers 1
10. Testing and evaluation of chaff cutters 1
11. Testing and evaluation of laser land leveler 1
12. Case study of test reports of different agricultural implements and
3
equipment
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• John B. Liljedahl, Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, Makoto Hoki. 1989. Tractors and their Power
Units. 4th Edition. ISBN 978-1-4684-6634-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4
• Indian Standard Codes for Agricultural Implements. Published by BIS, New Delhi.
• Inns F M. 1986. Selection, Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machines and Equipment. FAO
Service Bull. No.115.
• Mehta M L, Verma S R, Rajan P and Singh S K 2019. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural

9
 Machinery. Daya Publishing House, Delhi.
• Nebraska Tractor Test Code for Testing Tractor, Nebraska, USA.
• Smith D W, Sims B G and O’Neill D H 2001. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machinery and
Equipment -Principle and Practice. FAO Agricultural Services Bull. 110.

FMPE 503 ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY IN FARM OPERATIONS (2+1)

Aim
To understand the science of Ergonomics and its application to farm machinery in
order to reduce drudgery in the use of tools and equipment and also make them
safe and comfortable to operate.

Theory

Unit I
Description of human-machine systems. Ergonomics and its areas of application in
the work system. History of ergonomics. Modern ergonomics.
Unit II
Anthropometry: Importance, principles in workspace and equipment design, design
of manual handling tasks and application in equipment design. Human postures:
Postural stress and its role in design of farm machinery.
Unit III
Human factors in tractor seat design: Entry system, controls, shape, colour coding,
dial and indicators. Modern technology for comfort in driving places.
Unit IV
Physiological parameters: Psychological and mental stresses and their measurement
techniques. Human energy expenditure: Calibration of subjects, human workload and its
assessment.

Unit V
Safety considerations and operators’ protective gadgets in farm operations. Standards/codes for
tractors and agricultural machinery safety.

Practical
Measurement of anthropometric dimensions of agricultural workers and establishing
relationship between them. Determination of human requirements for field operation
with manually operated equipment. Assessment of psychological/general load for
specific agricultural operations. Calibration of human subject on bicycle ergometer
and/ or treadmill for its energy output and physiological parameters like heart rate,
oXygen consumption rate under laboratory conditions. Case studies of agricultural
accidents and safety measure.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to apply the concepts of ergonomics in the design of agricultural tools
and equipment and also evaluate the ergonomic suitability of such equipment.

Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Introduction to ergonomics, definition of ergonomics 1
2. Operator- machine-environment system approach 1
3. Relative advantages of man and machine, ergonomics in daily life 1

10
 4. Importance of ergonomics in agriculture and farm machinery 1
5. History of ergonomics, modern ergonomics 1
6. Man machine environment components, broad objectives of
1
ergonomics
7. Basic issues and processes under ergonomics for design and
1
development of machine
8. Anthropometry and its uses in daily life 1
9. Principles of applied anthropometry in ergonomics 1
10. Availability of anthropometric database for Indian agricultural
1
workers
11. Definitions and possible applications of anthropometric dimensions 2
12. Workspace and equipment design 1
13. Different modes of force application 1
14. Design of manual handling tasks 1
15. Biomechanics aspects in machine design 2
16. Human posture, posture stresses and its role in design of agricultural
2
machinery
17. Work place design for standing and seated workers 2
18. Human factors in tractor seat design 1
19. Entry system, controls, shape, colour coding, dial and indicators 1
20. Modern technology for safety and comfort in driving place 1
21. Physiological and psychological parameters for ergonomic evaluation 1
22. Physiological and psychological stresses and measurements
1
techniques
23. Human work load assessment, human energy eXpenditure 1
24. Calibration of subjects – concept, importance and techniques 1
25. Accidents and safety in agriculture operations, general safety
1
guidelines
26. Safety feeding systems for threshers and chaff cutters 1
27. Safety gadgets for tractors and trailers 1
28. Standard/ codes for agricultural machinery safety 1

Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Identification of the ergonomic parameters in farm machinery design 1
2. Measurement of anthropometric dimensions of agriculture workers 2
and establishing relation between them
3. Measurement of strength parameters 1
4. Determination of human requirements of field operation with manual 2
operated equipment
5. Assessment of psychological/ general load for agricultural operations 1
6. Assessment of stress on eyes by specific agricultural operation 1
7. Noise measurement in tractors 1
8. Calibration of human subject on bicycle ergometer 1
9. Calibration of human subject on treadmill 1
10. Measurement of physiological parameter, viz. heart/ pulse rate 1
11. Measurement of oXygen consumption under laboratory conditions 1
12. Case study of accidents and safety on tractors and trailers 1
13. Case study of accidents and safety on chaff cutters and threshers 1

11
 14. Practical eXamination 1

Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Bridger R S 2009. Introduction to Ergonomics. CRC Press, Boca Rotan, USA

• Sanders M S and McCormick E J 2000. Human Factors in Engineering and Design.
McGraw Hill. 7th edition
• Astrand P, Rodahl K, Dahl H A and Stromme S B 2003. Textbook of Work Physiology -
Physiological Basis of Exercise. McGraw Hill.
• Gite L P 2009. Anthropometric and Strength Data of Indian Agricultural Workers for
Farm Equipment Design. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.
• Gite L P, Agrawal K N, Mehta C R, Potdar R R and Narwariya B S. 2019. Handbook of
Ergonomical Design of Agricultural Tools, Equipment and work Places. Jain Brothers,
New Delhi.
• Martin Helander. 2005. A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics. 2nd Edition. CRC
Press. ISBN 9780415282482

FMPE 504 DESIGN OF TRACTOR SYSTEMS (2+1)

Aim
To introduce the student to the principles that direct the design of a tractor and its
subsystems and enable the student to apply the concept of machine design in
designing the subsystems and critical components.

Theory

Unit I

Design and types, research, development, design procedure, technical

specifications of tractors, modern trends in tractor design and development, special
design features of tractors in relation to Indian agriculture.

Unit II

Engine related terminology. Selection of stroke-bore ratio. Design of engine

components; Piston, connecting rod, cylinder, cylinder head, crank shaft etc. Design
considerations of IC engines based on emission norms.

Unit III

Design of tractor systems like clutch, gearbox, steering, steering geometry, turning
force, hydraulic system & hitching, chassis, operator’s seat, work-place area and
controls. Tire selection, aspect ratio etc. Introduction to the technologies related to
the hybrid and electric tractors.

Unit IV

Mechanics of tractor stability. Computer aided design and its application in farm tractors.

Practical

Engine design calculations, transmission component design calculations. Extensive

practices on the computer aided design packages.

Learning outcome

The student will have an overview of the philosophy guiding the design of a tractor and also
design tractor systems and components.

12
Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Design and types, research, development, design procedure, technical 3
specifications of tractors, modern trends in tractor design and development,
special design features of tractors in relation to Indian agriculture.
2. Engine related terminology. Selection of stroke-bore ratio. 1
3. Design of engine components: Piston, connecting rod, cylinder, cylinder head, 3
crank shaft etc.
4. Design of tractor clutch 2
5. Design of tractor gearbox 3
6. Tractor steering system, functional requirements, steering geometry, turning force 2
7. Steering system design parameters and design procedure 2
8. Hydraulic system & hitching – principles of operation 2
9. Hydraulic system - Design parameters and design procedures including design of 2
pump, cylinder etc.
10. Design of chassis 2
11. Human factors in tractor design. Design of operator’s seat 2
12. Work-place area and controls 2
13. Tire selection, aspect ratio etc. 1
14. Mechanics of tractor stability. Dynamic and static analysis of forces acting on 3
farm tractor, case studies.
15. Computer aided design and its application in farm tractors 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Engine design calculations - Stroke-bore ratio determination - Design of radiator -
2
Balancing of crankshaft
2. Engine design calculations - Calculation of volumetric/thermal efficiencies 1
3. Transmission component design calculations - Design of clutch 1
4. Transmission component design calculations - Design of gear box and calculation
2
of speed ratios
5. Design of Ackerman steering. Calculation of turning radius. 1
6. Design of brakes (mechanical and hydraulic) 2
7. Design of hydraulic system 2
8. Calculation for determination of centre of gravity of tractor, moment of inertia
3
and stability
9. Practice on the Computer Aided Design (CAD) packages for design of various
2
components
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• John B. Liljedahl, Paul K. Turnquist, David W. Smith, Makoto Hoki. 1989. Tractors and
their Power Units. 4th Edition. ISBN 978-1-4684-6634-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-
4684-6632-4
• Macmillan RH. 2002. The Mechanics of Tractor – Implement Performance and Worked
Example. University of Melbourne, Australia.
• Sharma PC and Agarwal DK. 2000. Machine Design. S K Kataria and Sons, Delhi.

13
• Karl Theodor Renius. 2020. Fundamentals of Tractor Design. 1st Edition. ISBN 978-3-030-
32803-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32804-7

FMPE 505 DESIGN OF FARM MACHINERY- I (2+1)

Aim

To understand the interaction of tillage tools with soil and design the components of
the tillage tools based on their requirement and also to learn how the systems of
planting machinery are designed.

Theory

Unit I

Farm machinery design: Modern trends, tasks and requirements, economic

considerations of durability, reliability and rigidity. Physico-mechanical properties
of soils. Mechanics of tillage – Wedge theory. Working process of mould board
plough, determination of basic parameters. Design of coulters, shares, mould boards.

Unit II

Constructing of mould board working surface. Design of landside, frog, jointer. Forces
acting on plough bottom and their effect on plough balance: Trailed, semi mounted
and mounted plough. Draft on ploughs, resistance during ploughing. Design disk
ploughs: Concave disk working tools, forces acting.

Unit III

Machines and implements for surface and inter row tillage; Peg toothed harrow, disk
harrows, rotary hoes, graders, rollers, cultivators. Design of V shaped sweeps. Rigidity
of working tools. Rotary machines: Trajectory of motion of rotary tiller tynes, forces
acting, power requirement. Machines with working tools executing an oscillatory
motion.

Unit IV

Methods of sowing and planting: Machines, agronomic specifications. Sowing inter- tilled
crop. Grain hoppers: Seed metering mechanism, furrow openers and seed tubes.
Machines for fertilizer application: Discs type broadcasters. Organic fertilizer application:
Properties of organic manure, spreading machines. Liquid fertilizer distributors. Planting
and transplanting: Paddy transplanters, potato planters.

Practical

Design of mould board working surface; Coulter, frog, share, jointer, mould board
plough. Trailed, semi mounted and mounted ploughs. Design of disc plough, disc
harrow, peg tooth harrow, cultivators, sweeps. Design of rotary tiller. Design of traction
and transport devices.

Design of seed drills; Metering mechanism, hopper, furrow opener. Fertilizer spreader,
liquid fertilizer applicators and design of its sub systems. Design of paddy
transplanters and potato planters.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to appreciate the principles behind the design of tillage tools and
planting machinery. He will be able to arrive at design configurations for such machines.

Lecture Schedule

14
 No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Farm machinery design: Modern trends, tasks and requirements, economic 3
considerations of durability, reliability and rigidity.
2. Farm machinery design: economic considerations of durability, reliability and 2
rigidity.
3. Physio-mechanical properties of soils. 1
4. Mechanics of tillage – Wedge theory. Working process of mould board plough, 2
determination of basic parameters.
5. Design of coulters, shares, mould boards. 2
6. Constructing of mould board working surface. 1
7. Design of landside, frog, jointer. 1
8. Forces acting on plough bottom and their effect on plough balance: Trailed, semi 2
mounted and mounted plough. Draft on ploughs, resistance during ploughing.
9. Design disk ploughs: Concave disk working tools, forces acting. 2
10. Machines and implements for surface and inter row tillage: Peg toothed 2
harrow, disk harrows, rotary hoes, graders, rollers,
11. cultivators. 1
12. Design of V s1haped sweeps. Rigidity of working tools. 2
13. Rotary machi2nes: Trajectory of motion of rotary tiller tynes, forces acting, p1ower 1
requirement.
14. Machines with 2working tools executing an oscillatory motion. 2
15. Methods of sowing and planting: Machines’ agronomic specifications. Sowing 1
inter-tilled crop, Grain hoppers Seed metering mechanism, Furrow openers and
seed tubes.
16. Machines for fertilizer application: Discs type broadcasters. 2
17. Organic fertilizer application: Properties of organic manure spreading machines. 1
Liquid fertilizer distributors.
18. Planting and transplanting: Paddy transplanters, potato planters. 2
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Design of mould board: Coulter, frog, share 1
2. Design of mould board: mould board plough working surface, ointer. 1
3. Trailed, semi mounted and mounted ploughs. 1
4. Design of disc plough 1
5. Design of disc harrow 1
6. Design of peg tooth harrow 1
7. Design of cultivators and sweep. 1
8. Design of rotary tiller. 1
9. Design of traction and transport devices. 1
10. Design of seed drills: Metering mechanisms 1
11. Design of seed drills: hopper and furrow opener. 1
12. Design of Fertilizer application equipment: fertilizer spreaders 1
Design of Fertilizer application equipment: liquid fertilizer
13. 1
applicators and design of its sub systems
14. Design o f paddy transplanters 1
15. Design of potato planters.
Total 15

15
Suggested Reading

• Bernacki C, Haman J and Kanafajski Cz. 1972. Agricultural Machines Theory and
Construction. Vol.I. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22151.
• Bosoi ES, Verniaev OV, Smirnov II and Sultan-Shakh EG. 1990. Theory, Construction and
Calculations of Agricultural Machinery - Vol. I. Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd. No.56,
Connaught Circle, New Delhi.
• Gill R and Vanden Berg GE. 2013. Soil Dynamics in Tillage and Traction. Scientific
Publishers (India) ISBN-10: 8172338031.
• Yatsuk EP 1981. Rotary Soil Working Machines Construction, Calculation and Design.
American Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

FMPE 506 DESIGN OF FARM MACHINERY-II (1+1)

Aim

To learn the engineering principles behind application of pesticides and the systems that
implements the same. To learn the concepts behind design of crop harvesting and threshing
equipments.

Theory

Unit I

Pesticide calculation examples. Multidisciplinary nature of pesticide application. Overview of

chemical control integrated pest management. Targets for pesticide deposition. Formulation of
pesticides.

Unit II

Spray droplets. Hydraulic nozzles. Power operated hydraulic sprayer design principles. Air assisted
hydraulic sprayer design principles. Controlled droplet application. Electrostatically charged
sprayers. Spray drift and its mitigation. Aerial spraying systems. Use of drones for spraying: Design of
spray generation and application issues.

Unit III

Introduction to combine harvesters: Construction, equipment subsystems, power sub systems. Crop
harvesting: Plant properties, physical and mechanical properties of plant stem, plant bending
modelling. Properties of plant grain: Physical, mechanical, aerodynamic, grain damage.

Unit IV

Design of grain header; Orienting and supporting reel. Plant cutting cutter bar: Working process,
cutter bar drive. Knife cutting speed pattern area. Design of auger for plant collection. Corn
header: Working elements, snapping roll design, stalk grasping and drawing process. Corn ear
detachment: Stalk cutting and chopping.

Unit V

Cereal threshing and separation; Design of tangential and axial threshing units. Performance
indices of threshing units. Modelling material kinematics in different threshing units. Factors
influencing the threshing process and power requirement. Separation process and design of straw
walker. Cleaning Unit process and operation. Grain pan; Chaffer and bottom sieve. Blower design
and flow orientation. Design of conveying system for grain. Straw choppers and shredders.

Practical

Measurement of spray characters for different nozzles. Problems on sizing of sprayer components.

16
Design of sprayer for special purpose: Orchard and tall trees. Harvesting machine. Problems on
design of cutterbar, reels, platform auger, conveyors. Design of threshing drum: Radial and axial
flow type. Design of cleaning and grading systems. Design of blowers.

Learning outcome

The student will know the principles behind the design of crop spraying equipment and harvesting
and threshing machinery.

Lecture Schedule

No. of
Sl. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Overview of chemical pest control, integrated pest management, formulations 1
and targets for pesticide deposition, multidisciplinary nature of pesticide
application, pesticide calculation examples.
2. Hydraulic nozzles - spray droplet spectrum, powered hydraulic sprayer design 1
principles.
3. Controlled droplet application - spray drift and its mitigation. 1
4. Air assisted hydraulic sprayer design principles, electrostatically charged sprays, 1
aerial spraying systems - use of drones for spraying.
5. Design of spray generation and application issues. 1
6. Introduction to combine harvesters - construction, equipment subsystems, power 1
sub systems, plant properties - physical and mechanical properties of plant stem,
plant bending modelling.
7. Properties of plant grain - physical, mechanical, aerodynamic - grain 1
damage.
8. Working of cutterbar drive, knife cutting speed pattern area, design of grain 2
header and auger - cutterbar - orienting and supporting reel.
9. Corn header: Working elements, snapping roll design, stalk grasping and drawing 2
process. Corn ear detachment: Stalk cutting and chopping.
10. Cereal threshing and separation, Design of tangential and axial threshing units. 2
Performance indices of threshing units.
11. Modelling material kinematics in different threshing units. Factors influencing the 1
threshing process and power requirement.
12. Separation process and design of straw walker. 1
13. Cleaning Unit process and operation. Grain pan: Chaffer and bottom sieve. 2
Blower design and flow orientation.
14. Design of conveying system for grain. Straw choppers and shredders. 1
Total 18

List of Practicals

No. of
Sl. No. Topics
Practicals
1. Measurement of spray characters for different nozzles. 1
2. Problems on the design of sprayer components. 1
3. Design of spraying units – manual 1
4. Design of spraying units – powered 1
5. Design of sprayer for special purpose: Orchard and tall trees. 1
6. Design of agitation units – mechanical and hydraulic 1
7. Harvesting machines: Problems on design of shear type cutting mechanism 1
8. Harvesting machines: Problems on design of impact type harvesting
1
mechanism
9. Harvesting machines: Problems on design of platform auger and 1

17
 conveyors.
10. Harvesting machines: Problems on design of reels 1
11. Design of threshing drum: Tangential flow type. 1
12. Design of threshing drum: AXial flow type. 1
13. Design of cleaning systems. 1
14. Design of grading systems. 1
15. Design of blowers. 1
Total 15
Suggested Reading

• Bernacki C, Haman J and Kanafajski Cz 1972. Agricultural Machines Theory and

Construction. Vol-I. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia22151.
• Bindra, OS and Singh H. 1971. Pesticides Application Equipments. OXford & IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi.
• Bosoi ES, Verniaev OV, Smirnov II and Sultan-Shakh EG. 1987. Construction and
Calculations of Agricultural Machinery - Vol.II. OXonian Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
• Miu P. 2016. Combine Harvesters Modeling and Design. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA
ISBN 13:978-1-4822-8237-5
• Thornhill EW and Matthews GA. 1995. Pesticide Application Equipment for Use in
Agriculture Vol II. Mechanically powered equipment FAO Rome.

FMPE 507 MANAGEMENT OF FARM POWER AND MACHINERY SYSTEM (2+1)

Aim
To understand how principles of management are applied to farm machinery
systems to make them more effective and profitable.

Theory
Unit I

Importance and objectives of farm mechanization in Indian agriculture, its impact,

strategies, myths and future needs. Estimation of operating cost of tractors and farm
machinery. Management and performance of power, operator, labour. Economic
performance of machinery, field capacity, field efficiency and factors affecting field
efficiency.

Unit II

Tractor power performance in terms of PTO, drawbar and fuel consumption. Power
requirement problems to PTO, DBHP.

Unit III

Selection of farm machinery, size selection, timeliness of operation, optimum width

and problem related to its power selection. Reliability of agricultural machinery.
Replacement of farm machinery and inventory control of spare parts.

Unit IV

Systems approach to farm machinery management and application of programming

techniques to farm machinery selection and scheduling. Network Analysis: Transportation,
CPM and PERT, dynamic programming, Markov chain.

Practical

Study of latest development of different agricultural equipment and implements in

18
India and other developing countries. Size selection of agricultural machinery.
Experimental determination of field capacity of different farm machines. Study of
farm mechanization in relation to crop yield. Determination of optimum machinery
system for field crop and machine constraints. To develop computer program for the
selection of power and machinery.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to understand how farm machinery is selected and operated to make
them economically viable.

Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Importance and scope of farm mechanization in Indian Agriculture 1
2. Cost analysis of Farm Machinery and tractor, Breakdown analysis, Inflation. 2
3. Measurement of power performance (PTO power, drawbar power and fuel 3
consumption of tractor and power tiller
4. Study of field capacity and field efficiency of different farm machinery and factor 1
affecting them
5. Selection of Farm Machinery size w.r.t. to power source and timeliness of 4
operation
6. Application of programming technique to problem of farm power and 4
machinery selection.
7. Replacement models, spare parts and inventory control 2
8. Maintenance and scheduling of operations. 2
9. Network analysis – transportation 2
10. Network analysis – critical path method, PERT 2
11. Network analysis – dynamic programming 3
12. Network analysis – markov chain 3
13. Linear programming, multivariable system, simplex algorithm. Theory network. 3
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Introduction to latest development of advanced agricultural equipment in
3
India
2. Experimental determination of field capacity of different farm machines 3
3. Case studies on optimum size selection of agricultural machinery 3
4. Determination of inventory of different farm machines for a farm of size 50 ha as
3
per regional crop rotations
5. To develop computer program regarding selection of farm machinery size and
3
power requirement for a 10, 50 and 100 ha farm size
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Carveille LA. 1980. Selecting Farm Machinery. Louisiana Cooperative EXtn. Services
Publication.
• Culpin C. 1996. Profitable Farm Mechanization. Lock Wood and Sons, London.
• FAO. 1990. Agricultural Engineering in Development: Selection of Mechanization
Inputs. FAO, Agri service Bulletin.

19
• Hunt D. 1979. Farm Power and Machinery Management. Iowa State University Press,
USA.
• Kapoor VK. 2012. Operation Research: Concepts, Problems and Solutions. Sultan
Chand and Sons, India. KAB-I, New Delhi.

FMPE 511 PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATION AND CONTROL (2+1)

Aim

To learn the principles behind systems for industrial automation and control especially
with respect to electronically implemented systems.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to industrial automation and control: Architecture of industrial

automation systems, review of sensors and measurement systems. Introduction to
process control: PID control, controller tuning, implementation of PID controllers,
special control structures, feed forward and ratio control, predictive control, control
of systems with inverse response, cascade control, overriding control, selective
control and split range control.

Unit II

Introduction to sequence control: PLCs and relay ladder logic, sequence control,
scan cycle, RLL syntax, sequence control structured design approach, advanced RLL
programming, the hardware environment, Introduction to CNC machines.

Unit III

Control of machine tools: Analysis of a control loop, introduction to actuators. Flow

control valves, hydraulic actuator systems, principles, components and symbols,
pumps and motors. Proportional and servo valves. Pneumatic control systems, system
components, controllers and integrated control.

Unit IV

Control systems: Electric drives, introduction, energy saving with adjustable speed drives
stepper motors, principles, construction and drives. DC motor drives: Introduction to DC-
DC converters, adjustable speed drives. Induction motor drives: Introduction,
characteristics, adjustable speed drives. Synchronous motor drive- motor principles,
adjustable speed and servo drives.

Unit V

Networking of sensors, actuators and controllers, the fieldbus, the fieldbus communication
protocol, introduction to production control systems.

Practical

Control system practical: Characteristics of DC servomotor, AC/DC position control

system. ON/OFF temperature control system. Step response of second order system,
temperature control system using PID level control system. Automation: Introduction
to ladder logic, writing logic and implementation in ladder. PLC programming, water
level controller using programmable logic controller. Batch process reactor using
programmable logic controller. Speed control of AC servo motor using
programmable logic controller.

Learning outcome

20
Understanding of the principles behind implementation of systems for automation and control.

Lecture Schedule

No. of
S. No. Topics
Lectures
1. Introduction to industrial automation and control 1
2. Architecture of industrial automation systems 1
3. Review of sensors and measurement systems-I 1
4. Review of sensors and measurement systems-II 1
5. Introduction to process control 1
6. PID control, controller tuning and implementation of PID controllers, 1
7. Special control structures, feed forward and ratio control 1
8. Predictive control and control of systems with inverse response 1
9. Cascade control, overriding control 1
10. Selective control and split range control. 1
11. Introduction to sequence control 1
12. PLCs and relay ladder logic, sequence control and scan cycle, 1
13. RLL syntaX, sequence control structured design approach 1
14. Advanced RLL programming and the hardware environment, 1
15. Introduction to CNC machines. 1
16. Control of machine tools 1
17. Analysis of a control loop 1
18. Introduction to actuators. 1
19. Introduction to flow control valves, 1
20. Hydraulic actuator systems, principles, components and symbols 1
21. Introduction to hydraulic pumps and motors 1
22. Introduction about proportional and servo valves. 1
23. Pneumatic control systems, system components and controllers and integrated 1
control.
24. Introduction about electric control systems 1
25. Electric drives, energy saving with adjustable speed drives 1
26. Stepper motors, principles, construction and drives. 1
27. DC motor drives: Introduction to DC-DC converters, adjustable speed drives. 1
28. Induction motor drives: Introduction, characteristics, adjustable speed drives 1
29. Synchronous motor drive-motor principles, adjustable speed and servo drives. 1
30. Networking of sensors, actuators and controllers, 1
31. The field bus, the field bus communication protocol, 1
32. Introduction to production control systems. 1
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Practicals
1. Control system including characteristics of DC servomotor. 2
2. AC/DC position control system 1
3. Temperature control system 1
4. Step response of second order system using MATLAB 2
5. Temperature control system using PID level control system 1
6. Introduction to ladder logic, writing logic and implementation in ladder. 2
7. PLC programming 2
8. Water level controller using programmable logic controller 1

21
 9. Batch process reactor using programmable logic controller 1
10. Speed control of AC servo motor using programmable logic controller 1
Total 14

Suggested Reading

• https://nptel.ac.in/downloads/108105063/
• Manesis S and Nikolakopoulos G. 2018. Introduction to Industrial Automation. 1st
Edition, CRC Press. Textbook-ISBN 9781498705400-CAT#K24766

FMPE 512 PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS (2+1)

Aim
To understand the principles behind operation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems and their
components and design simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuits and select components for
the same.

Theory

Unit I

Hydraulic power, its advantages, applications, properties of hydraulic fluids, viscosity, bulk
modulus, density. Concepts of energy of hydraulic systems, laws of fluid flow.

Unit II

Hydraulic pump and motors, principle, capacity, classifications, working, performance. Design
of various types of pumps and motors.

Unit III

Actuators, types, design of linear actuator and rotary actuators. Hydraulic rams, gear motors,
piston motors and their performance characteristics. Hose, filters, reservoirs, types of circuits,
intensifier, accumulator, valves. Valve types: Direction control, deceleration, flow, pressure
control, check valve and their working etc.

Unit IV

Hydraulic circuit design. Applications in farm power and machinery: Tractor, combine, farm
machinery systems, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic system.

Unit V

Power pack, pneumatic circuits, properties of air. Compressors, types. Design of pneumatic
circuits.

Practical

Study of various hydraulic pumps, motors, valves, directional control valves, cylinder piston
arrangements, engineering properties of hydraulic fluids, hydraulic system of tractor, power
steering system.

Learning outcome

Ability to design simple hydraulic and pneumatic circuits and to select the components for
the same. To design hydraulic and pneumatic systems of farm Machinery.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to hydraulic power, its advantages, applications. 1

22
2. Properties of hydraulic fluids, viscosity, bulk modulus, density. 2
3. Concepts of energy of hydraulic systems, laws of fluid flow. 1
4. Introduction to hydraulic pump and motor. 1
5. Principle of hydraulic pump and motor, capacity, classifications, working
performance
6. Design of various types of hydraulic pumps. 1
7. Design of various types of hydraulic motors. 1
8. Actuators, types, design of linear actuator and rotary actuators. 3
9. Hydraulic rams, gear motors, piston, motors and their performance 3
characteristics.
10. Hose, filters, reservoirs, types of circuits, intensifier, accumulator, valves 3
11. Valve types: Direction control, deceleration, flow, pressure control, 4
12. Hydraulic circuit design. 2
13. Applications in farm power and machinery: Tractor, combine, farm machinery 3
systems, hydrostatic system etc.
14. Power pack, pneumatic circuits, components of pneumatic systems, properties of 3
air.
15. Compressors, types. Design of pneumatic circuits. 3
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Study of various hydraulic pumps 1
2. Study of various hydraulic motors 1
3. Study of various hydraulic valves 1
4. Study of various hydraulic directional control valves 2
5. Study of various hydraulic cylinder piston arrangements 1
6. Engineering properties of hydraulic fluids 2
7. Study of hydraulic system of tractor 1
8. Study of power steering system 1
9. Study of power pack, pneumatic circuits, components of pneumatic systems 2
10. Numerical problems on Hydraulic/Pneumatic design 1
Total 13

Suggested Reading
• Anthony E. 2003. Fluid Power with Applications. Pearsons Education (Singapore) Pvt.Ltd.
• Krutz G. 1984. Design of Agricultural Machines. John Wiley and Sons.
• Majumdar S R. 2003. Oil Hydraulics Systems: Principles and Maintenance. Tata McGraw Hill Co.
• Merritt HE. 1991. Hydraulic Control System. John Wiley and Sons Inc.

FMPE 513 APPLIED INSTRUMENTATION IN FARM MACHINERY (2+1)

Aim

To understand the operation of instruments that is used in design and evaluation of farm
machinery and their application.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to transducers (sensors). Active and passive transducers, analog and digital

23
modes, null and deflection methods. Performance characteristics of instruments including
static and dynamic characteristics.

Unit II

Strain gauges, types and applications in two- and three-dimensional force measurement in
farm machinery. Various methods of determining strain/stresses experimentally. Design,
selection and analysis of strain gauges.

Unit III

Load cells, torque meters, flow meters types and principles of working. Devices for measurement of
temperature and their working principle, relative humidity, pressure, sound, vibration,
displacement (LVDT) etc. Recording devices and their types. Measuring instruments for calorific
value of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels.

Unit IV

Basic signal conditioning devices, data acquisition system. Micro computers for measurement
and data acquisition. Data storage and their application including wireless communication.
Application of sensors in farm machinery and power: Tractor and selected farm machinery.

Practical

Calibration of load cells, torque meters, flow meters etc. Experiment on LVDT, strain gauge
transducer, speed measurement using optical devices, vibration measurement, Temperature
measurement using Thermocouple, RTD and Thermistor, application of sensors in farm
machinery like wheel hand hoe, etc.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand and analyze the process and the effect of various
climatic parameters on rainfall-runoff relationship. They can also be able to develop the
competency for calibration and evaluation of hydrologic models and computer simulation.
The student will be able to select and implement suitable systems for measurement of
different parameters like force, torque, speed and pressure etc., that are used in design and
evaluation of Farm machinery.

Lecture Schedule
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Strain gauges and its types; working principle, Wheatstone bridge measurement, 2
commercially available strain gauges
2. Applications of strain gauges in two- and three-dimensional force measurement 2
in farm machinery
3. Various methods of determining strain/stresses experimentally. 2
4. Design, selection and analysis of strain gauges. 2
5. Introduction to transducers (sensors). 1
6. Active and passive transducers, analog and digital modes, null and deflection 2
methods.
7. Performance characteristics of instruments including static and dynamic 2
characteristics.
8. Load cells, torque meters, flow meters types and principles of working 3
9. Devices for measurement of temperature and relative humidity 2
10. Devices for measurement of pressure and sound 2
11. Devices for measurement of vibration and displacement (LVDT) 2
12. Recording devices and their types 1

24
 13. Measuring instruments for calorific value of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels 2
14. Basic signal conditioning devices and data acquisition system 1
15. Micro computers for measurement and data acquisition; general purpose 2
microcontrollers and microprocessors
16. Data storage and their application including wireless communication 2
17. Application of sensors in farm machinery and power: Tractor and selected farm 2
machinery
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Calibration of Load Cells 2
2. Calibration of Torque Meters 1
3. Calibration of Flow Meters 1
4. Experiment on LVDT. 2
5. Experiment on Strain Gauge 1
6. Speed measurement using optical devices 2
7. Vibration Measurement 2
8. Temperature measurement using Thermocouple, RTD and Thermistor 2
9. Application of Sensors in Farm Machinery like wheel hand hoe etc. 3
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Ambrosius EE. 1966. Mechanical Measurement and Instruments. The Ronald Press
Company.
• Doeblin EO. 2004. Measurement System- Application and Design. Tata McGrawHill.
• Nakra BC and Choudhary KK. 1985. Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis.2nd
Edition Tata McGraw Hill.
• Nachtigal CL (Editor). 1990. Instrumentation and Control. Fundamentals and
Application. Wiley Series in Mechanical Engineering.
• Oliver FJ. 1971. Practical Instrumentation Transducers. Hayden book company Inc.
• Bolton W. 2018. Mechatronics: Electronic Control Systems in Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering. Pearson UK. ISBN 978129225099.
• A K Sawhney. 2016. A course in electrical and electronic measurements and
instrumentation. Dhanpat Rai & Co., New Delhi. ISBN 8177001000.
• Rajput R. K. 2007. Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments. S. Chand
Publications. ISBN 8121929636

FMPE 514 SYSTEMS SIMULATION AND COMPUTER AIDED PROBLEM SOLVING

IN ENGINEERING (1+1)

Aim
To give the student orientation in simulation of continuous and discrete systems especially
using computer programme and software.

Theory
Unit I

Mathematical modeling and engineering problem solving: Conservation laws and

engineering. Computers and software: Software development, structured programming,
logical representation. Modular programming. Approximation: Round off errors, truncation
25
errors, significant figures, accuracy and precision.

Unit II

Nature of simulation: Systems models and simulation, discreet event simulation, time advance
mechanisms, components of discrete event simulation model, simulation of single server queuing
system. Program organization and logic, development of algorithm. Simulation of an inventory
system.

Unit III

Solving roots of equation using computers. Application in: Ideal and non-ideal gas laws, open
channel flows, design of an electric circuit, vibration analysis. Solving linear algebraic
equation on computers: Naïve Gauss Elimination, techniques for improving solutions, LU
decomposition and matrix inversion. Application in: Steady state analysis of chemical
reactors, statically determinate truss, current and voltage in circuits, spring mass systems.

Unit IV

Optimization techniques. Search techniques: Golden Sections, quadratic interpolation.

Application: Optimum design of tank, least cost treatment of waste water, power transfer for
circuits. Solving ordinary differential equation on computers: Modeling engineering systems
with ordinary differential equation, solution techniques using computers.

Practical

Comparison of analytical and numerical solutions using Spread sheet. Generation of random
variables. Generation of discreet and continuous random variate-coding. Implementation of
single server queue on computer. Exercises with software packages for roots of equation:
Solving linear algebraic equation, curve fitting and optimization. Solving simultaneous
equation through Gauss elimination, solving steady state analysis of chemical reactors,
statically determinate truss, current and voltage in circuits, spring mass systems on
computers. Application of ordinary differential equation to solve mixed reactor problems,
predator prey models and chaos.

Learning outcome

Ability to analyze problems from a systems perspective and apply the principles to simulation
of continuous and discrete engineering systems.

Lecture Schedule

Sl. No. No. of

Topics
Lectures
1. Introduction to mathematical modeling in engineering problem solving, 1
comparison of analytical and numerical approaches, Conservation laws applied
to engineering, modeling simple system
2. Computer modeling, computing environments software development process, 1
Modular design, top-down design, structured programming, algorithm design.
3. Program composition, quality control- testing and documentation software 1
strategy, Approximation- round off errors- accuracy and precision – definitions,
number system in the computer- truncation errors.
4. Nature of simulation, systems models and simulation, Discreet event simulation, 1
time advance mechanisms, components of discreet event simulation model.
5. Principles of simulation of singular server queuing system, Programme organization 1
and logic for single server queuing system.
6. Development of algorithm, single server queuing system, Solving roots of equation 1
in computers, graphical method.

26
 7. Developing algorithm for bisection method, false position method. 1
8. Application of roots of equation to gas laws, open channel flows, Application of 1
roots of equation to electric circuits, vibration analysis.
9. Solving linear algebraic equation in engineering practices. 1
10. Developing algorithm for Gaussian elimination, Pitfalls of elimination methods and 1
remedies.
11. Overview of LU decomposition, LU decomposition algorithms, calculating inverse 1
of matrix.
12. Application of linear algebraic equation to statically determinate truss, Circuit 1
analysis, and spring mass system.
13. Introduction to optimization in engineering, Formulation of Problems. 1
14. One dimensional unconstrained optimization, development of algorithm for 1
golden sections.
15. One dimensional unconstrained optimization quadratic interpolation. 1
16. Application of optimization to design of tank, waste water treatment problem, 1
power transfer circuits.
17. Formulating engineering problems using ordinary differential equation. 1
18. Solving ordinary differential equation using computers, Euler’s method and Runge- 1
Kutta method.
Total 18

List of Practicals
Sl. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Exercises in developing simple programmes in C. 1
2. Demonstration of solutions using analytical and numerical methods for simple 1
problems.
3. Development of programmes for generation of random variables. 1
4. Writing programme for generating random variates. 1
5. Writing programme for event advance mechanism of single server queuing system. 1
6. Writing programme for arrival module of single server queuing system. 1
7. Writing programme for departure module of single server queuing system and 1
statistical performance.
8. Writing programme for solution of roots of equation. 1
9. Solving simple engineering problems using roots of equation. 1
10. Development of algorithm for Gaussian elimination. 1
11. Application of Gaussian elimination to mass balance problems and statically 1
determinate truss.
12. Application of Gaussian elimination to analysis of electrical circuits. 1
13. Development of algorithm for Golden Sections and application. 1
14. Application of optimization technique to design of tank. 1
15. Application of optimization technique to waste water treatment. 1
16. Predator prey models and chaos. 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Balagurusamy E. 2000. Numerical Methods.Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company limited,
New Delhi.
• Chapra SC and Canale RP. 1994. Introduction to Computing for Engineers. 2nd Edition
McGraw Hill International Edition, New York.
• Dent JB and Blackie MJ. 1979. System Simulation in Agriculture. Applied Science
Publishers Ltd., London.
27
• Law AM. 2015. Simulation Modeling and Analysis. McGraw Hill International Edition, New
York.
• Schilling RJ and Harries SL. 2002. Applied Numerical Methods for Engineers Using MATLAB
and C.Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd. Singapore.
• Veerarajan T and Ramachnadran T. 2004. Numerical Methods with Programmes in C and
C++. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company limited, New Delhi.

FMPE 515 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MACHINERY (0+2)

Aim
To learn the practice of designing components and assemblies based on computer aided
drafting technique.

Practical

Learning 2D drafting: Controlling display settings, setting up units, drawing limits and dimension
styles. Drawing and dimensioning simple 2D drawings, keyboard shortcuts. Working with
blocks, block commands. Exercise in simple assembly in orthographic. Exercise in measuring
and drawing simple farm machinery parts. Learning 3D Drafting: Advantages of virtual
prototyping-starting the 3D drafting environment, self-learning tools, help and tutorials.
Familiarizing with user interface, creating files and file organization, structuring and
streamlining. Features of document window. Concept of coordinate system: Working
coordinate system, model coordinate system, screen coordinate system, graphics exchange
standards and database management system. Working with feature manager and
customizing the environment. Planning and capturing design intent. Documentation of
design. Using design journal and design binder. Preliminary design review and layout. Practice
in drawing 2D sketches with sketcher and modifying sketch entries. Adding Reference
geometry: Planes and axes. Adding relations and working with relations. Dimensioning a
sketch. Exercises.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to conceptualize spatial concepts and design components and
assemblies of Farm machinery and make graphic models using commercial CAD software like
Solid Works, Catia and AutoCAD.

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Learning 2D drafting: Controlling display settings, setting up units, drawing limits 1
and dimension styles.
2. Drawing and dimensioning simple 2D drawings, keyboard shortcuts. 1
3. Working with blocks, block commands. EXercise in simple assembly in 1
orthographic
4. EXercise in measuring and drawing simple farm machinery parts. 2
5. Learning 3D Drafting: Advantages of virtual prototyping-starting the 2
3D drafting environment, self-learning tools, help and tutorials.
Familiarizing with user -interface, creating files and file organization,
structuring and streamlining. Features of document window.
6. Concept of coordinate system: Working coordinate system, model coordinate 2
system, screen coordinate system, graphics exchange standards and database
management system.
7. Working with feature manager and customizing the environment. 2
Planning and capturing design intent.

28
 8. Documentation of design. Using design journal and design binder. 1
Preliminary design review and layout.
9. Practice in drawing 2D sketches with sketcher and modifying sketch 2
entries.
10. Adding Reference geometry: Planes and aXes. Adding relations and 2
working with relations. Dimensioning a sketch. EXercises.
11. Parts and features: Sketched features and applied features, pattern and mirror 2
features. Documenting design.
12. Assembly: Creating and organizing assemblies, connecting parts and 2
subassemblies with mates.
13. Organizing the assembly by using layouts. 1
14. Exercise in creating drawing: Setting up and working with drawing formats, 2
creating drawing views from the 3D model, making changes and modifying
dimensions.
15. Case studies: Measuring and drawing assemblies of farm implements 5
and their components.
Total 32

Suggested Reading
• Jankowski G and Doyle R. 2007. SolidWorks For Dummies®, 2nd Edition, Published by Wiley
Publishing, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-470-12978-4
• Shih R H. 2014. AutoCAD 2014 Tutorial-First Level: 2D Fundamentals. SDC Publications

FMP 516 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES (2+1)

Aim
To learn the modern manufacturing techniques and their application to manufacture of
different components and assemblies
Theory
Unit I

Material and their characteristics, structure and properties of materials, wood, ferrous, Non-ferrous,
alloys, plastic, elastomers, ceramics and composites. Material selection and metallurgy: Equilibrium
diagram, time temperature transformation curves, heat treatments, surface treatment: Roughness
and finishing.

Unit II

Measurement and quality assurance: Quality control, tolerance, limits and clearance.
Automated 3-D coordinate measurements. Advance casting processes and powder
metallurgy. Forming process: Fundamentals of metal forming, hot and cold rolling, forging
processes, extrusion and drawing.

UNIT III

Workshop practices applied in prototype production, jigs and fixtures. Traditional machining
processes: Cutting tools, turning, boring, drilling, milling and related processes. Non traditional
machining processes fuzzy c-mean (FCM), electric discharge machining (EDM), laser beam
machining (LBM), Abrasive jet machining (AJM), and Wire-electro-discharge machining
(EDM).

Unit IV

Joining processes: Gas flame processes, arc processes, brazing and soldering, adhesive and
bonding.

29
Unit V

Numerical control: Command system codes, programme, cutter position X and Y,

incremental movements, linear contouring, Z movements and commands. Manufacturing
systems and automation. Robotics and robot arms. 3-D printing. Integrated manufacturing
production system.

Practical

Identification of material and their application. Study of heat treatment processes and their
suitability with respect to materials. Tool and equipment for measurements: Tolerance limits,
clearance and surface finish. Site visits for study of advanced manufacturing techniques. Case
studies.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to select suitable manufacturing technique to fabricate different
components used in Farm machinery.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Material and their characteristics. 1
2. Structure and properties of materials wood, ferrous, Non-ferrous, alloys, plastic, 2
elastomers, ceramics and composites.
3. Material selection and metallurgy: Equilibrium diagram, time temperature 1
transformation curves.
4. Heat treatments, surface treatment: Roughness and finishing. 2
5. Measurement and quality assurance: Quality control, tolerance, limits and 1
clearance.
6. Automated 3-D coordinate measurements and practice. 2
7. Advance casting processes and powder metallurgy. 1
8. Forming process: Fundamentals of metal forming, hot and cold rolling, forging 2
processes, eXtrusion and drawing.
9. Forging processes, eXtrusion and drawing. 1
10. Workshop practices applied in prototype production, jigs and fiXtures. 1
11. Traditional machining processes: Cutting tools, turning, boring, drilling milling and 2
related processes.
12. Non-traditional machining processes fuzzy c-mean (FCM), electric discharge 2
machining (EDM), laser beam machining (LBM).
13. Electric discharge machining (EDM), laser beam machining (LBM). 2
14. Abrasive jet machining (AJM), and wire-electro-discharge machining (EDM). 1
15. Joining processes: Gas flame processes, arc processes. 2
16. Brazing and soldering processes. 1
17. Adhesive and bonding processes. 1
18. Numerical control: Command system codes. 1
19. NC Programme, Robotics and robot arms. 2
20. Cutter position X and Y, incremental movements, linear contouring, Z movements 1
and commands.
21. Manufacturing systems and automation. 1
22. 3-D printing and integrated manufacturing production system. 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

30
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Identification of material and their application. 2
2. Study of heat treatment processes and their suitability with respect to materials. 5
3. Tool and equipments for measurements: Tolerance limits, clearance and surface 4
finish.
4. Site visits for study of advanced manufacturing techniques. Cas 2
5. Case studies. 2
6. Practical eXamination 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Begeman ML, Ostwald PF and Amstead BH. 1979. Manufacturing Processes: SI Version. John
Wiley and Sons. 7th Edition.
• Chapman PAJ. 1996. Workshop Technology, Part III. CBS Publisher and distributors Pvt Ltd. 3rd
Edition international Edition.
• Gupta RB. 2017. Production Technology, Vol I - Production Process. Satya Prakashan, New
Delhi.
• Hoyos L. 2010. Fundamentals of Tool Design. American Society of Tool and Manufacturer
• Engineers. Sixth Edition.
• Jain RK. 1994. Production Technology: A Textbook for Engineering Students. Khanna Publishers,
New Delhi.
• Polukin P, Gringerg B, Kantenik S, Zhadan V and Vasilye D. Metal Process Engineering, MIR
Publishers Moscow.

FMPE 517 MACHINERY FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE (2+1)

Aim
To learn the principles behind precision agriculture and the systems for implanting the same.

Theory

Unit I

Importance of precision agriculture. Mapping in farming for decision making. Geographical

concepts of PA. Understanding and identifying variability

Unit II

Geographical Position System (GPS) Basics (Space Segment, Receiver Segment, Control
Segment), Error and correction, Function and usage of GPS. Introduction to Geographic
Information system (GIS), function of GIS, use of GIS for decisions. IDI devices usage in Precision
Agriculture Yield monitor, variable rate applicator for fertilizers, seed, chemicals etc. Remote
sensing Aerial and satellite imagery. Above ground (non-contact) sensors.

Unit III

Data analysis, concepts of data analysis, resolution, Surface analysis. Analysis application
interpretive products (map, charts, application map etc).

Unit IV

Electronics and Control Systems for Variable rate applications, Precision Variable Equipment,
Tractor-Implement interface technology, Environmental Implications of Precision Agriculture.

Unit V

Goals based on end results of Precision Agriculture, Recordkeeping, Spatial Analysis, Variable
31
Rate Application, Reducing of negative environmental impact, Crop/ technology cost
optimization. Economic of precision agriculture and determining equipment and software,
review of Cost/Benefit of Precision Agriculture, System vs. Parcels. Making a selection.

Practical
Calculation of the benefits of Data and Mapping, Determining Latitude/Longitude, UTM or State
Plane Position Navigation with Waypoints, Configuring a GPS System. Defining area of field for
prescriptive treatment. Making the Grid, The Grid Sampling Process, generation of yield maps,
Thematic or Spatial Resolution, Yield Map EXample, Surface Analysis in Arc-View.
Learning outcome
Knowledge about the principles guiding the concept of precision agriculture and Farm Machinery
and equipment systems that make muse of this principle.

Lecture Schedule

S. Topics No. of
No. Lectures
1. Introduction to precision agriculture, its importance and applications 1
2. Mapping in farming for decision making and geographical concepts of PA 2
3. Understanding and identifying variability 1
4. Introduction to Geographical Position System (GPS). Function and usage of GPS 2
5. Basics of GPS (Space Segment, Receiver Segment, Control Segment), Error and 2
correction
6. Introduction to Geographic Information system (GIS), function of GIS, use of GIS 2
for decisions.
7. Remote sensing including aerial and satellite imagery 2
8. IDI devices usage in Precision Agriculture Yield monitor, variable rate applicator for 2
fertilizers, seed, chemicals etc. Above ground (non-contact) sensors
9. Data analysis, concepts of data analysis 3
10. Surface analysis. Analysis application interpretive products (map, charts, application 2
map etc)
11. Precision Variable Equipment 2
12. Electronics and Control Systems for variable rate applications 2
13. Tractor-Implement interface technology, Environmental Implications of Precision 2
Agriculture
14. Recordkeeping, Spatial Analysis 2
15. Rate Application, reducing of negative environmental impact, Crop/technology 2
cost optimization
16. Economic of precision agriculture and determining equipment 2
17. Review of Cost/Benefit of Precision Agriculture, Making a selection 2
Total 33

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Calculation of the benefits of data and mapping 1
2. Determining Latitude/Longitude, UTM or State Plane Position Navigation with 2
Waypoints
3. Configuring a GPS System 1
4. Defining area of field for prescriptive treatment 1
5. Making the grid and grid sampling process 2
6. Collection of tractor-implement interface data 1

32
 7. Generation of yield maps 2
8. EXample of spatial and temporal variability and resolution 1
9. Surface Analysis using software like Arc-View 2
10. Economic of precision agriculture and determining equipment 2
11. Cost/Benefit of Precision Agriculture for making a optimized selection 2
Total 17

Suggested Reading

• Clay SA, Clay DE and Bruggeman SA. 2017. Practical Mathematics for Precision Farming
American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society and Soil Science Society of America,
5585 Gulford Rd, Madison, WI 53711
• Henten EJV, Goense D and Lokhorst C. 2009. Precision Agriculture. Wageningen Academic
Publishers.
• Ram T, Lohan SK, Singh R and Singh P. 2014. Precision Farming: A New Approach. Astral
International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, ISBN: ISBN 978-81-7035-827-5 (Hardbound) ISBN
• 978-93-5130-258-2 (International Edition).
• Shannon DK, Clay DE and Kitchen NR (editors). 2018. Precision Agriculture Basics American
• Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society and Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Gulford
Rd, Madison, WI 53711
• Singh AK and Chopra UK. 2007. Geoinformatics Applications in Agriculture. New India
• Publishing Agency, PritamPura, New Delhi.

FMPE 518 MACHINERY FOR HORTICULTURE AND PROTECTED AGRICULTURE (2+0)

Aim

To learn about the different machinery used in cultivation of vegetable crops, orchard
crops and also in protected agriculture.

Theory

Unit I

Vegetable cultivation, nursery machinery, tray seeders, grafting machines, vegetable

trans-planters. Machinery for planting crops on raised beds, mulch laying and
planting machines. Harvesting of vegetable crops: Harvesting platforms and pickers.

Unit II

Machinery for orchard crops: Pit diggers, inter-cultivators and basin forming
equipment for orchards. Machinery for transplanting of trees. Harvesters for fruit crops:
Shaker harvesters, types and principle of operation. Elevated platforms for orchard
management and harvesting. Pruning machines

Unit III

Machinery for orchards, vineyard machinery spraying machines, inter-cultivation

machines. High clearance machines and special purpose machinery for crops on
trellis. Machinery for special crops: Tea leaf harvesters, pruners and secateurs.

Unit IV

Machinery for lawn and garden: Grass cutters, special machinery for turf
maintenance. Turf aerators and lime applicators.

Unit V

Protected agriculture: Principles, mechanical systems of greenhouse, ventilation

33
systems, shading system, water fogging system, irrigation system, sensors, electrical
and electronic system. Intelligent Control system for greenhouses. Machinery for
processing of growth media, tray filling machines-tray sowing machines, transplanting
machines. Robotic grafting machines. Weeding and thinning equipment. Crop
protection and harvest under protected agriculture.

Learning outcome

Knowledge about different principles of mechanizing cultivation of horticultural

crops and in protected agriculture.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. History of vegetable cultivation in India and scope of mechanization in 1
Horticulture
2. Methods of Nursery propagation techniques and machinery for nursery and tray 1
seeders
3. Machinery for field preparation for vegetables (Disc harrows, Disc plough, 1
offset rotavator, sub soiler, bed makers)
4. Principles of mulch laying and planting machines. Types of vegetable 1
transplanters and their construction and working
5. Working and construction of subsurface drip laying machine. Types of planters for 1
vegetable crops and its working
6. Principles of Pneumatic vegetable seeders and its working. Machinery for 1
harvesting of vegetable crops like root crop harvester, its construction and
working
7. Types of vegetable eXtraction machine, its working and construction 1
8. Types of pickers, their construction and working 1
9. Construction and working of different types of post hole diggers 1
10. Types of tractors and their uses in orchards 1
11. Types of inter cultivators and its construction and working 1
12. Types of brush cutters and its working 1
13. Types of basin forming equipment for orchards. Machinery for transplanting of 1
trees and their construction and working
14. Types of elevated platforms for orchard management. Types of Tree Pruners and 1
principles and its working and construction
15. Types of fruit pluckers and its working and construction 1
16. Principles and working and construction of shaker harvesters 1
17. Types of vineyard machinery and its working and construction 1
18. Types of spraying machines and its working and construction. 1
19. High clearance machines and special purpose machinery for crops on trellis. 1
20. Types of orchard sprayers, its working and construction 1
21. Types of Tea leaf harvesters, pruners and secateurs and its working and 1
Construction
22. Special purpose machinery for crops on trellis 1
23. Types of lawn and garden mowers and its working. 1
24. Studies on special machinery for turf maintenance working and construction of 1
Turf aerators and lime applicators
25. Introduction to protected agriculture. Principles of protected agriculture 2
26. Greenhouses - Mechanical systems, ventilation systems, 1
27. shading system, water fogging system and irrigation system. 1

34
 28. Sensors, electrical and electronic system. Intelligent Control system for 1
greenhouses
29. Machinery for processing of growth media, tray filling machines-tray sowing 1
machines, transplanting machines
Total 30

Suggested Reading

• Bell B and Cousins S. 1997. Machinery for Horticulture. Old Pond Publishing Ltd ISBN-10:
0852363699,ISBN-13: 978-0852363690
• Good Agricultural Practices for Greenhouse Vegetable Production in the South East European
countries FAO Rome 2017.
• Ponce P, Molina A, Cepeda P, Lugo E and MacCleery B. 2014. Greenhouse Design and
Control. CRC Press, ISBN 9781138026292 - CAT K23481, 1st Edition.

3.2 Processing and Food Engineering

PFE 501 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN FOOD PROCESSING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the principles of heat, mass and momentum transfer and
its applications in food processing

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to heat and mass transfer and their analogy. Steady and unsteady state heat
transfer. Analytical and numerical solutions of unsteady state heat conduction equations.
Use of Gurnie-Lurie and Heisler Charts in solving heat conduction problems: Applications in
food processing including freezing and thawing of foods.

Unit II

Convective heat transfer in food processing systems involving laminar and turbulent flow. Heat
transfer in boiling liquids. Heat transfer between fluids and solid foods. Functional design of
heat exchangers: shell and tube, plate and scraped surface heat exchangers. Radiation heat
transfer: governing laws, shape factors, applications in food processing.

Unit III

Momentum transfer. Mass flow and balance. Steady and unsteady flow. Theory and equation
of continuity. Bernoulli’s theorem and application. Flow through immersed bodies, Measurement
of flow, pressure and other parameters. Flow driving mechanism.

Unit IV

Molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids. Molecular diffusion in biological solutions and
suspensions. Molecular diffusion in solids. Unsteady state mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients.
Molecular diffusion with convection and chemical reaction. Diffusion of gases in porous solids and
capillaries. Mass transfer applications in food processing.

Practical

Solving problems on steady and unsteady state conduction with or without heat generation.
Numerical analysis. Problems in natural and forced convection, Problems on combined
conduction and convection heat transfer, Problems on boiling and condensation, radiation, Design
of heat exchangers. Problems on molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids, Problems on

35
unsteady state and convective mass transfer, Determination of mass transfer coefficients for various
geometries, Mass transfer to suspensions of small particles,

Learning outcome

The course will impart requisite knowledge about transport phenomenon with respect to
heat, mass and momentum transfer which is necessary to understand the food processing
operations. After going through the course, students will be able to understand, analyse
and solve numerically the food processing operations where heat/mass/momentum transfer is
involved.

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to basic heat and mass transfer and their analogy 2
2. Steady and unsteady state heat transfer. 2
3. Use of Gurnie-Lurie and Heisler Charts in solving heat conduction problems 1
4. Applications in food processing including freezing and thawing of foods 1
5. Convective heat transfer in food processing systems involving laminar and 2
turbulent flow
6. Heat transfer in boiling liquids, Heat transfer between fluids and solid foods. 2
7. Functional design of heat exchangers; Shell and tube, plate and scraped 2
surface heat exchangers
8. Radiation heat transfer: governing laws, shape factors, applications in food 2
processing.
9. Classification of Flow Phenomena, Momentum Flow and Momentum 2
Equation for Laminar Flow, Momentum transfer.
Mass flow and balance.
10. Steady and unsteady flow, Fluid Element Trajectories, Stream Function and 1
Velocity Potential
11. Theory and equation of continuity. Bernoulli’s theorem and application. 1
12. Flow through immersed bodies, Measurement of flow; Measurement 2
of flow pressure and other parameters. Flow driving mechanism.
13. Mass Transfer (Diffusion),Diffusion: Phenomenological Description, Diffusion 2
Coefficient and Fick’s Law
14. Driving Force for Diffusion, Microscopic Picture of Diffusion 1
15. Molecular diffusion in biological solutions and suspensions. 1
16. Unsteady state mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. 2
17. Molecular diffusion with convection and chemical reaction 1
18. Diffusion of gases in porous solids and capillaries 1
19. Mass transfer applications in food processing 2
Total 30

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Solving problems on steady conduction 1
2. Solving problems on steady conduction without heat generation 1
3. Solving problems on steady and unsteady state conduction 1
4. Problems on combined conduction and convection 1
5. Problems in natural and forced convection 1
6. Problems on boiling and condensation 1
7. Solving problems of heat transfer by radiation 1

36
 8. Design of heat exchangers. 2
9. Problems on molecular diffusion in gases, liquids and solids 2
10. Problems on unsteady state and convective mass transfer 1
11. Determination of mass transfer coefficients for various geometries 2
12. Mass transfer to suspensions of small particles 1
Total 15

Suggested Reading
• Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot 2002. Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons.
• Bodh Raj 2012. Introduction to Transport Phenomena, PHI.
• Christie J. Geankoplis 1993. Transport Process and Unit Operations. Prentice-Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi ISBN 0-13-045253-X.
• Coulson JM and Richardson JF. 1999. Chemical Engineering. Vol. II, IV.The Pergamon
Press.
• Earle RL. 1985. Unit Operations in Food Processing. Pergamon Press.
• Holman JP 1992. Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill.
• Jorge Welti-Chanes, Jorge F and Velez-Ruiz 2002. Transport Phenomena in Food Processing. CRC
Press ISBN: 9781566769938 .
• McCabe WL and Smith JC 1999. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. McGraw Hill.
• Plawsky, Joel L 2014. Transport Phenomena Fundamentals, CRC Press, ISBN: 978-1-4665-5535-
8,1466555351.

PFE 502 UNIT OPERATIONS IN FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with different unit operations applicable in food
industries.

Theory

Unit I

Review of basic engineering mathematics. Units and dimensions. Mass and energy balance.
Principles o f fluid flow.

Unit II

Drying and dehydration: Psychrometry, theories of drying, EMC, equipment for drying of
solid, pastes and liquid foods. Evaporation: Components, heat and mass balance in single
and multiple effect evaporators, equipment and applications, steam economy. Thermal
processing: Blanching, pasteurization and sterilization, death rate kinetics, process time
calculations, sterilization equipment.

Unit III

Refrigeration and freezing: Principles, freezing curve, freezing time calculation, freezing
equipment, cold chain.

Unit IV

Mechanical separation: Principle and equipment involved in sieving, filtration, sedimentation

and centrifugation, cyclone separation.

Unit V

Size reduction: Principles of size reduction, size reduction laws. Size reduction equipment: Jaw
crusher, gyratory crusher, roller mill, hammer mill.

37
Practical

Study of fluid flow properties. Application of psychometric chart. Determination of EMC. Study of
driers. Solving problems on single and multiple effect evaporator. Size reduction equipments.
Cleaning a n d sorting e q u i p m e n t . Sieve analysis. Kinetics of fruits and vegetable dehydration.
Calculation of refrigeration load, solving of numerical problems. Visit to related food industry.

Learning outcome

The students will get knowledge on various unit operations, backbone of all food processes.
Knowledge on basic principles of thermal food processes, size reduction and separation
operations involved in food processing and related equipment will prepare students to solve
problems related with food processing. This will help students to solve problems of post-
production processes and will also enhance employability in food industries.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Calculations of material balance related to various food processes 3
2. Study of energy balance for processing operation and related parameters 3
3. Study of fluid statics, fluid dynamics, flow characteristics 3
4. Introduction to Psychometrics basics 2
5. Study of Dehydration, EMC, Mechanism of drying constant rate period, 3
Falling rate period
6. Study of drying equipments 2
7. Evaporation, types of evaporators, Flow arrangements Mass and energy 3
balance, Steam economy
8. Thermal processing: Blanching, pasteurization and sterilization, death rate 3
kinetics, process time calculations, sterilization equipment.
9. Refrigeration and freezing: Principles, freezing curve, freezing time 2
calculation, freezing equipment, cold chain
10. Mechanical separation: Principle and equipment involved in sieving, 3
filtration, sedimentation and centrifugation, cyclone separation
11. 3
Study of principles involved in the size reduction and separation. Equipment used: Jaw
crusher, gyratory crusher, roller mill, hammer mill.

Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Use of units, dimensions and basic mathematical applications 1
2. To judge the students ability for solving mass balance problems 2
3. To judge the students ability for solving Energy balance problems 2
4. To assess the flow rate of fluids through pipes and channels 1
5. To verify the Bernoulli’s Equation 1
6. Application of Psychrometry for design of dryers and environment control 2
7. To study different dryers used in drying of biological materials 2
8. To study single effect and multi effect evaporators 1
9. To calculate the thermal process time using trapezoidal/ Simpson’s 1
formulae
10. To find the graphical solution for calculation of thermal process time 1
11. To study different separation equipments 1
12. To study the size reduction equipments 1

38
 Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Berk. 2018. Food Process Engineering and Technology, Academic Press, ISBN: 978-0-12 812018-7
• Brennan JG, Butters JR, Cowell ND and Lilly AEI. 1990. Food Engineering Operations.
Elsevier.
• Fellows P 1988. Food Processing Technology: Principle and Practice. VCH Publ.
• McCabe WL and Smith JC. 1999. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. McGraw Hill.
• Sahay KM and Singh KK. 1994. Unit Operation of Agricultural Processing. Vikas Publ.
House.
• Singh RP and Heldman DR. 1993. Introduction to Food Engineering. Academic Press.
• Smith. 2011. Introduction to Food Process Engineering, Springer.
• Toledo. 2007. Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering, Springer.
• Varzakas. 2015. Food Engineering Handbook, CRC press.

PFE 503 FIELD CROPS PROCESS ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the post harvest technology of cereals, pulses and
oilseeds with special emphasis on equipment used in the milling and processing.

Theory

Unit I

Production and utilization of cereals and pulses, grain structure of major cereals, pulses and oilseeds
and their milling fractions. Grain quality standards and physico- chemical methods for evaluation of
quality of flours.

Unit II

Pre-milling treatments and their effects on milling quality. Parboiling and drying, conventional,
modern and integrated rice milling operations. Wheat roller flour milling. Processes for milling of
corn, oats, barley, gram, pulses, paddy and flour milling equipment. Layout of milling plants.

Unit III

Dal mills, handling and storage of by-products and their utilization. Storage of milled products.
Expeller and solvent extraction processing. Assessment of processed product quality.

Unit IV

Packaging of processed products. Design characteristics of milling equipment, selection,

installation and their performance. Quality standards for various processed products. Value added
products of cereals, pulses and oilseeds.

Practical

Physical properties of cereals and pulses, raw and milled products quality evaluations:
Parboiling and drying, terminal velocities of grains and their fractions, study of paddy, wheat,
pulses and oilseeds milling equipments, planning and layout of various milling plants.
Development of value added products for cereals, pulses and oilseeds, visit to related agro
processing industry.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to mill and process (value added products) all kinds of field crops as
per requirement of food industries.

Lecture Schedule

39
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Production and utilization of cereals and pulses, grain structure of major 2
cereals, pulses and oilseeds and their milling fractions.
2. Conventional, modern and integrated rice milling process, 5
pre-milling treatments, rice parboiling, rice milling equipment and layout of rice
milling plant
3. Conventional and roller wheat flour milling process, pre-milling treatments, 4
milling equipment and layout of wheat milling plant
4. Preparation of oilseeds and pre- treatments, conventional and modern oil 4
extraction methods viz expeller, solvent extraction and super critical fluid
extraction. Milling equipment and layout of
oil milling plant.
5. Processes for milling of pulses, pretreatments, milling equipment and layout of 4
pulse milling plant.
6. Processes for milling of corn, oats and barley, pretreatments and milling 3
equipments. Layout of milling plant.
7. Handling, packaging and storage of milled products, by-products and their 2
utilization.
8. Assessment of processed product quality. Quality standards for various 3
grains, processed products. Physico-chemical methods for
evaluation of quality Value added products of cereals, pulses and oilseeds.
9. Design characteristics of milling equipment, selection, installation 3
and their performance
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Engineering properties of grains, raw and milled products 2
2. Physical, milling and cooking quality of grains 2
3. Study of paddy milling process and equipments. 1
4. Study of wheat milling process and equipments, 1
5. Study of oil extraction process and equipments, 1
6. Study of pulse milling process and equipments, 1
7. Planning and layout of various milling plants. 3
8. Development of value added products for cereals, pulses and oilseeds 2
9. Visit to various agro processing industry. 2
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Asiedu JJ. 1990. Processing Tropical Crops. ELBS/MacMillan.

• Chakraverty A. 1995. Post-Harvest Technology of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds. Oxford and
IBH.
• Golob 2002. Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology Vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Hodges 2004. Crop post-harvest: science and technology Vol. 2, Wiley-Blackwell.
• Morris Lieberman. 1983. Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Plenum Press.
• Pandey PH. 1994. Principles of Agricultural Processing. Kalyani.
• Pillaiyar P. 1988. Rice - Post Production Manual. Wiley Eastern.
• Sahay KM and Singh KK. 1994. Unit Operations in Agricultural Processing. Vikas Publ.
House.

40
 PFE 504 HORTICULTURAL CROPS PROCESS ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with processing of fruits and vegetables and the
design features of the equipment used for their processing.

Theory

Unit I

Importance of postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables, structure, cellular components,

composition and nutritive value of fruits and vegetables, fruit ripening, spoilage of fruits and
vegetables.

Unit II

Harvesting and washing, pre-cooling, blanching, preservation of fruits and

vegetables, commercial canning of fruits and vegetables, minimal processing of fruits and
vegetables.

Unit III

Cold storage of fruits and vegetables, controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere
packaging of fruits and vegetables, quality deterioration and storage.

Unit IV

Dehydration of fruits and vegetables, methods, osmotic dehydration, foam mat drying,
freeze drying, microwave heating, applications, radiation preservation of fruits and
vegetables, irradiation sources.

Unit V

Intermediate moisture foods, ohmic heating principle, high pressure processing of fruits and
vegetables, applications, sensory evaluation of fruit and vegetable products, packaging
technology for fruits and vegetables and their products, general principles of quality
standards and control, FPO, quality attributes.

Practical

Determination of size, shape, density, area-volume-mass relationship of fruits and vegetables,

sugar-acid ratio of fruits, evaluation of washer, grader and packaging methods, experiments on
drying of fruits and vegetables, controlled atmosphere storage and quality evaluation.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to mill and process (value added products) all kinds of horticultural
crops as per requirement of food industries.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Importance of postharvest technology of fruits and vegetables, structure, 1
cellular components, composition and nutritive value of fruits and vegetables.
2. Techniques for harvesting and washing of fruits and vegetables. Fruit 2
ripening and spoilage.
3. Pre-cooling of fruits and vegetables. 1
4. Blanching: importance and objectives, blanching methods, effects on 1
food (nutrition, colour, pigment, and texture).
5. Different preservation techniques for fruits and vegetables. 1

41
 6. Commercial canning of fruits and vegetables. 1
7. Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. 1
8. Modified and CA storage of fruits and vegetables, Cold storage, heat 5
load calculations and design.
9. Quality deterioration in fruits and vegetables. 1
10. Different storage techniques for fruits and vegetables. 1
11. Dehydration techniques of fruits and vegetables: osmotic dehydration, 4
12. Intermediate moisture foods. 1
13. Ohmic heating and high pressure processing principle for fruits and 2
vegetables.
14. Applications of different processing techniques for fruits and vegetables. 1
15. Sensory evaluation of fruit and vegetable products. 1
16. Packaging technology for fruits and vegetables and their products. 2
17. General principles of quality standards and control. 2
18. FPO, quality attributes for fruits and vegetables. 2
Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Determination of size of fruits and vegetables 1
2. Determination of shape of fruits and vegetables 1
3. Determination of bulk density and true density of fruits and vegetables 1
4. Determination of area-volume-mass relationship of fruits and vegetables 1
5. Determination of sugar-acid ratio of fruits 1
6. Evaluation of different types of washers for fruits and vegetables 1
7. Evaluation of different types of graders for fruits and vegetables 1
8. Packaging methods for fruits and vegetables and their products 1
9. Determination of the water vapor permeability of packaging 1
10. Different types of drying methods for fruits and vegetables 1
11. Comparative evaluation of different dryers for fruits and vegetables 1
12. Determination of solid gain and moisture loss during osmotic dehydration in 1
fruits
13. Study of components and design of controlled atmosphere storage 1
14. Study of quality evaluation of fruits and vegetables 2
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Bhatti S and Varma U. 1995. Fruit and Vegetable Processing. CBS.

• Cruesss WV. 2000. Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Products. Agrobios Publisher.
• Danthy ME. 1997. Fruit and Vegetable Processing. International Book Publisher.
• Simson. 2016. Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural crops. AAP.
• Singh. 2018. Advances in Post-Harvest Technologies of Vegetable Crops.AAP.
• Srivastava RP and Kumar S. 1994. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation. Principles
a n d Practices. International Book Distr.
• Thompson AK. 1996. Post Harvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables. Blackwell.
• Verma LR and Joshi VK. 2000. Post Harvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables. Vols. I-II.
Indus Publisher.

42
 PFE 505 STORAGE ENGINEERING AND HANDLING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE (2+1)
Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the safe storage of food materials, design of storage
structures and the design of different material handling equipment used in the industries.

Theory

Unit I

Storage of grains, biochemical changes during storage, production, distribution and storage
capacity estimate models, storage capacity models, ecology, storage factors affecting losses,
storage requirements.

Unit II

Bag and bulk storage, godowns, bins and silos, rat proof godowns and rodent control,
method of stacking, preventive method, bio-engineering properties of stored products, function,
structural and thermal design of structures, aeration system.

Unit III

Grain markets, cold storage, controlled and modified atmosphere storage, effects of nitrogen,
oxygen, and carbon dioxide on storage of durable and perishable commodities,
irradiation, storage of dehydrated products, food spoilage and preservation, BIS standards.

Unit IV

Physical factors influencing flow characteristics, mechanics of bulk solids, flow through hoppers,
openings and ducts; design of belt, chain, screw, roller, pneumatic conveyors and bucket elevators,
principles of fluidization, recent advances in handling of food materials.

Practical

Physical factors influencing flow characteristics, mechanics of bulk solids, flow through
hoppers, openings and ducts, design of belt, chain, screw, roller, pneumatic conveyors and
bucket elevators; principles of fluidization; recent advances in handling of food materials.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to understand and undertake mechanical handling of food as per

requirement of food industries as well as storage devices and systems for safe storage of food
for longer period of time.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Importance of storage, Types of losses, Principle of storage, Aeration 3
of grains, Factors causing deterioration of grains, Sources of infestation
2. Biochemical changes during storage, Grain storage capacity 2
estimation models
3. Factors affecting losses, Storage requirements 2
4. Bag and bulk storage, godowns, bins and silos, Selection of storage 3
type, Deep and shallow bins
5. Rat proof godowns and rodent control, method of stacking, preventive 2
method, bio-engineering properties of stored products
6. Functional, structural and thermal design of structures, aeration system. 2
7. Grain markets- Recent reforms, Continued constraints to grain market 2
integration, Rice and wheat marketing channels in India, Import, export

43
 and food policy, Food grains management system
8. Cold storage, Controlled and modified atmosphere storage, Effects of 3
nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide on storage of durable and
perishable commodities.
9. Food irradiation, Storage of dehydrated products, Food spoilage and 2
preservation, BIS standards.
10. Physical factors influencing flow characteristics, Rolling resistance, Mechanics 3
of bulk solids - Shear apparatus for determination of
flow properties, Yield locus, Time yield locus and effective yield locus
11. Flow through hoppers, openings and ducts – Types of flow along bins or 2
hopper wall, Flow function and Critical flow factor,
Critical dimensions of hopper openings;
12. Material handling equipment, Design of belt, chain, screw, roller, pneumatic 4
conveyors and bucket elevators.
13. Principles of fluidization, recent advances in handling of food materials. 2
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Determination of angle of repose 1
2. Determination of coefficient of internal friction 1
3. Determination of coefficient of external friction 1
4. Physical factors influencing flow characteristics 1
5. Determination of flow properties using Shear apparatus 1
6. Determination of Yield locus, Time yield locus and effective yield locus from 1
Mohr’s circle
7. Flow through hoppers, openings and ducts 1
8. Design of belt conveyors 1
9. Design of chain conveyors 1
10. Design of screw conveyors 1
11. Design of bucket elevators 1
12. Design of roller conveyors 1
13. Design of pneumatic conveyors 1
14. Principles of fluidization 1
15. Recent advances in handling of food materials 2
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Boumans. 1985. Grain Handling and Storage. Elsevier.

• FAO. 1984. Design and Operation of Cold Stores in Developing Countries. FAO.
• Golob. 2002. Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology. Vol 1 Wiley-blackwell.
• Hall CW. 1970. Handling and Storage of Food Grains in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas.
FAO Publisher Oxford & IBH.
• Henderson S and Perry SM. 1976. Agricultural Process Engineering. 5th Ed. AVI Publisher.
• Hodges 2004. Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology. Vol 2, Wiley-blackwell.
• Ripp BE. 1984. Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Grain Storage. Elsevier.
• Shefelt RL and Prussi SE. 1992. Post Harvest Handling – A System Approach. Academic Press.
• Vijayaraghavan S 1993. Grain Storage Engineering and Technology. Batra Book Service.

44
 PFE 506 FOOD PACKAGE ENGINEERING (1+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with packaging methods, packaging materials, packaging
machineries, modern packaging techniques etc.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction of packaging: Package, functions and design. Principle in the

development of protective packaging. Deteriorative changes in foodstuff and packaging
methods of prevention.

Unit II

Food containers: Rigid containers, glass, wooden boxes, crates, plywood and wire bound boxes,
corrugated and fibre board boxes, textile and paper sacks, corrosion of containers (tin
plate).Flexible packaging materials and their properties. Aluminum as packaging material.
Evaluation of packaging material and package performance.

Unit III

Packaging equipment: Food packages, bags, types of pouches, wrappers, carton and other
traditional package. Retortable pouches: Shelf life of packaged foodstuff.

Unit IV

Methods to extend shelf life. Packaging of perishables and processed foods. Special
problems in packaging of food stuff.

Unit V

Package standards and regulation: Shrink packaging, aseptic packaging, CA and MAP.
Biodegradable packaging: Recent advances in packaging, active packaging, smart
packaging, antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging, edible films and biodegradable
packaging, microencapsulation and nano encapsulation.

Practical

Thickness, substance weight, water absorption capability of flexible packaging materials,

strength properties of packaging materials, water vapour and gas transmission rate
of flexible packaging materials, identification and chemical resistance of plastic films.
Packaging of fruits/vegetables: Estimation of shelf-life of packaged food stuff,
familiarization of types of packaging material.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to develop packages for all kinds of food products as per
requirement of food industries and thereby adding value to the food products.

Lectures Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to food packaging, Definition, importance, package, 1
functions of packaging, design.
2. Principle in the development of protective packaging 1
3. Deteriorative changes in foodstuff, Factors affecting shelf life of foods during 1
storage, interactions of spoilage agents with
environmental factors (water, oxygen, light and pH), packaging methods of

45
 prevention
4. Food containers: Rigid containers, glass, wooden boxes, crates, plywood 1
and wire bound boxes, corrugated and fibre board boxes, textile and
paper sacks, corrosion of containers (tin plate).
5. Flexible packaging materials and their properties. Aluminum as packaging 1
material.
6. Evaluation of packaging material and package performance: Testing 3
methods for flexible, rigid and semi rigid materials. Paper and paper board:
thickness, bursting strength, breaking length, stiffness, tear resistance, folding
endurance, ply bond and surface oil absorption, Plastic film and laminates:
thickness, tensile strength, gloss, haze and burning test to identify polymer,
aluminium foil: thickness and pin holes, Glass containers: visual defects,
colour, dimensions and impact strength and metal containers: pressure test
and product compatibility
7. Packaging equipment for food packages, bags, types of pouches, 1
wrappers, carton and other traditional packages
8. Retortable pouches: Shelf life of packaged foodstuff. 1
9. Methods to extend shelf life. Packaging of perishables and 1
10. Special problems in packaging of food stuff 1
11. Package standards and regulation: Shrink packaging, aseptic packaging, CA 2
and MAP
12. Recent advances in packaging, active packaging, smart packaging, 2
antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging, edible films and biodegradable
packaging, microencapsulation and nano encapsulation
Total 16

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Familiarization of types of packaging material 1
2. Determination of thickness of different types of packaging materials 1
3. To determinewater absorption capability of flexible packaging 1
4. Determination of tensile strength of packaging material 1
5. Determination of compressive strength of packaging material 1
6. Determination of water vapour transmission rate of packaging material 1
7. Determination of gas transmission rate of packaging material 1
8. Identification of different types of plastic films 1
9. Testing of chemical and grease resistance of packaging materials 1
10. Determination of bursting strength of packages 1
11. Drop test for food package strength 1
12. Vacuum packaging of various food products 1
13. Nitrogen packaging of food products 1
14. To study the effect of shrink wrapping onshelf life of fruits and vegetables 1
15. To study the effect of active modified atmosphere packaging Onshelf life 1
of fruits and vegetables
16. Visit to relevant industries 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Crosby NT. 1981. Food Packaging Materials. Applied Science Publisher.
• Frank A. 1992. A Handbook of Food Packaging. Springer.
• Mahadeviah M and Gowramma RV. 1996. Food Packaging Materials. Tata McGraw

46
• Hill.Palling SJ. 1980. Developments in Food Packaging. Applied Science Publisher.
• Robertson GL. 2013. Food Packaging - Principles and Practice. 3rd Ed Taylor & Francis.
• Sacharow S and Grittin RC. 1980. Principles of Food Packaging. AVI Publisher.

PFE 507 INSTRUMENTATION AND SENSORS IN FOOD PROCESSING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with instrumentation and use of sensors in food
processing operations.

Theory

Unit I

Basic instrumentation systems and transducer principles. Displacement transducers, Potential

meters, LDVT, Piezoelectric and capacitive transducers, Digital transducers, velocity
transducers.

Unit II

Acceleration and absolute motion measurement, Force transducer, Strain gauge, Hydraulic
load cell, Cantilever type and probing ring. Method of separation of force: Torque,
power and energy measuring technique.

Unit III

Temperature measurement using bi-metals, thermisters, thermocouples, humidity

measurement, manometers. Flow transducer, positive displacement, venturimeter, Rotameter,
Drag force, hot wire anemometer.

Unit IV

Theory and classifications of chemical sensors, biosensors, fibre optic sensors, gas sensors
etc. Biosensor: Concepts, types of biosensors, methods of immobilizing biosensors,
application. Imaging methods: X-ray imaging, Computed tomography, MRI, Ultrasound,
Hyperspectral imaging. Spectroscopy and chemometrics: UV and visual spectroscopy, NIR
spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy.

Practical

Identification of components of generalized measuring system: Calibration of

instruments, experiment on LVDT, strain gauge transducer, force, torque, power and pressure,
fluid flow rates, temperature, calorific value, vibration measurement. Use of data loggers and
data storage devices, spectroscopy, imaging systems.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to control the process operations through precise instrumentation and
knowledge of sensors for precision analysis of food quality in food industries.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Basic instrumentation systems 1
2. Transducer principles 1
3. Displacement transducers, Potential meters, LDVT, Piezoelectric and 3
capacitive transducers, Digital transducers, velocity transducers.
4. Acceleration and absolute motion measurement, Force transducer, Strain 3
gauge, Hydraulic load cell, Cantilever type and probing ring.

47
 5. Different methods of separation of force: Torque, power and energy 3
measuring technique
6. Temperature measurement using bi-metals, thermistors, thermocouples, 3
humidity measurement, manometers.
7. Flow transducer, positive displacement, venturi meter, Rotameter, Drag force, 2
hot wire anemometer.
8. Theory and classification of chemical sensors, biosensors, fibre optic sensors, 4
gas sensors etc.
9. Biosensor: Concepts, types of biosensors, methods of immobilizing biosensors, 3
application.
10. Imaging methods for foods, Principles, equipment, food applications, X-ray 4
imaging, Computed tomography, MRI, Ultrasound, Hyperspectral imaging.
11. Various methods of spectroscopy and chemometrics, principles, equipment, food 3
applications- UV and visual spectroscopy, NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy.
Total 30

List of Prcaticals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Identification of components of generalized measuring system for 1
temperature, pressure, relative humidity, moisture etc.
2. Calibration of moisture measuring equipment 1
3. Calibration of temperature control and measuring devices 1
4. To study the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and to check the 1
calibration of the gauge in a deadweight pressure gauge calibration set up
5. To study various temperature measuring instruments e.g. Mercury-in-glass 1
thermometer, Thermocouple, Electrical resistance thermometer, laser
thermometer and to estimate their response times
6. To determine the calorific value of different food products using a bomb 1
calorimeter having temperature sensing device
7. To study a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and use it in a 1
simple experimental set up to measure a small displacement
8. To measure torque of a rotating shaft using torsion meter/strain gauge 1
torque transducer
9. To measure the speed of a motor shaft with the help of non-contact type 1
pick-ups (magnetic or photoelectric)
10. To measure static/dynamic pressure of fluid in pipe/tube using pressure 1
transducer/pressure cell
11. To determine the hardness/firmness of food samples using a texture analyzer 1
12. To study the effect of vibrations during transportation on the quality of food 1
(damage/ bruising/ texture etc) using a simulated vibration test
13. To study and use the data logging and data storage devices 1
14. To study and understand the working principle of UV and visual spectroscopy 1
for measurement of food properties
15. To study and understand the working principle of NIR and FTIR spectroscopy for 1
measurement of food properties
16. To study the working principle of X-ray imaging, Computed tomography, MRI, 1
Ultrasound and Hyperspectral imaging for measurement of food quality
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Doebelin EO. 1990. Measurement Systems Applications and Design. Tata McGraw Hill.

48
• Erika KR and Brimelow JB. 2001. Instrumentation and Sensors for the Food Industry. CRC
Woodhead.
• Nakra BC and Chaudhary KK. 2004. Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis. Tata
McGraw Hill.
• Mukhopadhyay. 2014. Novel Sensors for Food Inspection: Modelling, Fabrication a nd
Experimentation. Springer.
• Mukhopadhyay SC. 2017. Sensors for Everyday Life. Springer.
• Paré JRJ and Bélanger JMR. 1997. Instrumental Methods in Food Analysis. Elsevier
Academic Press.

PFE 508 APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES IN FOOD PROCESSING (2+1)

Aim
To acquaint the students with different techniques of measurement of engineering properties
and their application in the design of processing equipment.

Theory

Unit I

Physical characteristics of different food grains, fruits and vegetables: Shape and size,
description of shape and size, volume and density, porosity, surface area. Rheology:
ASTM standard, terms, physical states of materials, classical ideal material, rheological
models and equations, viscoelasticity, creep-stress relaxation, non-Newtonian fluid and
viscometry, rheological properties, force, deformation, stress, strain, elastic, plastic
behaviour.

Unit II

Contact stresses between bodies, Hertz problems, firmness and hardness, mechanical damage,
dead load and impact damage, vibration damage, friction, effect of load, sliding velocity,
temperature, water film and surface roughness. Friction in agricultural materials, rolling
resistance, angle of internal friction, angle of repose, flow of bulk granular materials, aero
dynamics of agricultural products, drag coefficients, terminal velocity.

Unit III

Thermal properties: Specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, methods of

determination, steady s t a t e a n d t r a n s i e n t h e a t f l o w . Electrical p r o p e r t i e s :
Dielectric loss factor, loss tangent, A.C. conductivity and dielectric constant, method of
determination, energy absorption from high frequency electric field.

Unit IV

Application of engineering properties in design and operation of agricultural equipment

and structures.

Practical

Experiments for the determination of physical properties like length, breadth, thickness,
surface area, bulk density, porosity, true density, coefficient of friction, angle of repose and
colour for various food grains, fruits, vegetables, spices and processed foods, aerodynamic
properties like terminal velocity, lift and drag force for food grains, thermal properties like
thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat. Rheological properties: firmness and
hardness of grain, fruits and stalk, electrical properties like dielectric constant, dielectric loss
factor, loss tangent and A.C. conductivity of various food materials.

Learning outcome

49
Student’s capability to apply properties of food for design of equipment and structures.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Physical characteristics of different food grains, fruits and vegetables: 3
Shape and size, description of shape and size.
2. Volume and density, porosity, surface area. 1
3. Rheology: ASTM standard, terms, physical states of materials, classical 2
ideal material.
4. Rheological models and equations, visco elasticity. 2
5. Creep-stress relaxation, non-Newtonian fluid and viscometry. 1
6. Rheological properties, force, deformation, stress, strain, elastic, plastic 1
behavior.
7. Contact stresses between bodies, Hertz problems, firmness and hardness 1
8. Mechanical damage, dead load and impact damage. 2
9. Vibration damage, friction, effect of load, sliding velocity. 1
10. Temperature, water film and surface roughness. 1
11. Friction in agricultural materials, rolling resistance, angle of internal friction, 2
angle of repose.
12. Flow of bulk granular materials. 1
13. Aero dynamics of agricultural products, drag coefficients, terminal velocity. 3
14. Thermal properties: Specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity. 1
15. Methods of determination, steady state and transient heat flow 1
16. Electrical properties: Dielectric loss factor, loss tangent. 1
17. A.C. conductivity and dielectric constant, method of determination. 2
18. Energy absorption from high frequency electric field. 1
19. Application of engineering properties in design and operation of agricultural 3
equipment and structures.
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. To determine the size of grains, pulses, oil seeds, spices, fruits and 1
vegetables.
2. To determine the shape of various food grains and fruits and vegetables. 1
3. To determine the bulk density of food grains and fruits and vegetables. 1
4. To determine the particle density/true density and porosity of solid grains. 1
5. To study the comparison pycnometer for finding the particle density of food 1
grains.
6. To determine the angle of repose of grains, oilseeds etc. 1
7. To find the coefficient of external friction for different food grains. 1
8. To determine the coefficient of internal friction of different food grains. 1
9. To plot the normal stress vs. sheet stress curves for different food grains 1
10. To study the separating behaviour of a grain sample in a vertical wind tunnel 1
(Aspirator column).
11. To study the thermal properties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and 2
specific heat) of food grains.
12. To determine the Rheological properties: firmness and hardness of grain, fruits, 1
stalk and vegetables.
13. To study the electrical properties (dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor) of 1

50
 various food materials.
14. To study the electrical properties (loss tangent and A.C. conductivity) of 1
various food materials.
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Ludger F and Teixeira AA. 2007. Food Physics Physical Properties - Measurement and
Application. Springer.
• Mohesenin NN. 1980. Thermal Properties of Foods and Agricultural Materials. Gordon and
Breach Science Publisher.
• Mohesenin NN. 1980. Physical Properties of Plant and Animal Materials. Gordon & Breach
Science Publisher.
• Peleg M and Bagelay EB. 1983. Physical Properties of Foods. AVI Publisher.
• Peter B. 2007. The Chemical Physics of Food. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Rao MA and Rizvi SSH. 1986. Engineering Properties of Foods. Marcel Dekker.
• Singhal OP and Samuel DVK. 2003. Engineering Properties of Biological Materials. Saroj
Prakasan.
• Sitkei. 1986. Mechanics of Agricultural Materials. Elsevier.

PFE 509 FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the latest standards to maintain food quality
and safety.

Theory

Unit I

Food safety: Need for quality control and safety, strategy and criteria, microbiological criteria for
safety and quality, scope of food toxicology, toxic potential and food toxicants, biological
and chemical contaminants.

Unit II

Food additives and derived substances, factors affecting toxicity, designing safety in products
and processes, intrinsic factors, establishing a safe raw material supply, safe and achievable shelf
life.

Unit III

Process equipment and machinery auditing, consideration of risk, environmental consideration,

mechanical quality control.

Unit IV

Personnel hygienic standards, preventative pest control, cleaning and disinfesting system,
biological factors underlying food safety.

Unit V

Preservation and stability, contaminants of processed foods, adulteration, prevention and

control, FSSAI, ISO, Codex, GMP, BIS and HACCP. Practices, principles, standards,
specifications, application establishment and implementation, HACCP and quality
management system. Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS), Traceability.

Practical

Microbiological examination of food, hazard analysis, premises design, HACCP project

51
plan, CCP, CCP Decision tree, HACCP control chart. HACCP case studies: Survey, BIS, FPO,
Codex standards and specifications. Visits to food industries to study the various quality and
safety aspects adopted.

Learning outcome:

Student’s capability to measure food quality as well as ensure food safety in food supply
chain.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Food safety: Need for quality control and safety, strategy and criteria. 2
2. Microbiological criteria for safety and quality. 1
3. Scope of food toxicology, toxic potential and food toxicants. 2
4. Biological and chemical contaminants. 1
5. Food additives and derived substances, factors affecting toxicity. 2
6. Designing safety in products and processes, intrinsic factors. 2
7. Establishing a safe raw material supply, safe and achievable shelf life. 2
8. Process equipment and machinery auditing. 1
9. Consideration of risk, environmental consideration. Biological factors 2
underlying food safety.
10. Personnel hygienic standards, preventative pest control. Cleaning and 2
disinfesting system.
11. Preservation and stability, contaminants of processed foods, adulteration, 3
prevention and control
12. FSSAI-Practices, principles, standards, specifications, application establishment 2
and implementation
13. ISO-Practices, principles, standards, specifications, application establishment and 2
implementation.
14. Codex, GMP and BIS - Practices, principles, standards, specifications, application 3
establishment and implementation.
15. HACCP and quality management system. 1
16. Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS), Traceability. 2
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. To test microbiological contamination of food. 1
2. To conduct hazard analysis. 2
3. To study the premises design for food safety and quality. 2
4. To study the HACCP project plan. 1
5. To prepare CCP and CCP Decision tree. 2
6. To prepare HACCP control chart. 2
7. To conduct the Survey and study BIS- standards and specifications. 2
8. To study the FPO standards and specifications. 1
9. To study the codex standards and specifications. 1
10. Visits to food industries to study the various quality and safety aspects 2
adopted.
Total 15

Suggested Reading

52
• Herschdoerfer, SM. 1984. Quality Control in the Food Industry. Vol. 1 Academic Press.
• Herschdoerfer SM. 2012. Quality Control in the Food Industry. Vol. 2 Elsevier Science.
• Hubbard MR. 2003. Statistical Quality Control for the Food Iindustry. Springer.
• Mahadeviah M and Gowramma R V. 1996. Food Packaging Materials. Tata McGraw Hill.
• Mehmet M. 2011. Biosensors in Food Processing, Safety, and Quality Control. CRC Press.
• Palling SJ. 1980. Developments in Food Packaging. Applied Science Publisher.
• Sacharow S and Grittin RC. 1980. Principles of Food Packaging. AVI Publisher.
• Yanbo H, Whittaker AD and Lacey RE. 2001. Automation for Food Engineering. Food
• Quality Quantization and Process Control-CRC Press.

PFE 510 FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with different unit operations to be performed in food
industries and related equipment.

Theory

Unit I

Mixing and homogenization; Principles of solid and liquid mixing, types of mixers for solids,
liquid and pastes homogenization. Emulsification: Principles and equipments.

Unit II

Novel dehydration technologies; Osmotic dehydration, foam mat drying, puff drying, freeze
drying, microwave drying, dehumidified air drying. Extrusion: Theory, equipment,
applications.

Unit III

Non-thermal processing; Principles and equipment involved in ohmic heating, pulsed electric field
preservation, hydrostatic pressure technique (vacuum processing, high pressure processing of
Foods), ultrasonic technology, irradiation, quality changes and effects on microorganisms,
nanotechnology in food processing.

Unit IV

Distillation, leaching and extraction: Principles and equipment for distillation, crystallization,
phase equilibria, multistage calculations, leaching principles and equipment, solvent
extraction, super-critical fluid extraction, near critical fluid extraction: Equipment and
experimental techniques used in NCF extraction and industrial application, advanced
methods for extraction of food components and aroma recovery.

Unit V

Food plant hygiene; Cleaning, sterilizing, waste disposal methods, Food processing plant utilities,
steam requirements in food processing, HACCP in food processing industries.

Practical

Conducting experiments and solving problems on mixing and mixing indices,

homogenization, distillation, crystallisation, extraction, leaching, membrane separation,
reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration, design of plate and packed tower, visit to related food
industry.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to develop food products using recent techniques as per

requirement of food industries.

53
Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Mixing and homogenization: Principles of solid and liquid mixing. 1
2. Types of mixers for solids, liquid and pastes homogenization. 2
3. Emulsification: Principles and equipments. 1
4. Novel dehydration technologies: Osmotic dehydration, foam mat 2
5. Freeze drying, microwave drying, and dehumidified air drying. 2
6. Extrusion: Theory, equipment, applications. 2
7. Non-thermal processing: Principles and equipment involved in ohmic 2
heating, pulsed electric field preservation.
8. Hydrostatic pressure technique (vacuum processing, high pressure 2
processing of Foods), ultrasonic technology.
9. Irradiation, quality changes and effects on microorganisms, 2
nanotechnology in food processing.
10. Distillation; Principles and equipment for distillation. 2
11. Leaching; Principles and equipment. 2
12. Extraction; Solvent extraction, crystallization, phase equilibria, multistage 3
calculations.
13. Super-critical fluid extraction, near critical fluid extraction: Equipment and 3
experimental techniques used in NCF extraction and industrial application.
14. Advanced methods for extraction of food components and aroma recovery. 1
15. Food plant hygiene; Cleaning, sterilizing, waste disposal methods. Food processing 2
plant utilities, steam requirements in food processing.
16. HACCP in food processing industries. 1
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Conducting experiments and solving problems on mixing and mixing indices. 2
2. To conduct the experiment on homogenization. 2
3. To study the process of crystallization. 1
4. To conduct the experiment on extraction. 2
5. Experimentation on leaching process. 1
6. To study the membrane separation process. 1
7. To conduct the experiment on reverse osmosis technique. 1
8. To conduct the experiment on ultrafilteraion process. 1
9. Design of plate and packed tower. 2
10. Visit to related food industry. 2
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Brennan JG, Butters JR, Cowell ND and Lilly AEI 1990. Food Engineering Operations.
Elsevier.
• Earle RL. 1985. Unit Operations in Food Processing. Pergamon Press.
• Fellows P. 1988. Food Processing Technology: Principle and Practice. VCH Publisher.
• Geankoplis JC. 1999. Transport Process and Unit Operations. Allyn & Bacon.
• Gould GW. 1996. New Methods of Food Preservation. Blackie Academic & Professional.
• Heldman DR and Lund BD. 1992. Hand Book of Food Engineering. Marcel Dekker.
• McCabe WL and Smith JC. 1999. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. McGraw Hill.

54
• Sahay KM and Singh KK. 1994. Unit Operation of Agricultural Processing. Vikas Publ.
House.
• Singh RP 1991. Fundamentals of Food Process Engineering. AVI Publisher.
• Singh RP and Heldman DR 1993. Introduction to Food Engineering. Academic Press.

PFE 511 FOOD PROCESSING EQUIPMENT AND PLANT DESIGN (1+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the design features of different food processing
equipment being used in the industries along with the layout, planning of different food processing
plants.

Theory

Unit I

Design considerations of processing agricultural and food products.

Unit II

Design of machinery for drying, milling, separation, grinding, mixing, evaporation, condensation,
membrane separation.

Unit III

Human factors in design, selection of materials of construction and standard component,

design standards and testing standards. Plant design concepts and general design considerations:
Plant location, location factors and their interaction with plant location, location theory models, and
computer aided selection of the location.

Unit IV

Feasibility analysis and preparation of feasibility report; Plant size, factors affecting plant size and
their interactions, estimation of break-even and economic plant size. Product and process
design, process selection, process flow charts, computer aided development of flow charts.

Unit V

Hygienic design aspects and worker’s safety, functional design of plant building and
selection of building materials, estimation of capital investment, analysis of plant costs and
profitability’s, management techniques in plant design including applications of network
analysis, preparation of project report and its appraisal.

Practical

Detailed design and drawing of mechanical dryers, milling equipment, separators, evaporators,
mixers and separators. Each individual student will be asked to select a food processing plant
system and develop a plant design report which shall include product identification and
selection, site selection, estimation of plant size, process and equipment selection, process
flow-sheeting, plant layout, and its evaluation and profitability analysis.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to deal with food processing equipment and plant, techno- economic
feasibility analysis of the project as needed in food industries.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Design considerations of processing agricultural and food products. Plant 2

55
 design concepts - situations giving rise to plant design problems.
2. General design considerations, Food Processing Unit Operations, Design of 2
machinery for drying, milling and grinding
3. Design principles of separation, mixing machines 1
4. Design of evaporation, condensation, membrane separation machines 2
5. Human factors in design, selection of materials of construction and standard 1
component
6. Design standards and testing standards 1
7. Plant location, location factors and their interaction with plant location, 2
location theory models, and computer aided selection of the location.
8. Pre Selection/ Pre feasibility stage, Analysis Stage: Market Analysis, Situational 1
analysis related to market
9. Technical analysis, Financial Analysis, Sensitivity and risk analysis, Feasibility cost 1
estimates
10. Break Even Analysis: Introduction, Break-Even Chart, Fixed Costs, Variable costs, 1
Breakeven point calculation
11. Product and process design, process selection, process flow charts, computer 1
aided development of flow charts.
12. Hygienic design aspects and worker’s safety, functional design of plant building 1
and selection of building materials
13. Estimation of capital investment, analysis of plant costs and profitability’s. 2
Management techniques in plant design including applications of network
analysis. Project report and its appraisal.
Total 18

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Detailed design and drawing of mechanical dryers 2
2. Detailed design and drawing of milling equipment 2
3. Design of separators 2
4. Design of evaporators 2
5. Design of mixers and separators 2
6. Project report preparation by students. (Individual student will select a 5
processing plant, develop design report include product identification, site
selection, estimation of plant size, process and equipment, process flow-
sheeting, plant layout, its evaluation and profitability analysis
Total 15

Suggested Reading
• Antonio LG and Gustavo VBC. 2005. Food Plant Design. CRC Press.
• Couper. 2012. Chemical Process Equipment. Selection and Design Elsevier.
• George S and Athanasios EK. 2015. Handbook of Food Processing Equipment. Springer.
• Lloyd EB and Edwin HY. 1959. Process Equipment Design. Wiley-Interscience.
• Michael MC. 2013. Food Plant Sanitation: Design, Maintenance, and Good Manufacturing
Practices. CRC Press.

FPE 512 SEED PROCESS ENGINEERING (1+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with seed processing along with the design features of
the equipment used in their processing.

56
 Theory
Unit I
Processing of different seeds and their engineering properties, principles and importance of
seed processing.
Unit II
Performance characteristics of different unit operations such as precleaning, grading, conveying,
elevating, drying, treating, blending, packaging and storage, seed processing machines like
scalper, debreader, huller, velvet separator, spiral separator, cleaner-cum-grader, specific
gravity separator, indent cylinder, disc separator, and colour sorter, seed treater, weighing and
bagging machines, their operation and maintenance, installation and determination of their
capacity, seed quality maintenance during processing, plant design and layout, economy
and safety consideration in plant design.
Unit III
Seed drying principles and methods, theory of seed drying, introduction to different types of
heated air dryers, significance of moisture equilibrium, method of maintaining safe seed
moisture, thumb rule and its relevance.
Unit IV
Importance of scientific seed storage, types of storage structures to reduce temperature
and humidity, management and operation/cleanliness of seed stores, packaging-principles,
practices, materials and hermetic packaging, seed treatment methods and machines used,
method of stacking and their impact, design features of medium and long term seed storage
building.
Practical
Study of various seed processing equipments such as pre-cleaners, scalpers, air screen
cleaners, graders, spiral and pneumatic separators, seed treating equipment, bag closures,
scale etc. and their performance evaluation, design and layout of seed processing plant and
its economics, analysis of cost of operation and unit cost of processed product, effect of
drying temperature and duration of seed germination and storability.
Learning outcome
Student’s capability to understand processing and storage requirement of seed
maintaining its vigor and viability, suitable equipment for seed processing as per requirement
of seed industries.
Lecture Schedule
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Processing of different seeds and their engineering properties. 1
2. Principles and importance of seed processing. 1
3. Performance characteristics of different unit operations such as pre- 1
cleaning, grading, conveying, elevating, drying.
4. Treating, blending, packaging and storage, seed processing machines like 1
scalper, de-breeder, huller.
5. Velvet separator, spiral separator, cleaner-cum-grader, specific gravity 1
separator, indent cylinder, disc separator, and colour sorter.
6. Seed treater, weighing and bagging machines, their operation and 1
maintenance, installation and determination of their capacity.
7. Seed quality maintenance during processing. 1
8. Plant design and layout, economy and safety consideration in plant design. 2
9. Seed drying principles and methods, theory of seed drying. 1
10. Introduction to different types of heated air dryers. 1

57
11. Significance of moisture equilibrium, method of maintaining safe seed moisture, 1
thumb rule and its relevance.
12. Importance of scientific seed storage, types of storage structures to reduce 1
temperature and humidity.
13. Management and operation/cleanliness of seed stores, packaging- principles, 1
practices, materials and hermetic packaging.
14. Seed treatment methods and machines used, method of stacking 1
15. Design features of medium and long term seed storage building 1
Total 16
List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. To study seed processing equipment such as pre-cleaners, scalpers 2
and their performance evaluation.
2. To study graders and their performance evaluation. 2
3. To study air screen cleaners and their performance evaluation. 1
4. To study spiral and pneumatic separators and their performance 2
evaluation.
5. To study seed treating equipment, bag closures, scale and their performance 2
evaluation.
6. To study design and layout of seed processing plant and its economics. 2
7. To analyze the cost of operation and unit cost of processed product. 2
8. To study the effect of drying temperature and duration of seed1 2
germination and storability.
Total 15

Suggested Reading
• Babasaheb. 2004. Seeds Handbook: Processing and Storage. CRC.
• Gregg et al. 1970. Seed Processing. NSC.
• Guar. 2012. A Handbook of Seed Processing and Marketing Agrobios.
• Henderson S and Perry S M. 1976. Agricultural Process Engineering. 5th Ed. AVI Publisher.
• Mathad. 2017. Seed Processing: A Practical Approach. NIPA.
• Sahay KM and Singh KK. 1994. Unit Operation of Agricultural Processing. Vikas Publisher
House.
• Vaugha. 1968. Seed Processing and Handling.
• https://www.mcia.msstate.edu/pdf/seed- processing-and-handling_1.pdf.

PFE 513 AGRI-PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the techniques of project development and evaluation
along with different standards.

Theory

Unit I

Project development, market survey and time motion analysis.

Unit II

Selection of equipment, technology option, techno-economic feasibility and processing in

production catchment.

58
Unit III

Product and process design, PERT, CPM, transport model, simplex, linear and dynamic
programming, operation log book. Material balance and efficiency analysis, performance testing,
performance indices, energy requirement and consumption. Marketing of agricultural products,
market positioning.

Unit IV

BIS/FSSAI/ISO standards/ guidelines on best practices, equipment and their design and operation
for handling, processing and storage of food/feed.

Practical

Preparation of project and feasibility report. Salient features, design and layout of different food
processing units; MSME, large processing unit. Record keeping related to production, finance
and marketing. Techno-economic feasibility and SWOT analysis for Start-ups.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to plan, scheduling of activities and manage a food related project as
per requirement of food industries.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Project development. 2
2. Market survey and time motion analysis. 2
3. Selection of equipment for agro project planning. 2
4. Technology option. 2
5. Techno-economic feasibility and processing in production catchment. 2
6. Product and process design. 2
7. PERT, CPM. 2
8. Transport model, simplex, linear and dynamic programming, operation log 3
book.
9. Material balance and efficiency analysis. 3
10. Performance testing, performance indices, energy requirement and 3
consumption.
11. Marketing of agricultural products, market positioning. 2
12. BIS/FSSAI/ISO standards/ guidelines on best practices. 2
13. Equipment and their design and operation for handling, processing and 3
storage of food/feed.
Total 30

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. To study the preparation of project and feasibility report. 2
2. To design salient features, design and layout of MSME. 2
3. Design and layout of different food processing units: MSME, large processing 2
unit.
4. To study record keeping related to production. 2
5. To study record keeping related to finance and marketing. 2
6. To conduct experiment on agro project management and design techno- 2
economic feasibility.
7. To conduct SWOT analysis for different Start-ups. 3

59
 Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Ahmed T. 1997. Dairy Plant Engineering and Management. 4th Ed. Kitab Mahal.
• Albert L. 2017. Project Management, Planning and Control.
• Anandajayasekeram P. 2004. Agricultural Project Planning and Analysis.

PFE 514 FARM STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the different types of farm structures and techniques,
to control atmospheric parameters and to create favourable environment in the agricultural
structures.

Theory

Unit I

Farmstead planning, survey and data collection for information bank. Analysis of data, Lay
outs. Cost estimation and appraisal. Project development; Time, motion and input analysis,
flow charts and drawings andcase studies.

Unit II

Farm structures (farmstead, livestock, poultry, storage godowns, farm machinery storage,
biogas, green house, net house etc), their design, constructional details and design of low
cost structures. Heating, ventilating a n d exhaust systems, air distribution and air cleaning,
combustion o f fuels and equipment.

Unit III

Drying and dehumidification system, air-water contact operations and evaporation, process and
product a i r conditioning, energy efficient environmental control practices. Rural
electrification, ho us eho lds electric wiring, rural water supply and sanitation.

Unit IV

Instruments and measurements: Codes and standards.

Practical

Calculation of heating and cooling load, design calculation of moisture condensation in

agricultural buildings, study of moisture migration behaviour in storage bins, design aspect of
green house, net house, septic tank, grain storage structures, cold storage.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to design new farm structures and create suitable atmosphere within it.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Farmstead Planning, types and objectives. Planning principles and layout, 2
design and construction of farmstead.
2. Survey and data collection for information bank. Analysis of data, Lay outs. 2
Cost estimation and appraisal.
3. Project development: Time, motion and input analysis, flow charts and 2
drawings and case studies.
4. Farm structure, layout and structural design of shelters for dairy animals (cow, 3

60
 buffaloes, calves, bulls etc).
5. Layout and structure design of modern poultry houses (cage type) along with 2
other associated structures.
6. Familiarization with various rural grain storage structures. Layout, design and 3
constructional detail of grain and feed storage structures like bins and silos.
7. Layout and structural design of storage structures for farm inputs like farm 1
machinery, seeds, weedicides, insecticides and fertilizers.
8. Ventilation utility in farm buildings; principles of natural ventilation; 3
psychometric processes; heat and mass balance equation for ventilation;
ventilation rates for temperature moisture and odour control.
9. Rural electrification, households electric wiring, rural water supply and 2
sanitation.
10. General design considerations, operational and maintenance of biogas
plant.
11. Drying and dehumidification system, air-water contact operations and 3
evaporation, process and product air conditioning, energy
efficient environmental control practices.
12. Environmental indices like THI; wet bulb depression, daily range, degree days, 3
effective temperature, black globe temperature;
mean radiant temperature, etc. Basic solar-earth angles and sol-air
temperature.
13. Instruments and measurements; Codes and standards. 2
Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Planning and layout of a farmstead. 1
2. Instruments for measurements of environmental parameters. 1
3. Design of a farm fencing system. 1
4. Study of moisture migration behaviour in storage bins. 1
5. Design aspect of Septic tank. 1
6. Design aspect of Dairy animal sheter. 1
7. Design aspect of Grain storage structures. 1
8. Design aspect of Green house. 1
9. Design aspects of Poultry house (cage system). 1
10. Design of a feed/fodder storage structures. 1
11. Design of a biogas plant. 1
12. Calculation of heating and cooling load and Design of Cold storage. 1
13. Design calculation of moisture condensation in agricultural buildings. 1
14. Design of ventilation system for dairy and poultry house. 1
15. Visit to Green/ Net house and cold storage. 2
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Albright LD. 1990. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants. ASAE Textbooks.
• Esmay ML and Dixon JE. 1986. Environmental Control for Agricultural Buildings. The AVI
Corp.
• Gaudy AF and Gaudy ET. 1988. Elements of Bioenvironmental Engineering. Engineering Press.
• Moore FF. 1994. Environmental Control Systems: Heating, Cooling, Lighting. Chapman and Hall.
• Threlkeld JL. 1970. Thermal Environmental Engineering. Prentice Hall.

61
 PFE 515 DAIRY PRODUCT PROCESSING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the various dairy products, processing methods
and related equipment.

Theory

Unit I

Procurement, transportation and p r o c e s s i n g of m a r k e t m i l k , cleaning and

sanitization of dairy equipment. Special milks such as flavoured, sterilized, recombined
and reconstituted toned and double toned.

Unit II

Condensed milk: Methods of manufacture and related equipment, evaluation of

condensed and evaporated milk. Dried milk: Definition, methods of manufacture of skim and
whole milk powder, instantiation, physiochemical properties, evaluation, defects in dried milk
powder. Cream: Cream separation, neutralization, sterilization, pasteurization and cooling of
cream, defects in cream, Butter: methods of manufacture, defects in butter.

Unit III

Ice cream: Methods of manufacture and related equipment, defects in ice cream,
technology of softy manufacture. Cheese: Methods of manufacture, cheddar, Gouda, cottage
and processed cheese, defects in cheese.

Unit IV

Indigenous milk products: Method of manufacture of yoghurt, dahi, khoa, burfi, kalakand,
gulabjamun, rosogolla, srikhand, chhana, paneer, ghee, lassietc.Probiotic milk product.

Practical

Estimation and fat and SNF in milk. Operation of LTLT and HTST Pasteurization. Preparation of
special milks.Cream separation and standardization of milk. Preparation and evaluation of
table butter, ice-cream, cheese and indigenous milk product such as khoa, chhana, paneer,
ghee, rosogolla, gulabjamun, shrikhand, lassi, burfi, etc. Visit to dairy plants.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to mechanize processing operations in dairy industries for manufacturing

of dairy products.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Collection and transportation of milk; Practices for collection of milk, 1
preservation at farm, refrigeration, natural microbial inhibitors,
lactoperoxidase system.
2. Reception and treatment of milk: Reception, chilling, clarification and 3
storage. General practices. Homogenization: pretreatments, theories,
synchronization of homogenizer with operation of pasteurizer (HTST), effect
of homogenization on physical properties of milk. Bactofugation: Theory
and microbiology.
3. Principles of thermal processing; kinetics of microbial destruction, thermal 2
death curve, arrhenius equation, D value, Z value, F0 value, Q10 value.

62
 Factors affecting thermal destruction of micro organisms. Definition and
description of processes; Pasteurization, thermisation, sterilization, UHT
Processing.
4. Cleaning and sanitization of dairy equipment 1
5. Manufacture of special milks: flavoured, sterilized milk, recombined and 2
reconstituted toned and doubled toned.
6. Condensed milk, sweetened condensed milk and evaporated milk. 2
Manufacture of evaporated milk, sweetened condensed milk and
Recombined sweetened condensed milk and related equipment
7. Physico chemical changes taking place during manufacture of 2
condensed milk, Heat stability of milk and condensed milk, Physico
chemical properties of condensed milk, Chemical defects in condensed
milk, their causes and prevention.
8. Dried Milks; Definition, grading and quality of raw milk for dried milks, 2
Manufacture of skim milk powder (SMP), whole milk powders and heat
classified powders,
9. Physico chemical changes taking place during manufacture of dried 2
milks, Physical properties of dried milks, Defects in dried milk during
manufacture and storage, their causes and prevention.
10. Cream: Definition, Efficiency of cream separation and factors affecting 2
it; Neutralization, standardization, pasteurization and cooling of cream;
Defects in cream
11. Butter; Definition, Introduction to the butter making process; theory of 2
churning, Technology of Butter manufacture, Batch and continuous
methods, Defects in butter.
12. History of ice cream industry, composition of ice cream, stabilizers and 1
emulsifiers, properties and role in quality of ice cream Ice cream:
13. Manufacturing, Ice cream plant components, Types of freezers, 2
refrigeration control/ instrumentation, Technology of softy manufacture.
14. Defects in ice cream, their causes and prevention 1
15. Cheese; Manufacture of different varieties of cheese; Cheddar, Gouda, 3
Cottage and processed cheese. Microbiological defects in cheese; their
causes and prevention.
16. Indigenous milk products: Product description, methods of manufacture of 2
yoghurt, dahi, khoa, burfi, kalakand, gulabjamun, rosogolla, srikhand, chhana,
paneer, ghee, lassietc. Probiotic milk product.
Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Estimation of fat and SNF in milk. 1
2. Operation of LTLT and HTST Pasteurizer. 1
3. Standardization of milk. 1
4. Preparation of special milks. 1
5. Cream separation: parts of separator and the process. 1
6. Preparation of table butter using the power driven churn. 1
7. Preparation of plain and fruit flavoured ice cream. 1
8. Preparation and analysis of khoa from cow and buffalo milk. 1
9. Preparation and analysis of chhana from cow and buffalo milk. 1
10. Preparation and analysis of paneer from cow and buffalo milk. 1
11. Preparation and analysis oflassifrom cow and buffalo milk. 1

63
12. Preparation of ghee from cream and butter. 1
13. Preparation of rosogolla and gulabjamun. 1
14. Preparation of srikhand and burfi. 1
15. Visit to dairy plant. 1
Total 15

Suggested Reading
• Adnan T. 2009. Dairy Powders and Concentrated Products (Society of Dairy Technology).
• Wiley-Blackwell.
• Adnan T. 2006. Probiotic Dairy Products (Society of Dairy Technology series). Wiley-
Blackwell.
• Britz. 2008. Advanced Dairy Science and Technology. Blackwell Publisher: Blackwell
• Publisher Professional.
• De. 2001. Outlines of Diary Technology. Oxford.
• Hui YH. 1992. Dairy Science and Technology Handbook. Vol. I, II and III Wiley.
• Spreer E. 2017. Milk and Dairy Product Technology. Taylor and Francis.
• Walstra P, Jan TM, Wouters and Geurts TJ. 2006. Dairy Science and Technology. CRC,
Taylor and Francis.

PFE 516 PROCESSING OF MEAT, POULTRY AND FISH (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with processing of meat, fish and poultry and the design
features of the equipment used for their processing.

Theory

Unit I

Meat: Genetic engineering of farm animals for better meat quality, automation for the modern
slaughterhouse, hot-boning of meat, new spectroscopic techniques for online monitoring of
meat quality, real-time PCR for the detection of pathogens in meat, new developments in
decontaminating raw meat, automated meat processing, developments in chilling and freezing
of meat, high pressure processing of meat, approaches for the development of functional
meat products, new techniques for analyzing raw meat, modified atmosphere packaging,
perspectives for the active packaging of meat products.

Unit II

Poultry: Breeding and quality of poultry, stunning and slaughter of poultry, processing and
packaging of poultry, new techniques of preservation of poultry, production of turkeys, geese,
ducks and game birds, microbial hazards in poultry production and processing, latest trends in
measuring quality of poultry and poultry products, treatment and disposal of poultry processing
waste.

Fish and seafood: Fresh fish handling and chill storage, modified atmospheric packaging of
seafoods, fish odours and flavours, assessment of freshness of fish and seafoods, traditional dried
and salted fish products, proteolysed fish products, minced fish technology, retort pouch
processing technology, irradiation and microwave in fish handling and processing, advanced
freezing technology for fish storage, high pressure processing of seafoods, value addition of
freshwater and aqua cultured fish products, application of enzymes in fish processing and
quality control, toxins, pollutants and contaminants in fish and seafoods.

Unit IV

Milk: Physical, chemical and nutritional properties of milk components, improvements

64
in the pasteurization and sterilization of milk. Flavour generation in dairy products, controlling
texture of fermented dairy products, functional dairy products, on-line measurement of product
quality in dairy processing, high pressure processing of milk products, novel separation
technologies to produce dairy ingredients, new technologies to increase shelf-life of dairy
products, genetic engineering of milk proteins, production and utilization of functional milk
proteins, methods of improving nutritional quality of milk, significance of milk fat in dairy
products, chromatographic, spectrometric, ultrasound and other techniques for analysis of
milk lipids.

Practical

Analysis of fresh and processed meat, fish, poultry and milk products, preservation of fresh meat
and fish, processing and production of different products from fresh meat, fish and milk,
shelf life studies on different meat, fish and milk products. Visit to processing plants.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to process meat, fish and poultry and manufacture value added products
as per requirement of food industries.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Genetic engineering of farm animals for better meat quality. 1
2. Developments in automation of the modern slaughterhouse, hot-boning process 1
of meat, benefits of hot boning.
3. New spectroscopic techniques for online monitoring of meat quality, Real-time 2
PCR for the detection of pathogens in meat.
4. Automated meat processing, developments in chilling and freezing of meat, High 3
pressure processing of meat, approaches for the development of functional
meat products.
5. New techniques for analyzing raw meat, modified atmosphere and active 2
packaging of meat products.
6. Breeding and quality of poultry, Stunning and slaughter of poultry, Processing 2
and packaging and new techniques of preservation of poultry.
7. Production of turkeys, geese, ducks and game birds. 1
8. Microbial hazards in poultry production and processing, treatment and disposal of 3
poultry processing waste, Latest trends in measuring quality of poultry and poultry
products. Treatment and disposal of poultry processing waste.
9. Fish and seafood: Fresh fish handling and chill storage, modified atmospheric 3
packaging, Assessment of freshness of fish and seafoods, different traditional
and proteolysed fish products, minced fish
technology.
10. Retort pouch processing technology, irradiation and microwave in fish 3
processing, Advanced freezing technology for fish storage, Value addition of
freshwater and aqua cultured fish products, application of enzymes in fish
processing.
11. Quality control: toxins, pollutants and contaminants in fish and sea Foods 1
12. Physical, chemical and nutritional properties of milk components, 2
improvements in the pasteurization and sterilization of milk.
13. Flavour generation in dairy products, controlling of texture in fermented dairy 1
products.
14. Functional dairy products, on-line measurement of product quality, high 2
pressure processing, Novel separation technologies to produce dairy

65
 ingredients, new technologies to increase shelf-life of dairy products.
15. Genetic engineering of milk proteins, production and utilization of functional 1
milk proteins.
16. Methods of improving nutritional quality of milk, significance of milk fat in dairy 2
products and different techniques for analysis of milk lipids.
Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Analysis of fresh and processed meat products 1
2. Analysis of fresh and processed fish products 1
3. Analysis of fresh and processed poultry products 1
4. Analysis of fresh and processed milk products 1
5. Preservation of fresh meat and fish 1
6. Processing and production of different products from fresh meat 2
7. Processing and production of different products from fresh fish 2
8. Processing and production of different products from fresh poultry 2
9. Processing and production of different products from fresh milk 1
10. Shelf life studies on different meat, fish and milk products 2
11. Visit to processing plants 1
Total 15

Suggested Reading

• Chooksey MK. 2003. Fish Processing and Product Development. CIFE, Kochi.
• Chooksey MK and Basu S. 2003. Practical Manual on Fish Processing and Quality Control.CIFE,
Kochi.
• Hall GM. 1997. Fish Processing Technology. Blabie Academic and Professional.
• Lawrie RS. 1985. Developments in Meat Sciences. Vol III Applied Science Publishers.
• Mead GC. 1989. Processing of Poultry. Elsevier.
• Pearson AM and Tauber FW. 1984. Processed Meats. AVI Publishers.
• Stadelman WJ and Cotterill OJ. 1980. Egg Science and Technology. AVI Publishers.

PFE 517 DESIGN OF AQUACULTURAL STRUCTURES (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with aquaculture structures and their design features.

Theory

Unit I

Inland fish farming and associated considerations.

Unit II

Fish physiology and micro-climatic considerations. Site selection for aquaculture structures.

Unit III

Design of dykes, sluice, channels etc. Aeration and feeding systems: Design of fish rearing
structures, hatcheries, containers for live fish, fingerlings, fish seeds.

Unit IV

Aquaculture in recirculatory systems, oxygen and aeration, sterilization and disinfection.

Recirculation of water: Reuse systems, water exchange, design of re- use systems, Inlet and

66
outlet structures and water treatment plants.

Practical

Aeration and feeding systems of fish ponds, fish farming structures, water treatment plants,
containers for live fish. Design of re-use systems. Inlet and outlet structures.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to design suitable aquaculture structures.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Inland fish farming. 1
2. Considerations in site selection for designing inland fish farms. 2
3. Preparatory work for designing inland fish farms: technological requirements, 3
general technical, hydrological and meteorological data.
4. Fish physiology. 2
5. Micro-climatic considerations for fish farms. 1
6. Design of dykes, sluice, channels etc. 3
7. Aeration and feeding systems 1
8. Design of fish rearing structures. 1
9. Hatcheries. 2
10. Containers for live fish, fingerlings, fish seeds. 1
11. Fish pond arrangements: Barrage Ponds, Contour Ponds, Paddy Ponds. 2
12. Earth structures in fish farms: Dams and Dikes, Feeder Canals, Drainage canals, 3
Drain Ditch, Internal Pond Drains, Borrow Pits and Internal Harvesting Pits.
13. Aquaculture in recirculatory systems. 2
14. Oxygen and aeration in fish farms. Sterilization and disinfection in fish farms. 2
15. Recirculation of water; Reuse systems, water exchange, design of re-use 3
systems, Inlet and outlet structures.
16. Water treatment plants in fish farms. 1
Total 30

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Study of aeration systems of fish ponds. 1
2. Study of feeding systems of fish ponds. 1
3. Design of dykes in fish farming structures. 1
4. Design of feeder canals in fish farming structures. 2
5. Design of drainage canals in fish farming structures. 1
6. Design of drain ditch in fish farming structures. 1
7. Design of internal pond drains in fish farming structures. 1
8. Design of borrow pits in fish farming structures. 1
9. Design of internal harvesting pits in fish farming structures. 1
10. Study of waste water management through aquaculture. 1
11. Design of recirculatory ponds for waste water treatment in fish farms. 1
12. Different types of containers for live fish. 1
13. Design of re-use systems in fish farms. 1
14. Different types of inlet and outlet structures in fish farms 1
Total 15

Suggested Reading

67
• FAO. 1983. Inland Aquaculture Engineering. ISBN 92-5-102168-6.

PFE 518 THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING FOR AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING (3+0)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the concept of thermodynamic properties of air and its
application in food processing.

Theory

Unit I

Requirements of temperature and moisture in food preservation, processing, storage, animal and
plant production systems, human comfort etc.

Unit II

Thermodynamic properties of moist air, psychrometric chart, psychrometric processes and

applications. Mass transfer and evaporation of water from free surfaces, theory of psychrometer,
direct contact transfer processes between moist air and water-air washer, cooling tower, heating
and cooling of moist air by extended surface coils, dehumidification using moisture absorbing
materials. Solar irradiations on structures, calculation of heating and cooling loads in buildings/
storage structures.

Unit III

Design of air conditioning systems, air distribution and duct design, air flow pattern and control,
equipment, components and controls. Instruments for measurement and control of
temperature and moisture.

Unit IV

Thermal insulation materials for environmental control systems, applications of environmental

control in green house, dairy industry, potato storage etc.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to design environmental control systems related to different unit

operation in food processing industry.

Lecture schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Requirements of temperature and moisture in food preservation, processing, 5
storage, animal and plant production systems, human comfort etc. Various
thermal indices.
2. To study the different temperature, moisture and relative humidity measuring 3
instruments.
3. Thermodynamic properties of moist air. 3
4. Psychrometric chart, psychrometric processes and applications. Mass transfer 5
and evaporation of water from free surfaces, theory of psychrometer.
5. Direct contact transfer processes between moist air and water-air washer, 4
cooling tower, heating and cooling of moist air by extended surface coils,
dehumidification using moisture absorbing materials.
6. Solar irradiations on structures, calculation of heating and cooling loads in 5
buildings/ storage structures.
7. Introduction to air conditioning systems and design considerations. 4
8. Air distribution and duct design, air flow pattern and control, equipment, 4

68
 components and controls. Instruments for measurement and control of
temperature and moisture.
9. Thermal insulation materials for environmental control systems. Comparative 4
performance of these materials.
10. Applications of environmental control in farm buildings, farmstead, green house, 5
dairy industry, poultry shed, potato storage etc.
Total 42

Suggested Reading
• Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, Section 12. (2007).
• Threlkald JL. Thermal Environmental Engineering, Pearson.

3.3 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering

SWCE 501ADVANCED SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip students with the advances in soil and water conservation measures,
use of RS and GIS and Software’s for design of soil and water conservation structures.

Theory

Unit I

Concept of probability in design of soil and water conservation structures. Probability and
continuous frequency distribution. Fitting empirical distributions.

Unit II

Relevance of soil and water conservation in agriculture and in the river valley projects. Layout
and planning of soil and water conservation measures. Software’s for design of conservation
structures.

Unit III

Productivity loss due to soil erosion. Water stress and water e Xcess. Types and mechanics of
soil erosion. Software’s for soil loss estimation, WEAP, EPIC

Unit IV

Theories of sediment transport. Control of runoff and sediment loss. Sediment deposition process.
Estimation of sediment load.

Unit V

Design of soil and water conservation structures: Check dams, gully plugs, gabion structures,
earth dams, silt detention dams, farm ponds, etc., and the alternate use of the stored water
for agriculture. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Soil and Water Conservation.

Practical

Assessment of erosive status of a watershed through field measurement or analysis of

morphometric properties. Estimation of erosivity indeX of rainfall. Determination of soil physical
properties: TeXture, grain size distribution, Atterberg’s limits, various moisture percentages.
Locating best possible sites of soil and water conservation structures on the basis of map
features and erosivity status. Estimation of costs of soil and water conservation measures.

Learning outcome

The students will able to plan and design soil and water conservation measures in particular

69
watershed using RS and GIS techniques. They can estimate the sedimentation and
capacity losses, design of gully control structures and earthen dams using software’s.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Concept of probability in design of soil and water conservation structures 2
2. Probability and continuous frequency distribution 2
3. Fitting empirical distributions 2
4. Relevance of soil and water conservation in agriculture and in the river 2
valley projects
5. Layout and planning of soil and water conservation measures 2
6. Software’s for design of conservation structures 1
7. Productivity loss due to soil erosion 1
8. Water stress and water eXcess 1
9. Types and mechanics of soil erosion 1
10. Software’s for soil loss estimation, WEAP, EPIC 3
11. Theories of sediment transport 2
12. Control of runoff and sediment loss 1
13. Sediment deposition process and estimation of sediment load 2
14. Design of soil and water conservation structures: Check dams, gully plugs, 3
gabion structures, earth dams, silt detention dams, farm ponds, etc., and
the alternate use of the stored water for agriculture
15. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Soil and Water Conservation 3

Total 31

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Assessment of erosive status of a watershed through field measurement 2
2. Morphometric analysis of a watershed 2
3. Estimation of erosivity indeX of rainfall 1
4. Determination of soil teXture 1
5. Determination of soil grain size distribution 1
6. Determination of Atterberg’s limits of soil 1
7. Determination of various soil moisture percentages 1
8. Locating best possible sites of soil and water conservation structures on the 2
basis of map features and erosivity status
9. Design of Check dams, gully plugs, gabion structures, earth dams, silt 4
detention dams and farm ponds
10. Estimation of costs of soil and water conservation measures 2
Total 17

Suggested Reading

• Garg SK. 1987. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
• Kirkby MJ and Morgan PPC (eds). 1980. Soil Erosion. John Wiley and Sons. New York, USA.
• Suresh R. 2016. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Standard Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi.

70
 SWCE 502 APPLIED WATERSHED HYDROLOGY (2+1)

Aim

To provide in depth knowledge of surface and sub-surface hydrology of watershed including

stream flow measurement and computer simulation of hydrological processes in small
watersheds.

Theory

Unit I

Hydrology in water resources planning, rainfall, surface runoff and sub-surface runoff as
components of hydrologic cycle. Runoff phenomena, relationship between precipitation and
runoff. Stream flow measurement and analysis of data in detail.

Unit II

Synthetic unit hydrograph. Recent advances in analysis of hydrologic data and flow from
small watersheds. Methods of runoff estimation from small watersheds. Use of IUH and
various methods of estimation. Runoff estimation models: SCS, CN software.

Unit III

Micro climate, estimation methods of evaporation. Advances and improvements in rational

approach. SCS approach criticism and improvements.

Unit IV

Hydrological hazard functions. Methods of estimation of hydrologic parameters. Data

transformation.

Unit V

Calibration and evaluation of hydrologic models. Computer simulation of hydrological process in

small watersheds.

Practical

Delineation of watershed and study of watershed characteristics. Measurement of rainfall

and runoff in a watershed and data analysis. Estimation of infiltration and runoff from a
watershed. Analysis and derivation of various types of hydrographs. Flood routing. Reservoir
sedimentation. Watershed model components. Visit to a watershed.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand and analyze the process and the effect of various
climatic parameters on rainfall-runoff relationship. They can also be able to develop the
competency for calibration and evaluation of hydrologic models and computer simulation.

Lecture Schedule
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Hydrology in water resources planning, rainfall, surface runoff and sub- 1
surface runoff as components of hydrologic cycle
2. Basics of watershed hydrology and processes, global and watershed 3
perspectives
3. Runoff phenomena, relationship between precipitation and runoff 3
4. Synthetic unit hydrograph, Unit hydrograph and its derivation including for 3
complex storm
5. S-hydrograph and derivation, Use of IUH and various methods of estimation. 2

71
 6. Runoff estimation models: SCS, CN software 3
7. Flood routing principles 3
8. Recent advances in analysis of hydrologic data and flow from small 2
watersheds. Methods of runoff estimation from small watersheds.
9. Micro climate, estimation methods of evaporation. Advances and improvements 3
in rational approach. SCS approach criticism and improvements
10. Process of sedimentation of reservoirs 2
11. Hydrological hazard functions, Methods of estimation of hydrologic parameters, 3
Data transformation
12. Hydrologic modeling approaches, component conceptualization, types of 3
watershed hydrologic models and choice of model.
13. Calibration and evaluation of hydrologic models. Computer simulation of 2
hydrological process in small watersheds
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Delineation of watershed and study of watershed characteristics 1
2. Measurement of rainfall and runoff in a watershed 1
3. Analysis of hydrologic data and flow from small watersheds 1
4. Estimation of infiltration and runoff from a watershed 1
5. Measurement and analysis of stream flow data 1
6. Analysis of synthetic unit hydrograph for compleX storm 1
7. Analysis of S-hydrograph for compleX storm 2
8. Use of runoff estimation models: SCS, CN software 2
9. Study of different types of flood routing methods 2
10. Computer simulation of hydrological process in small watersheds 1
11. Study of reservoir sedimentation 1
12. Study of watershed model components 1
13. Visit to a watershed 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Haan CT. Hydrologic Modeling of Small Watershed.
• Singh VP. 2010. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling (Vol. I)—Prentice Hall, New York.
• Singh VP. 2010. Environmental Hydrology. Springer, New York.
• Chow VenTe, Maidment, David, R., Mays and Larry, W. (1988) Applied Hydrology. McGraw Hill,
277

SWCE 503 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION STRUCTURES (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students with the planning and design of soil and water conservation
structures, their stability checks and mechanized soil conservation techniques.

Theory

Unit I

Design, planning and layout of soil and water conservation structures. Criteria of selection of
appropriate structures as per soil, land use and climatic conditions.

72
Unit II

Design and construction of earthen dam, stability analysis of land slopes and soil mass including
landslides.

Unit III

Hydrological and structural design including stress analysis. Hydraulic jump and energy
dissipaters for soil conservation structures.

Unit IV

Seepage through dams, flow net and determination of uplift pressure in drop structures,
design of energy dissipaters.

Unit V

Design of water harvesting structures, construction, maintenance and utilization of stored

water. Mechanized construction techniques for soil and water conservation structures.

Practical

Numerical approach on probability distribution functions. Stability analysis and structural

design of masonry water harvesting structures. Design of earthen dams and other energy
dissipating structures. Cost analysis of water harvesting structures. Field visit to already
constructed water harvesting structures in the nearby area/ watershed.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to design the soil and water conservation structures as well as
permanent gully control structures and water harvesting structures. They can have
understanding of mechanized construction of soil and water conservation structures.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction and need of Soil and Water Conservation in agricultural 1
watershed
2. Runoff process and factors affecting it and estimation of runoff using 3
various methods
3. Analysis of rainfall data, Probability concepts in the design of structures 3
4. Introduction, classification and functional requirement of soil and water 1
conservation structures-Straight Drop spillway, chute spillway and drop
inlet spillway
5. Specific energy and specific force 2
6. Hydraulic jump and its application, type of hydraulic jump, energy 2
dissipation due to jump, jump efficiency, relative loss of energy
7. Straight drop spillway- Components and their functions, hydrologic, 4
hydraulic and structural design
8. Drop inlet spillway- Components and their functions, hydrologic, hydraulic 2
and structural design
9. Chute Spillway- Components and their functions, hydrologic, hydraulic 3
and structural design.
10. Criteria of selection of appropriate structures as per soil, land use and 1
climatic conditions
11. Design of energy dissipaters in soil and water conservation structures 1
12. Introduction, types, design, criteria and construction of earthen dam, 3

73
 causes of failure of earthen dam, retaining wall and its design
13. Stability analysis of land slopes and soil mass including landslides, page 2
control in earthen dams, flow net in earthen dams
14. Water harvesting: principles, importance and issues. Water harvesting 3
techniques: classification based on source, storage and use. Runoff
harvesting: short-term and long-term harvesting techniques, purpose and
design criteria.
15. Mechanized construction techniques for soil and water conservation structures 1

Total 3

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Study of various probability distribution function for rainfall analysis 1
2. Construction of specific energy and specific force diagram 2
3. Measurement of hydraulic jump parameters and amount of energy 1
dissipation
4. Hydrologic and hydraulic design of a straight drop spillway 1
5. Determination of uplift force and construction of uplift pressure diagram 1
6. Determination of loads on headwall and construction of triangular load 1
diagram
7. Stability analysis of a straight drop spillway 1
8. Hydraulic design of a chute spillway 1
9. Design of drop inlet spillway 1
10. Design of energy dissipating structures 1
11. Design of earthen dam 1
12. Seepage analysis in earthen embankment 1
13. Design of water harvesting structures 1
14. Economic analysis of water harvesting structures 1
15. Field visit to already constructed water harvesting structures in the nearby 1
area/watershed.
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Mahnot SC, Singh PK and Chaplot PC. 2011. Soil and Water Conservation and Watershed
Management. ApeX Publishing House, Udaipur.
• Murty VVN. 1988. Land and Water Management Engineering. Second Edition Kalyani
Publishers, New Delhi.
• Singh Gurmel C, Venkataraman G, Sastri and Joshi BP. 1991. Manual of Soil and Water
conservation Practices. OXford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
• Singh PK. 2000. Watershed Management (Design and Practice). e-media publications,
Udaipur.
• Suresh R. 2006. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Fourth Edition Standard
Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.
• Singh Raj Vir. 2003. Watershed Management. Second Edition, Yash Publishing, Bikaner.

SWCE 504 STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students about the stochastic processes in hydrology including statistical

characteristics of hydrological time series data, modeling hydrologic uncertainty and

74
analysis of multivariate hydrologic series,

Theory

Unit I

Hydrologic cycle, Systems concept, Hydrologic systems model. Classification of hydrologic

models, Statistical, stochastic and deterministic approaches. Statistical characteristics of
hydrological data, probability distribution of hydrologic variables. Deterministic and stochastic
hydrology, Cause and effect analysis. Hydrologic time series analysis – nature, stationarity and
ergodicity, components of time series, trend, periodicity and stochastic parts, parameter
estimation of probability distributions. Analysis of hydrologic eXtremes.

Unit II

Multivariate regression analysis, correlation analysis, correlation coefficient and its significance
in regional analysis. Developing prediction equation by simple and multiple linear regression.
Reliability of the Model.

Unit III

Stochastic Process: Classification, stationary process. Time series: Classification, component of

time series. Methods of investigation: Auto correlation coefficient, moving average process,
auto regressive process, auto regressive moving average process, auto regressive integrated
moving average process. Spectral analysis, analysis of multivariate hydrologic series.

Unit IV

Thomas Fiering model, BoX Jenkins model. Model formulation: Parameter estimation,
calibration and validation. Application to hydrologic data. Generation and forecasting.
Regional flood frequency analysis. Transformations, Hypothesis testing.

Unit V

Modeling hydrologic uncertainty. First order Markov process, Markov chain, Data generation,
Hydrologic time series analysis, Modelling of hydrologic time series.

Practical

To estimate various statistical parameters of the hydrologic variables, estimating missing data
in historical series, various parameter estimation methods like method of moments, method of
maXimum likelihood, method of miXed moments, probability of weighted moments fitting
discrete and continuous distribution functions to variables, application of transformation
techniques to historical data for estimating variables at different return periods, determining
correlation and regression coefficients, analyzing multivariate regression, autocorrelation
coefficient for independent and correlated events, fitting ARMA models, fitting Markov
models of first and second order, regional frequency analysis, time series analysis of the
historical data, estimating and fitting Thomas Fiering Model.

Learning outcome

The students are enabled to understand the stochastic process of hydrology including statistical
based analysis of hydrological time series data. They are eXposed to stochastic and
deterministic modeling of small watersheds.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Hydrologic cycle, Systems concept, Hydrologic systems model 1
2. Hydrological models, processes and systems - Physical Characterization of 1

75
 watersheds; Rainfall measurements
3. Classification of hydrologic models, Statistical, stochastic and deterministic 1
approaches
4. Statistics and probabilities in hydrology – Basic concepts – Experiment, Sample 3
space, element, event, complement, intersection, disjoint, union, statistical
parameters; Uncertainty in hydrological event; Statistical homogeneity,
Permutation, combination, probability, conditional probability; Independent
events, random variables, discrete and continuous sample space, Probability and
Return period
5. Statistics and probabilities in hydrology- Frequency Analysis – Mean, Median, 3
Mode, Variance, Frequency Analysis - Standard deviation, Coefficient of Variance,
Skewness, Kurtosis Theorems on Probability; Total probability theorem and Baye’s
theorem
6. Statistics and probabilities in hydrology- Discrete and Continuous probability - 3
Random Variable and Variate; Probability Distribution of hydrological variables; Co-
relation and regression analysis.
7. Introduction and examples of stochastic processes; Specification of stochastic 2
process- nature, stationarity and ergodicity, components of time series
8. Hydrologic time series analysis –trend, periodicity 1
10. Stochastic time series analysis- Methods of analysis -Auto correlation coefficient 1
11. Stochastic time series analysis- moving average process, auto regressive process 2
12. Stochastic time series analysis- auto regressive moving average process 2
13. Stochastic time series analysis- auto regressive integrated moving average process. 2
15. Spectral analysis, analysis of multivariate hydrologic series 2
16. Thomas Fiering model, BoX Jenkins model 2
17. Model formulation: Parameter estimation, calibration and validation. 2
18. Application to hydrologic data 2
19. Generation and forecasting- Regional flood frequency analysis Transformations 1
20. Hypothesis testing 2
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Development of regression models 1
2. Estimation of missing data in historical series 1
3. Parameter estimation-Method of Moments 1
4. Parameter estimation-method of maximum likelihood 1
5. Parameter estimation- method of mixed moments, Probability of weighted moments 1
6. Fitting discrete and continuous distribution functions to variables 1
7. Transformation techniques to historical data for estimating variables at different 1
return periods
8. Regression analysis, Correlation analysis, 1
9. Analyzing multivariate regression, 1
10. Autocorrelation coefficient for independent and correlated events, 1
11. Fitting ARMA models to rainfall runoff data 1
12. Fitting Markov models of first and second order, 1
13. Regional frequency analysis, 1
14. Estimating parameters of Thomas Fiering Model 1
15. Fitting of Thomas Fiering Model 1
Total 15

76
Suggested Reading
• Clarke RT. Mathematical Models in Hydrology. FAO Publication.
• Haan CT. 2002. Statistical Methods in Hydrology. Iowa State Press.
• Kotteguda NT. 1982. Stochastic Water Resources Technology. The Macmillan Press, New
York.
• McCuen RH and Snyder WM. Hydrological Modelling–Statistical Methods and Applications.
Prentice Hall Inc., New York.
• Yevjevich V Stochastic Processes in Hydrology. Water Resources Publications, Colorado.

SWCE 505 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND MODELING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students with watershed management concept and its benefit for sustainable
rural development through participatory approach, including environmental impact as
well as policy frame work.

Theory

Unit I

Concept of watershed, its hydrological and geomorphological characteristics. Status of

watershed management programs in India. Problems of desertification and degradation.

Unit II

Concept of watershed management and sustainability, participatory approach and

operational watershed. Surveys, monitoring, reclamation and conservation of agricultural
and forest watersheds, hill slopes and ravines.

UNIT III

Watershed management research instrumentation and measurement, problem identification,

simulation and synthesis. Rainfed farming and drought management. Modeling of flood and
drought phenomenon.

Unit IV

Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modeling. Watershed
modelling approaches, mathematical bases and structure of models of existing watershed.

Unit V

Environmental impact assessment of watersheds. Quantitative evaluation of management

techniques. National land use policy, legal and social aspects. Case studies of watershed
management.

Practical

Selection and delineation of a watershed. Benchmark surveys. Preparation of watershed land use
map. Preparation of watershed development proposal. Preparation of watershed evaluation
and impact assessment report. Application of watershed models for evaluation of conservation
treatments. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modeling.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand different conservation practices and their effect on
watershed behavior. They can also estimate the geomorphologic parameters of particular
watershed which is quite useful for watershed planning and development of watershed
models.

77
Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Concept of watershed, its hydrological and geomorphological characteristics 2
2. Status of watershed management programs in India 2
3. Problems of desertification and degradation 2
4. Concept of watershed management and sustainability, participatory approach 3
and operational watershed
5. Surveys, monitoring, reclamation and conservation of agricultural and forest 3
watersheds, hill slopes and ravines
6. Watershed management research instrumentation and measurement, problem 2
identification, simulation and synthesis
7. Rainfed farming and drought management 2
8. Modeling of flood and drought phenomenon 2
9. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modeling 2
10. Watershed modeling approaches, mathematical bases and structure of eXisting 3
watershed models
11. Environmental impact assessment of watersheds 2
12. Quantitative evaluation of management techniques 2
13. National land use policy, legal and social aspects 2
14. Case studies of watershed management 3
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Selection and delineation of a watershed 3
2. Benchmark surveys 2
3. Preparation of watershed land use map 2
4. Preparation of watershed development proposal 3
5. Preparation of watershed evaluation and impact assessment report 2
6. Application of watershed models for evaluation of conservation treatments 2
7. Use of Remote Sensing and GIS in watershed management and modelling 2
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Dhaliwal GS Hansra BS and Ladhar SS. 1993. Wetlands, their Conservation and Management.
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
• Dhruvanarayana VV, Sastry G and Patnaik US. Watershed Management. Publ. and Inf. Dv.,
ICAR, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan, New Delhi.
• Singh RV. 2000. Watershed Planning and Management. Second Edition Yash Publishing House,
Bikaner.
• Suresh R. 2017. Watershed Planning and Management. Standard Publication and Distribution,
Delhi.
• Tideman EM. 1999. Watershed Management (Guidelines for Indian Conditions). Omega
Scientific Publishers, New Delhi.

SWCE 506 FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA (2+0)

Aim

To provide comprehensive knowledge to the students in aquifer and fluid properties, unsaturated

78
flow theory and movement of groundwater in fractured and swelling porous media.

Theory

Unit I

Aquifer and fluid properties, forces holding water in soils, hydrodynamics in porous media and
limitations of governing laws.

Unit II

Differential equations of saturated flow, initial and boundary conditions. Dupuit and Business
approXimations and linearization techniques.

Unit III

Stream functions, potential functions and flow net theory. Analysis of seepage from canals and
ditches.

Unit IV

Unsaturated flow theory, Infiltration and capillary rise fluX dynamics. Movement of
groundwater in fractured and swelling porous media.

Unit V

Hydro-dynamic dispersion in soil-aquifer system. Velocity hydrograph, flow

characteristics at singular points, eXamples of velocity hydrograph, solution by compleX
velocity, solution of triangular dam, drainage in retaining structures, influence of
seepage on stability of slopes, drainage methods for stability of slopes.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand physical properties of flow through porous media.
Competence on various laws governing dynamics of flow through porous media. Understanding
of hydrodynamics in porous media, governing laws and boundary conditions.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Aquifer and its classification, properties of aquifers and fluids 1
2. Forces responsible for holding water in soil and movement, hydrostatic 1
pressure distribution
3. Porosity, permeability and hydraulic conductivity: its importance in fluids flow 1
4. Hydrodynamics in porous media: Continuum approach to porous media, 3
R epresentative Elementary Volume (REV), linear and aerial porosity, velocity
and specific discharge relationship in porous medium
5. Generalization of Darcy Law in isotropic and anisotropic layered porous 3
medium, deviation from Darcy Law and limitations of governing laws in flow
through porous media
6. Saturated flow: Differential equations for flow through saturated medium, 3
initial and boundary conditions, types of boundary conditions, boundary and
initial value problems
7. Dupuit and Boussinesq approXimations and linearization: Dupuit assumption 3
and equation, Boussinesq linearization Techniques and solutions
8. Unsaturated flow theory: Continuity and conservation equations for a 6
homogeneous fluid in non-deforming medium and deforming medium, continuity
equation for compressible fluid and moveable solid matrix
9. Infiltration and capillary rise fluX dynamics, movement of groundwater in 2

79
 fractured and swelling porous media
10. Stream and potential functions: Stream functions in two- a n d t h r e e - 3
d i m e n s i o n a l flow, potential functions and flow net theory
11. Analysis of seepage from canals and ditches 2
12. Hydro-dynamic dispersion in soil-aquifer system: Hydro-dynamic dispersion, 3
derivation of dispersion and diffusion equation
13. Velocity hydrograph: Flow characteristics at singular points, eXamples of 3
velocity hydrograph, solution by compleX velocity, solution of triangular dam,
drainage in retaining structures, influence of seepage on stability of slopes,
drainage methods for stability of slopes
Total 34

Suggested Reading

• Bears J. 1972. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. American Elsevier Publishing Co. Inc. New
York.
• Bear J and Arnold V. Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. D. Reidel Publishing
Company.
• Collins RE. 1961. Flow of Fluids through Porous Materials. Reinhold publishing cooperation, New
York.
• Core AT Flow in Porous Media.
• De Wiest Roger JM. 1969. Flow through Porous Media. Academic press, New York.
• Helmut K Soil Physics. pp. 7-79.
• Verruijt A. 1982. Theory of Groundwater Flow. 2nd Edn., Macmillan, London

SWCE 507 GIS AND REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students with recent technology of RS and GIS including satellite data analysis, digital
image processing and thematic mapping of land use, surface and ground water.

Theory

Unit I

Physics of remote sensing, electromagnetic radiation (EMR), interaction of EMR with atmosphere,
earth surface, soil, water and vegetation. Remote sensing platform, monitoring atmosphere, land
and water resources: LANDSAT, SPOT, ERS, IKONOS and others, Indian Space Programme.

Unit II

Satellite Data analysis: Visual interpretation, digital image processing, image pre- processing,
image enhancement, image classification and data merging.

Unit III

Definition: Basic components of GIS, map projections and co-ordinate system, spatial data
structure-raster, vector, spatial relationship, topology, geodatabase models, hierarchical network,
relational, object-oriented models, integrated GIS database- common sources of error–data
quality: Macro, micro and usage level components, meta data, Spatial data transfer standards.

Unit IV

Thematic mapping, measurements in GIS: Length, perimeter and areas. Query analysis,
reclassification: Buffering, neighbourhood functions, map overlay: Vector and raster overlay:
Interpolation, network analysis, digital elevation modelling. Analytical Hierarchy Process, Object
oriented GIS–AM/FM/GIS, Web Based GIS.

80
Unit V

Spatial data sources: 4M GIS approach water resources system, Thematic maps, rainfall runoff
modelling, groundwater modelling, water quality modelling and flood inundation mapping and
modelling. Drought monitoring, cropping pattern change analysis, performance evaluation of
irrigation commands. Site selection for artificial recharge, reservoir sedimentation.

Practical

Familiarization with the Remote sensing instruments and satellite imagery. Aerial Photograph and
scale determination with stereoscope. Interpretation of satellite imageries and aerial
photographs. Determination of Parallaxes in images. Introduction to digital image
processing software and GIS software and their working principles. Generation of digital elevation
model (DEM) for land and water resource management. Case studies on mapping, monitoring
and management of natural resources using remote sensing and GIS.

Learning outcome

Students will be able to use satellite remote sensing to perform image analysis and classification for
developing thematic maps. Able to integrate satellite data with GIS to undertake recourse
mapping and planning studies.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction and brief history of RS and GIS, applications of RS and GIS 1
2. Physics of remote sensing. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), interaction of 1
EMR with atmosphere, earth surface, soil, water and vegetation
3. Remote sensing platforms: Monitoring atmosphere, land and water resources: 3
LANDSAT, SPOT, ERS, IKONOS and others. Indian Space Programme
4. Satellite data analysis. Visual interpretation. 3
5. Digital image processing- Image pre-processing, Image enhancement, 6
Image classification, data merging
6. Basic components of GIS- Map projections and co-ordinate system. 2
7. Spatial data sources, Thematic maps 3
8. Spatial data structure: Raster, vector data, Spatial relationship- Topology 2
9. Geodatabase models: Hierarchical, network, relational, object- oriented 3
models. Integrated GIS database
10. Data quality, Common sources of error, Macro, micro and Usage level 3
components, Meta data and Spatial data transfer standards
11. Measurement in GIS- Length, perimeter and areas 1
12. Map overlay: Vector and raster overlay 1
13. Interpolation and network analysis 1
14. Digital elevation modelling. Analytical Hierarchy Process. Object oriented 1
GIS, AM/FM/GIS and Web Based GIS
15. GIS approach to Rainfall runoff modelling, Flood inundation mapping and 1
modelling
16. GIS approach to Groundwater modelling and water quality modelling 2
17. Site selection for artificial recharge. Reservoir sedimentation 1
18. Drought monitoring 2
19. Performance evaluation of irrigation commands 1
20. Cropping pattern change analysis 2
Total 40

List of Practicals

81
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Familiarization with the remote sensing instruments and satellite imagery 1
2. Methods of establishing ground truth survey and Comparison between 2
ground truth and remotely sensed data
3. Aerial Photograph and scale determination with stereoscope 1
4. Interpretation of satellite imagery and aerial photograph 1
5. Determination of ParallaXes in images 1
6. Demonstration on GPS; Provision of Ground Control by GPS in different mode 1
7. Introduction to digital image processing software 1
8. Introduction to GIS software 1
9. Data input; Data editing and Topology creation -Digitization of point, line & 1
polygon features
10. SRTM & CARTO DEM download from web and Georeferencing of an image
11. Delineation of Watershed, DEM generation: slope, Aspect, flow direction, Flow 2
accumulation, Drainage, network and morphometric analysis
12. LULC by supervised classification and LULC by unsupervised classification 1
13. Application of Remote Sensing data and GIS for water quality parameters 1
14. Temporal satellite data analysis for vegetation condition, crop water 1
requirement calculation
15. Erosion mapping using aerial and satellite Data 1
Total 17

Suggested Reading
• Ian HS, Cornelius and Steve C. 2002. An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems.
Pearson Education, New Delhi.
• James BC and Randolph HW. 2011. Introduction to Remote Sensing. The Guilford Press.
• Lilles TM and Kiefer RW. 2008. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley and
Sons.
• Paul Curran PJ. 1985. Principles of Remote Sensing. ELBS Publications.
• Rees WG. 2001. Physical Principles of Remote Sensing. Cambridge University Press.

SWCE 508 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER RESOURCES (3+0)

Aim

To acquaint students about the concept of climate change and its impact on surface and
ground water resources. To understand adaptation and mitigation strategy under climate
change scenario.

Theory

Unit I

The climate system: Definitions, climate, climate system, climate change. Drivers of climate
change, characteristics of climate system components: Greenhouse effect, carbon cycle,
wind systems. Trade winds and the Hadley Cell, ozone hole in the stratosphere, El Nino, La
Nina– ENSO, teleconnections.

Unit II

Impacts of climate change: Observed and projected, global and Indian scenario, observed
changes and projected changes of IPCC: Impacts on water resources, NATCOM Report,
impacts on sectoral vulnerabilities, SRES, different scenarios, climate change impacts on ET
and irrigation demand.

82
Unit III

Tools for vulnerability assessment: Need for vulnerability assessment, steps for assessment,
approaches for assessment. Models: Quantitative models, Economic models, impact matriX
approach, BoX models, Zero-dimensional models, Radioactive- convective models, Higher-
dimension models, EMICs (Earth-system models of intermediate compleXity), GCMs
(global climate models or general circulation

models), Sectoral models.

Unit IV

Adaptation and mitigation water: Related adaptation to climate- change in the fields of
ecosystems and biodiversity, agriculture and food security, land use and forestry, human
health, water supply and sanitation, infrastructure and economy (insurance, tourism, industry
and transportation), Adaptation, vulnerability and sustainable development.

Unit V

Sector specific mitigation: Carbon dio Xide capture and storage (CCS), bio-energy crops,
biomass electricity, hydropower, geothermal energy, energy use in buildings, land-use
change and management, cropland management, afforestation and reforestation. Potential
water resource conflicts between adaptation and mitigation. Implications for policy and
sustainable development.

Case studies: Water resources assessment case studies: Ganga Damodar Project, Himalayan
glacier studies, Ganga valley project. Adaptation strategies in assessment of water resources.
Hydrological design practices and dam safety, operation policies for water resources projects.
Flood management strategies, drought management strategies, temporal and spatial
assessment of water for irrigation, land use and cropping pattern, coastal zone
management strategies.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand climate change concept particularly on surface and
ground water. Students can have in depth knowledge about adaptation and mitigation
strategies in respect of climate change.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. IPCC projected climate change impacts on water resources NATCOM 3
Report-impacts on ET and irrigation demand
2. Vulnerability assessment: Need, steps for assessment, approaches for 2
assessment
3. Models: Quantitative models, Economic models, impact matriX approach, BoX 4
models, Zero-dimensional models, Radioactive- convective models, Higher-
dimension models, EMICs (Earth-system models of intermediate compleXity),
GCMs (global climate models or general circulation models), Sectoral models
4. Adaptation to climate change in the fields of ecosystems and biodiversity, 4
agriculture transportation) and food security, land use and forestry, human
health, water supply and sanitation, infrastructure and economy (insurance,
tourism, industry and
5. Sector specific mitigation: Carbon dioXide capture and storage (CCS) 2
6. Sector specific mitigation: bio-energy crops, biomass electricity, hydropower, 2
geothermal energy, energy use in buildings
7. Sector specific mitigation: land-use change and management, cropland 2

83
 management, afforestation and reforestation
8. Potential water resource conflicts between adaptation and mitigation 2
9. Implications for policy and sustainable development. 2
10. Case studies- Ganga Damodar Project, Himalayan glacier studies, Ganga 5
valley project
11. Adaptation strategies in assessment of water resources- Temporal and 2
spatial assessment of water for irrigation, land use and cropping pattern
12. Adaptation strategies in assessment of water resources- Hydrological design 3
practices and dam safety, operation policies for water resources projects
13. Flood management strategies, coastal zone management strategies. 3
Total 45

Suggested Reading
• Majumdar PP and Nagesh KD. Floods in a Changing Climate: Hydrological Modelling.
Cambride University Press, New York.
• Pathak H, Agarwal PK and Singh SD. Mitigation in Agriculture: Methodology for Assessment and
Application. Division of Environmental Sciences, IARI New Delhi.
• Rao YS, Zhang TC Ojha, Gurjar BR, Tyagi RD, Kao CM (eds). Climate Change Modelling,
Mitigation, and Adaptation. American Society of Civil Engineers.
• Srinivasa RK and Nagesh KD. Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources with Modelling
Techniques and Case Studies. Springer publications, New York.
• Tamim Y and Caitlin AG. Climate Change and Water Resources. Springer Publication.

SWCE 509 NUMERICAL METHODS IN HYDROLOGY (2+0)

Aim

To acquaint students about the concept of linear space, triangular and quadrilateral shape
functions, isoparametric elements and transformation of coordinates.

Theory
Unit I

Review of finite difference operators. Concept of linear space and basic functions. ApproXimating
from finite dimensional sub spaces.

Unit II

Variational and weighted residual methods. Langrange polynomials. Triangular and

quadrilateral shape functions.

Unit III

Isoparametric elements and transformation of coordinates. Basis functions in three

dimensions.

Unit IV

Galerkin finite element solution of Laplace, diffusion and dispersion-convection equations.

Unit V

Method of collocation, application in surface and sub surface hydrology.

Learning outcome

The students are able to understand numerical methods in hydrology by having in- depth
knowledge of linear space and finite element solution in surface and sub- surface hydrology.

84
Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Review of finite difference operators 2
2. Concept of linear space and basic functions 3
3. Approximating from finite dimensional sub spaces 3
4. Variational and weighted residual methods 2
5. Langrange polynomials 2
6. Triangular and quadrilateral shape functions 3
7. Isoparametric elements and transformation of coordinates. 3
8. Basis functions in three dimensions 3
9. Galerkin finite element solution of Laplace 3
10. Diffusion and dispersion-convection equations 3
11. Method of collocation 2
12. Application in surface and sub surface hydrology 3
Total 32

Suggested Reading
• Bear J and Verruijt A. 1987. Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. 414 pp. Dordrecht,
Boston.
• Carr JR. 1995. Numerical Analysis for the Geological Sciences. 592 pp. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs NJ.
• George H and Patricia W. 2000. Numerical Methods in the Hydrological Sciences. American
Geophysical Union, Florida Avenue, NW.
• Gerald CF and Wheatley PO. 1999. Applied Numerical Analysis. 6th ed., 768 pp, Addison-
Wesley, Reading, MA.
• Middleton GV. 2000. Data Analysis in the Earth Sciences using MATLAB 260 pp., Prentice Hall,
Saddle River NJ.
• Wang HF and Anderson MP. 1982. Introduction to Groundwater Modeling: Finite Difference
and Finite Element Methods. 237 pp, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

SWCE 510 DRYLAND WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES (2+0)

Aim

To provide detail knowledge about analysis of severity of drought assessment and various dry land
water management technologies suitable for conservation, harvesting and enhancing
productivity of rainfed areas.

Theory

Unit I

Drought severity assessment: Meteorological, hydrological and agricultural methods. Drought

indices. GIS based drought information system, drought vulnerability assessment and
mapping using GIS. DPAP programme, drought monitoring constraints, limiting crop
production in dry land areas. Types of drought, characterization of environment for water
availability, crop planning for erratic and aberrant weather conditions.

Unit II

Stress physiology and crop resistance to drought, adaptation of crop plants to drought,
drought management strategies. Preparation of appropriate crop plans for dry land areas.
Mid contingent plan for aberrant weather conditions.

85
Unit III

Land shaping and land development for soil moisture conservation. Improvement of tillage
and soil management by implements and engineering practices. Soil and moisture
conservation for rainfed lands through improved implements and engineering practices. Gel
technology.

Ex-situ measures: Water harvesting-micro catchments. Design of small water harvesting

structures: Farm Ponds, percolation tanks their types and design, recycling of runoff water for
crop productivity.

Unit IV

Crops and cropping practices related to soil and moisture conservation. Fertility management
in dryland farming. Planning and development of watersheds from engineering view point.
Case studies.

Unit V

Application of aerial photography in surveys and planning of watersheds for rainfed

agriculture. Use of Remote Sensing in soil moisture estimation.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand drought severity assessment techniques along with
new and appropriate methods of rainwater conservation and harvesting technologies for
rainfed areas.

Lecture Schedule
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Drought severity assessment: Meteorological, hydrological and agricultural 2
methods
2. Drought indices 1
3. GIS based drought information system, drought vulnerability assessment and 2
mapping using GIS
4. DPAP programme, drought monitoring constraints, limiting crop production in 2
dry land areas
5. Types of drought: characterization of environment for water availability 1
6. Types of drought: crop planning for erratic and aberrant weather conditions 1
7. Stress physiology and crop resistance to drought 1
8. Adaptation of crop plants to drought and drought management strategies 1
9. Preparation of appropriate crop plans for dry land areas 2
10. Mid contingent plan for aberrant weather conditions 1
11. Land shaping and land development for soil moisture conservation 1
12. Improvement of tillage and soil management by implements and engineering 2
practices
13. Soil and moisture conservation for rainfed lands through engineering 2
practices
14. Introduction of Gel technology for conservation measures 1
15. Ex-situ measures: Water harvesting-micro catchments 1
16. Design of small water harvesting structures: Farm Ponds 1
17. Design of small water harvesting structures: percolation tanks their types 2
and design
18. Recycling of runoff water for crop productivity 1
19. Crops and cropping practices related to soil and moisture conservation 1

86
 20. Fertility management in dryland farming 1
21. Planning and development of watersheds from engineering view point 2
22. Planning and development of watersheds - Case studies 1
23. Application of aerial photography in surveys and planning of watersheds for 1
rainfed agriculture
24. Use of Remote Sensing in soil moisture estimation 1
Total 32

Suggested Reading
• Das NR. 2007. Tillage and Crop Production. Scientific Publishers.
• Dhopte AM. 2002. Agro Technology for Dryland Farming. Scientific Publ.
• Gupta US. 1995. Production and Improvements of Crops for Drylands. OXford & IBH
• Singh RP. 1988. Improved Agronomic Practices for Dryland Crops. CRIDA.
• Singh RP. 2005. Sustainable Development of Dryland Agriculture in India. Scientific Publ.
• Singh RV. 2003. Watershed Planning and Management. Second Edition. Yash Publishing House,
Bikaner.
• Singh SD. 1998. Arid Land Irrigation and Ecological Management. Scientific Publishers.

4. Minor Courses

PFE 508 APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES IN FOOD PROCESSING (2+1)

Syllabus attached in Section 3.2, Page No. 49.

ME 501 MECHATRONICS AND ROBOTICS IN AGRICULTURE (2+0)

Aim

To introduce the fundamentals of mechatronics and the concepts behind designing

mechatronic systems and their subsystems and its application in automation in agriculture.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to mechatronics: Basic definitions, key elements of mechatronics, historical

perspective, the development of the automobile as a mechatronic system. Mechatronic design
approach, functions of mechatronic systems, ways of integration, information processing systems,
concurrent design procedure for mechatronic systems.

Unit II

System interfacing, instrumentation, and control systems. Input/output signals of a mechatronic

system, signal conditioning, microprocessor control, microprocessor numerical control,
microprocessor input/output control.

Unit III

Microprocessor based controllers and microelectronics: Introduction to microelectronics,

digital logic, overview of control computers, microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable
logic controllers, digital communications.

Unit IV

Technologies of robot: Sub systems, transmission system (Mechanics), power generation and
storage system, sensors, electronics, algorithms and software. Servo motor drives types and
applications. Stepper motor and its concept. Industrial robots: Classification and sub systems.
Defining work space area.

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Unit V

Application of robots in agriculture: Harvesting and picking, weed control, autonomous

mowing, pruning, seeding, spraying and thinning, phenotyping, sorting and packing. Utility
platforms. Use of different agrobots in agriculture.

Learning outcome

Ability to understand agricultural machinery that is built on concepts of mechatronics and

ability to use robotic machinery in agriculture.

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to Mechatronics: Basic definitions, key elements of mechatronics, 2
2. Historical perspective, the development of the automobile as a mechatronic 1
system
3. Mechatronic design approach, functions of mechatronic systems, ways of 3
integration, information processing systems, concurrent design procedure for
mechatronic systems.
4. System interfacing, Instrumentation, and control systems 2
5. Input/output signals of a mechatronic system, signal conditioning 2
6. Microprocessor control, microprocessor numerical control, microprocessor 2
input/output control
7. Microprocessor based controllers and microelectronics 2
8. Introduction to microelectronics, digital logic, overview of control computers 2
9. Microprocessors and microcontrollers, programmable logic controllers, digital 3
communications.
10. Technologies of robot: Sub systems, transmission system (Mechanics), power 2
generation and storage system
11. Sensors, electronics, algorithms and software. Servo motor drives types and 2
applications
12. Stepper motor and its concept. Industrial robots: Classification and sub systems. 2
Defining work space area.
13. Application of robots in agriculture: Harvesting and picking, weed control 2
14. Autonomous mowing, pruning, seeding, spraying and thinning 2
15. Phenotyping, sorting and packing. Utility platforms. Use of different agrobots in 3
agriculture.
Total 32

Suggested Reading
• Alciatore DG and Histand MB. 2002. Introduction to Mechatronics and Measurement System.
McGraw Hill Pvt Limited, New Delhi.
• Robert HB. 2002. Mechatronic Hand Book. CRC Press.
• Shakhatreh and Fareed. 2011. The Basics of Robotics. Lahti University of Applied Sciences
Machine and Production Technology.

ME 502 REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS (2+1)

Aim

To acquire the skills required to model, analyse and design different refrigeration processes and
components.

Theory

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Unit I

Reversed Carnot cycle, Carnot, Brayton and aircraft refrigeration systems.

Unit II

Vapour compression refrigeration systems: Use of p-h chart, effect of pressure changes on COP,
sub cooling of condensate on COP and capacity, super heating, single stage, multi-stage and
cascade systems.

Unit III

Vapour absorption systems: Theory of mixtures, temperature-concentration and enthalpy

concentration diagrams, adiabatic mixing of two systems, diabatic mixing, throttling process,
ammonia water and water lithium-bromide systems.

Unit IV

Thermoelectric refrigeration systems: Advantages, comparison with vapour compression

system. Vortex tube refrigeration system and its thermodynamic analysis. Ultra low
temperature refrigeration. Ejection refrigeration. Water refrigeration: Centrifugal and steam jet
refrigeration systems, characteristics of steam jet refrigeration system, effect of boiler efficiency on
overall COP, actual steam jet system, two-fluid jet refrigeration.

Practical

Numerical on air refrigeration cycle, Study of vapour compression refrigeration systems,

Determination of the coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system, Study of vapour
absorption (electrolux) refrigeration systems, Study and application of P-V, T-s and P-h chart in
refrigeration, Study and performance testing of domestic refrigerator, Study of domestic water
cooler, Study of actual and theoretical COP of Cascade Refrigeration System, Visit to cold storage
plants.

Learning outcome

After studying this course, students shall be able to analyse air and vapour compression
refrigeration cycle, and perform thermodynamic analysis of absorption, steam jet, thermoelectric
and vortex tube refrigeration systems.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Reversed Carnot cycle, Carnot cycle 2
2. Brayton refrigeration systems 2
3. Aircraft refrigeration systems 4
4. Vapour compression refrigeration systems, Single stage vapour compression 3
refrigeration, Use of p-h chart
5. Effect of pressure changes on COP, sub cooling of condensate on COP and 2
capacity, super heating
6. Multi-stage vapour compression refrigeration systems 3
7. Cascade vapour compression refrigeration systems 2
8. Vapour absorption systems: Theory of miXtures, temperature- concentration and 3
enthalpy concentration diagrams, adiabatic mixing of two systems, diabatic
miXing, throttling process,
9. Ammonia water vapour absorption systems. 1
10. Water lithium-bromide vapour absorption systems. 1
11. Thermoelectric refrigeration systems: Advantages, comparison with vapour 1
compression system.

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 12. VorteX tube refrigeration system and its thermodynamic analysis. 1
13. Ultra- low temperature refrigeration. 3
14. Water refrigeration, Centrifugal refrigeration 1
15. Ejection refrigeration, Steam jet refrigeration systems, characteristics of steam jet 3
refrigeration system, effect of boiler, efficiency on overall COP, actual steam jet
system, two-fluid jet refrigeration.
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Numerical on- a i r refrigeration cycle 2
2. Study of vapour compression refrigeration systems 1
3. Determination of the coefficient of performance of the refrigeration System 1
4 Study of vapour absorption (electroluX) refrigeration systems 2
5. Study and application of P-V, T-s and P-h chart in refrigeration 3
6. Study and performance testing of domestic refrigerator, 2
7. Study of domestic water cooler 1
8. Study of actual and theoretical COP of Cascade Refrigeration System 2
9. Visit to cold storage plants. 2
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Ahmadul A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. PHI India.
• Arora CP. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. McGraw-Hill India Publishing Ltd.
• Arora R. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Prentice Hall of India.
• Crouse and Anglin. Automobile Air Conditioning. McGraw Hill Publications.
• Dossat RJ. Principles of Refrigeration. Pearson Education.
• Jordon and Prister. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Prasad M. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. New Age International Publisher.
• Stocker WF and Jones JW. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. McGraw-Hill.

ME 504 VIBRATIONS (3+0)

Aim
To enable the students to design vibration control system, and balancing of rotating and
reciprocating masses.

Theory

Unit I

Vibration motion and its terminology. Undamped free vibrations, equations of motion- natural
frequency. Energy method, Rayleigh method; effective mass principle of Virtual work.
Equivalent spring stiffness in parallel and in series. Harmonic analysis and Fourier Series

Unit II

Damping - viscous, solid, coulomb equivalent dampers. Viscosity damped free vibrations,
Logarithmic decrement. Forced vibrations with harmonic e Xcitation and rotating unbalance.
Energy dissipated by damping

Unit III

Forced vibration with damping, Vibration isolation and force and motion transmissibility. Two

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degree of freedom systems. Principal modes of vibration, co- ordinate coupling. Vibration
absorbers

Unit IV

Free vibration equation of motion for multi-degree of freedom systems. Influence coefficients
and Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem, stiffness coefficients. Numerical methods for finding
natural frequencies for multi-degree of freedom systems.

Unit V

Vibration of lumped parameter systems and continuous systems. Lagrange equations. Vibration
measuring instruments, Vibrometers, velocity pickups, Accelerometer and frequency measuring
instruments. Applications of vibrations. Vibration control, balancing of rotating and reciprocating
machines, design of vibration isolators.

Learning Outcome

The student will be able to understand the concept of vibrations, analyze the mathematical
modeling of the multidegree freedom systems and able to design vibration isolators.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Vibration motion and its terminology. 2
2. Undamped free vibrations, equations of motion- natural frequency. 2
3. Energy method, Rayleigh method; effective mass principle of Virtual work. 2
4. Equivalent spring stiffness in parallel and in series. 1
5. Harmonic analysis and Fourier Series. 2
6. Damping - viscous, solid, coulomb equivalent dampers. 3
7. Viscosity damped free vibrations, Logarithmic decrement 3
8. Forced vibrations with harmonic excitation and rotating unbalance 2
9. Energy dissipated by damping. Forced vibration with damping, 3
10. Vibration isolation and force and motion transmissibility. 2
11. Two degree of freedom systems. Principal modes of vibration co-ordinate coupling 3
12. Vibration absorbers, 2
13. Free vibration equation of motion for multi-degree of freedom systems. 2
14. Influence coefficients and MaXwell’s reciprocal theorem, stiffness coefficients. 3
15. Numerical methods for finding natural frequencies for multi-degree of freedom 3
systems.
16. Vibration of lumped parameter systems and continuous systems. 3
17. Lagrange equations. Vibration measuring instruments, Vibrometers, velocity 3
pickups
18. Accelerometer and frequency measuring instruments. 2
19. Applications of vibrations. Vibration control, balancing of rotating and 3
reciprocating machines
20. Design of vibration isolators. 2
Total 48

Suggested Reading
• V.P. Singh.2014. Mechanical Vibrations. Dhanpat Rai and Comopany, New Delhi
• Rao S S. 2010.Mechanical Vibrations. Pearson Education, Delhi
• Srinivas P.1983. Mechanical Vibration Analysis. Tata McGraw Hill Company Limited, New
Delhi
• Daniel J Inman.2013. Engineering Vibration. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

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 ME 507 FATIGUE DESIGN (2+1)

Aim
The course provides an understanding on fatigue design considerations of mechanical
components. The causes of fatigue in brittle and ductile materials are taught with focus on crack
initiation, propagation and fracture.

Theory

Unit I
Theories of failure, maXimum normal stress, maXimum shear stress and distortion energy theory,
failure of ductile materials, failure of brittle materials.

Unit II

Stress concentration and its evaluation, stress concentration of ductile and brittle materials under
static loading and under dynamic loading, determining geometric stress concentration factors,
designing to avoid stress concentration.

Unit III

Fatigue of machine components, mechanism of fatigue failure, fatigue failure models and their
considerations in design of machine elements, fatigue loads. Fatigue testing and presentation
of fatigue data. Influence of stress conditions on fatigue strength/endurance limit of metals. Low
and high cycle fatigue

Unit IV

Cumulative fatigue damage. Designing for finite and infinite life. Improving fatigu e resistance
of machine elements. Stress corrosion. Corrosion fatigue.

Practical Fatigue tests on testing machine(s) for specimens of different materials having different
discontinuities/stress raisers and various surface conditions. Determination of correlation between
fatigue limit and ultimate strength of material. Problems in fatigue design of common machine
component.

Learning outcome

The students is able to understand technical aspects and principles of fatigue design. The
student can design the engineering product having good durability and long fatigue life.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to cyclic loading and Fatigue Design Types of Loads and Stresses, 1
Different theories of Failure like maximum normal stress, maximum shear stress and
distortion energy theory etc
2. Determining stress concentration based on geometric stress concentration factors, 3
Design considerations to avoid stress concentration of ductile and brittle materials.
3. Mechanical failure. Macroscopic failure modes, Behavior of brittle and ductile 3
materials in fatigue and stress concentration. Fracture in brittle and ductile
materials, characteristics of fracture surfaces, inter-granular and intra-granular
failure.
4. Cleavage and micro-ductility, growth of fatigue cracks, The ductile/brittle fracture 4
transition, temperature for notched and unnotched components. Fracture at
elevated temperature.
5. Fatigue of machine components, mechanism of fatigue failure. 3

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 6. Low and high cycle with examples mean stress R ratio, strain and load control. S-N 4
curves.
7. Goodman’s rule and Miners rule. Micro-mechanisms of fatigue damage, fatigue 3
limits and initiation and propagation control, leading to a consideration of factors
enhancing fatigue resistance.
8. Fatigue loads and mathematical models. Fatigue testing and presentation of 3
fatigue data, Influence of stress conditions on fatigue strength/endurance limit of
metals.
9. Total life and damage tolerant approaches to life prediction. Fatigue failure models 2
and their considerations in design of machine elements. Cumulative fatigue
damage and Designing for finite and infinite life.
10. Methods to improve fatigue resistance of machine elements. Improvement of 3
fatigue strength by chemical/metallurgical processes such as nitriding, flame
hardening, case carburizing. Fatigue strength enhancement by mechanical work,
cold rolling, peening, shot peening.
11. Environmental Assisted Cracking: Stress corrosion cracking, Hydrogen 3
embrittlement, Corrosion fatigue. Creep: Creep curves, Mechanisms of creep,
Stress rapture test, Life prediction, High temperature alloys.
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Load measurement using Load indicator, Load Cells 1
2. Strain measurement using Strain Gauge 1
3. Stress measurement using strain rosette 1
4. Determination of Fatigue strength measurement of S45C or alike material under 5
same loading condition for different stress concentrations factors (like holes,
notches, sharp corners for at least 5 different samples). Comparison to be listed.
6. Study to improvement Fatigue Design based on at least 5 different processes 5
like flame hardening, case carburizing, nitriding, shot peening, peening etc.
or alike processes.
7. Determination of correlation between fatigue limit and ultimate strength of 3
commercially available S45C material for three different samples
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Lessells, J.M. 1955. Strength and resistance of metals. John Wiley & sons, Michigan.
• T.L. Anderson. 2005. Fracture Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications. CRC press, Boca
Raton.
• Bhandari V.B.2019. Design of Machine Elements. Mcgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi.
• Peterson, R.E. 1953 Stress Concentration Design Factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Meguid, S.A.1989 Engineering Fracture Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, New York
• Kare Hellan.1985. Introduction to Fracture Mechanics. Mc Graw Hill Book Co, New York.

ME 515 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (2+1)

Aim

The course provides an understanding on computer aided design. It provides in depth

knowledge about 2-d drawing, 3-D Modeling and finite element analysis for optimum

93
product design.

Theory

Unit I
Introduction to computer aided design, scope of computer aided machine design, design
process and design environments. Geometric modeling and interactive graphic, engineering
analysis, design review and automated drafting, modeling, viewing.
Unit II
3-D solid modeling, boundary representation, constructive solid geometry, feature based
modeling. Computer aided analysis and synthesis of common mechanical components, a
bar, a beam and a shaft, comparison with analytical results.
Unit III
Application of numerical methods and optimization techniques to machine design problems,
Computer aided selection of standard mechanical components. Introduction to FEM. FEA
using two dimensional and three- dimensional elements; plain strain and plain stress problems,
finite element mesh, automatic meshing techniques, limitations of FEM.
Practical Computer aided design problems for machine components, use of standard
software, CAD models for other applications. Development of FEM models for analysis of a
bar, beam and a shaft. Practice in using an FEM software on other real life problems like
spanners, connecting rods.
Learning outcome
The students can design a product having better accuracy, less errors, increased productivity
and shorter lead times with the help of CAD.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to Engineering Design, design steps and computer aided design. 2
2. Software and workstation selection for CAD. Design process with and without CAD 3
3. Input and output devices, Display devices; GKS, IGES and STEP; Modeling and 3
viewing, Application areas of CAD.
4. Wireframe model, solid modeling, Boundary Representation (B-rep), Constructive 3
Solid Geometry (CSG).
5. Mass, volumetric properties calculations; surface modeling, concepts of hidden-line 3
removal and shading: Mechanical Assembly Kinematics analysis and simulation
6. Parametric Modeling Technique. Non-parametric and parametric representation of 2
curves.
7. Parametric representation of Hermite Cubic, Beizer and B-spline curves; Surface 2
and its analysis. Representation of Analytical and synthetic surfaces.
8. Numerical methods and optimization techniques to engineering design 3
problems
9. Overview of FEM, Advantages and applications, recent advance in FEM, FEA 3
software Basic principles and general procedure of FEM
10. Analyzing simple machine elements and comparing with analytical results of 4
simple machine elements like bar, beam and a shaft
11. Simple Project. Mathematical modelling and design calculations of machines. 4
Total 32

List of Practicals

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S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Introduction to 2-D drawing. Use of any relevant software 2
2. Study of drawings in First angle and third angle projections 1
3. 2-D assembly drawing and generation of BOM 1
4. 3-D Modeling. GKS, IGES and STEP; Modeling and viewing. Use of relevant software 3
5 Assembly Design 2
6. Introduction to FEA software. Mesh generation (Nodes and elements). Use of any 3
other relevant software for FEA
7. Practice on Boundary conditions like loads and constraints. 2
8. Study of static and dynamic loading conditions. Study of Machine elements like 2
bars, beams and shafts or other machine elements.
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Mikell P. Groover, Emory W. Zimmers.2000 CAD/CAM Computer Aided Design and
Manufacturing, PHI,
• Zeid Ibraham.1991. CAD/CAM - Theory and Practice, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
• Chandandeep Grewal & Kuldeep Sareen.2007. CAD/CAM Theory and Concepts.
S.Chand, New Delhi
• P.N Rao.2010. CAD/CAM. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi

REE 503 BIOMASS ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES (2+1)

Aim

To understand the bio-conversion technologies and fuels system, types of biomass derived fuels
and energy, thermo-chemical conversion of biomass to heat and power, value adding of agro-
residues.

Theory

Unit I

Biomass characterization: Types and resources, sustainability issues, assessment tools and
methodologies, biomass fuel characterization, Biomass supply chain concept. Direct use of
biomass: Size reduction, baling, pelletization, briquetting technologies.

Unit II

Biochemical conversion of biomass: Feedstock, process design, operation, optimized process

parameters and utilization for biogas and bioethanol production.

Unit III

Biomass combustion: Stoichiometric air requirement, chemistry of combustion, design of

combustion system, combustion zones, flame structure, stability, emissions. Co-firing of biomass.

Unit IV

Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass: Feedstock, chemistry, reactor design, operation,

optimized process parameters and utilization for gasification, carbonization, torrefaction and
pyrolysis.

Unit V

Cogeneration technologies: Cycles, topping, bottoming, selection, problems, applications. Waste

heat recovery: Estimation, systems, design and application.

95
Practical

Biomass characterization. Design of bioreactors. Study of techno-economic feasibility of bio-

chemical conversion process. Performance evaluation of combustion gadgets, gasifiers and
pyrolytic converters. Design of waste heat recovery system.

Learning outcome

The students is enable to extract the energy from biomass and acquainted the skill to know how to
choose the suitable biomass fuels for different industrial applications with design and economics of
the system.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Biomass characterization: Types and resources, sustainability issues, 3
assessment tools and methodologies, biomass fuel characterization, Biomass
supply chain concept.
2. Direct use of biomass 1
3. Size reduction, baling, pelletization, briquetting technologies. 2
4. Biochemical conversion of biomass 1
5. Feedstock, process design, operation, optimized process parameters. 2
6. Utilization for biogas and bioethanol production. 1
7. Biomass combustion 1
8. Stoichiometric air requirement, chemistry of combustion. 3
9. Design of combustion system. 2
10. Combustion zones, flame structure, stability, emissions. 2
11. Co-firing of biomass 1
12. Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass: Feedstock, chemistry. 2
13. Reactor design. 1
14. Operation, optimized process parameters and utilization for gasification, 2
carbonization, torrefaction and pyrolysis.
15. Cogeneration technologies: Cycles, topping, bottoming, selection. 2
16. Cogeneration Problems and applications. 2
17. Waste heat recovery 2
18. Estimation, systems, design and application 2
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Characterization of biomass 2
2. Design of bio-reactors 1
3. Determination of techno-economical feasibility of bio-chemical conversion 2
process.
5 Performance evaluation of combustion gadgets 1
6. Performance evaluation of gasifiers 1
7. Performance evaluation of pyrolytic converters 1
8. Design of waste heat recovery system 2
Total 10

Suggested Reading
• Chakravorty A. 1985. Biogas Technology & other Alternative Technologies. OXford & IBH

96
 Publication Ltd, Delhi.
• Chaturvedi P. 1995. Bio-Energy Resources: Planning, Production and Utilization. Concept Pub.
Co., New Delhi.
• Goswami DY. 1986. Alternative Energy in Agriculture.Vol. II (Ed), CRC, Press Inc., Florida, USA.
• Stout BA. 1984. Biomass Energy Profiles. FAO Agril. Services Bulletin No.54., Elsevier
Science Publishers Ltd, England.
• Twidell JW and Weir AD. 2006. Renewable Energy Sources. E & F N Spon Ltd, New York.
• Vimal OP. 1984. Energy from Biomass.Agrcole Publishing Academy, New Delhi.

REE 510 ENERGY, ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT (3+0)

Aim
To provide detail knowledge of carbon cycle, ecosystem, climate change and global
environmental change and inter linkages of renewable energy sources.

Theory

Unit I

Global carbon cycle.Carbon reservoirs flow and human interventions. Global warming and
climate change. Energy efficient technology: Efficiency hierarchy, energy dependent activities,
energy policies, linkage between energy use and economic growth and environment.

Unit II

Ecosystem: Kinds, transfection, components of ecosystem, ecosystem development of evaluation,

major ecosystem of the world, physical environment and metrology.

Unit III

Climate change: Impact and models. Energy for sustainable development: Development indices,
pillars, subsystems, principles and dimensions. Low carbon technologies: Energy efficiency projects,
carbon trading.

Unit IV

Environment, Environmental degradation: Thermal and chemical pollution, primary and secondary
pollutant, air pollution, water pollution, unclear energy hazard, radioactive hazards, mining
hazards, land use, oil spills and gas leaks.

Unit V

Global environmental changes: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCC), Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanism: Overview, administration,
participation, institutions, procedures, project design and formulation.

Learning outcome

Students will able to understand the relationship between carbon cycle, energy policies, energy
use and economic growth and factors affecting environment.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Global carbon cycle. 1
2. Carbon reservoirs flow and human interventions. 2
3. Global warming and climate change. 2
4. Energy efficient technology: Efficiency hierarchy, energy 4
dependent activities, energy policies, linkage between

97
 energy use and economic growth and environment
5. Ecosystem: Kinds, transfection, components of ecosystem, 3
6. Ecosystem development of evaluation, major ecosystem of the world, 3
physical environment and metrology
7. Climate change: Impact and models. Energy for sustainable development: 3
Development indices, pillars
8. Subsystems, principles and dimensions. 2
9. Low carbon technologies: Energy efficiency projects, carbon trading. 3
10. Environment, Environmental degradation 1
11. Thermal and chemical pollution, primary and secondary pollutant, air 3
pollution,
12. Water pollution 1
13. Nunclear energy hazard 1
14. Radioactive hazards, mining hazards, land use, oil spills and gas leaks. 3
15. Global environmental changes: United Nations Framework Convention on 4
Climate Change (UNFCC)
16. Kyoto protocol and clean development mechanism: Overview, 4
administration, participation, institutions, procedures, project design and
formulation.
Total 40

Suggested Reading
• Canter LC. 1979. Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill Pub. Co., New York.
• Coley D. 2008. Energy and Climate Change. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New Jersey.
• Dessler A. 2011. Introduction to Modern Climate Change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, England.
• Essam E and Hinnami EI. 1991. Environmental Impact of Production and Use of Energy. Tycooly
Press Ltd, Dublin.
• Fowler JM. 1984. Energy and the Environment, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Kaushika ND and Kaushik K. 2004. Energy, Ecology and Environment: A Technological
Approach. Capital Publishing, New Delhi.
• Mathur AN, Rathore NS and Vijay VK. 1995. Environmental Awareness, Himanshu Pub., Udaipur.
• Puppy HG. Energy and Environment, Mankind and Energy Needs. Elsevier Pub. Co., New York.
• Rathore NS and Kurchania AK. 2001. Climatic Changes and their Remedial Measures. Shubhi
Publications, Gurgaon.
• Thomdike EH. 1978. Energy and Environment: A Premier for Scientists and Engineers. Adson,
Wesley Pub. Co., Boston, US.
• Wilson R and Jones WJ. 1974. Energy, Ecology and the Environment. Academic Press Inc.,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.

REE 515 ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIES (1+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with different energy management techniques including
energy auditing of food industries.

Theory

Unit I

Energy forms and units, energy perspective, norms and scenario, energy auditing, data collection
and analysis for energy conservation in food processing industries.

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Unit II

Sources of energy, its audit and management in various operational units of the agro-processing
units, passive heating, passive cooling, sun drying and use of solar energy, biomass energy and
other non-conventional energy sources in agro-processing industries.

Unit III

Reuse and calculation of used steam, hot water, chimney gases and cascading of energy
sources. Energy accounting methods, measurement of energy, design of computer-based energy
management systems, economics of energy use.

Practical

Study of energy use pattern in various processing units i.e., rice mills, sugar mills, dal mills, oil mills,
cotton-ginning units, milk plants, food industries etc. Energy audit study and management
strategies in food processing plants. Identification of energy efficient processing machines.
Assessment of overall energy consumption, production and its cost in food processing plants, visit
to related food processing industry.

Learning outcome

Student’s capability to understand energy sources, analyze energy requirement in food processing
operations and to economize it in food industries.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Energy forms and units, energy perspective, norms and scenario 2
2. Energy auditing: definition, types of energy audit, planning 2
3. Data collection and analysis for energy conservation in food processing 2
industries.
4. Sources of energy, its audit and management in various operational units 2
of the agro-processing units
5. Passive heating, passive cooling, sun drying and use of solar energy in 1
agro-processing industries.
6. Use of biomass energy and other non-conventional energy sources in agro- 2
processing industries.
7. Reuse and calculation of used steam, hot water, chimney gases and 2
cascading of energy sources
8. Energy accounting methods, measurement of energy 1
9. Design of computer-based energy management systems, economics of 2
energy use.
Total 16

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Study of energy use pattern in rice mill 1
2. Study of energy use pattern in sugar mill 1
3. Study of energy use pattern in dal mill 1
4 Study of energy use pattern in oil mill 1
5. Study of energy use pattern in cotton-ginning unit 1
6. Study of energy use pattern in milk plant 1
7. Energy management strategies in rice mill 1

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 8. Energy management strategies in sugar mill 1
9. Energy management strategies in oil mill 1
10. Energy management strategies in milk plant 1
11. Identification of energy efficient processing machines 2
12. Assessment of overall energy consumption, production and its cost in food 2
processing plants
13. Visit to related food processing industry 1
Total 15

Suggested Reading
• Pimental D. 1980. Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. CRC Press.
• Rai GD. 1998. Non-conventional Sources of Energy. Khanna Publisher.
• Twindal JW and Wier AD. 1986. Renewable Energy Sources. E & F. N. Spon Ltd.
• Verma SR, Mittal JP and Singh S. 1994. Energy Management and Conservation in
Agricultural Production and Food Processing. USG Publisher and Distributors, Ludhiana.

REE 516 AGRO ENERGY AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT (2+1)

Aim

To emphasize the energy audit and its management in agriculture production system and
agro based industries.

Theory

Unit I

Energy resources on the farm: Conventional and non-conventional forms of energy and their
use. Heat equivalents and energy coefficients for different agricultural inputs and
products.Pattern of energy consumption and their constraints in production of agriculture.

Unit II

Direct and indirect energy, energy audit of production agriculture, rural living and scope of
conservation.

Unit III

Energy requirement in different agro-based industries: Energy analysis, energy ratio and
specific energy value. Identification of energy efficient machinery systems: energy losses and
their management.

Unit IV

Energy analysis techniques and methods: Energy balance, output and input ratio, resource
utilization, conservation of energy sources. Energy conservation planning and practices.

Practical

Study of energy audit techniques, energy use pattern and management strategies in
various agro-industries, assessment of overall energy consumption, production and its cost in
selected agro- industries. Estimation of energy requirement in different agriculture production
system, study of energy input/output ratio of different agriculture production system.

Learning outcome

Students will learn detail energy audit, energy balance techniques, energy management
strategies, energy conservation planning and practices in agriculture production system.

Lecture Schedule

100
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Energy resources on the farm. 2
2. Conventional and non-conventional forms of energy and their use. 2
3. Heat equivalents and energy coefficients for different agricultural inputs and 3
products.
4. Pattern of energy consumption and their constraints in production of 3
agriculture.
5. Direct and indirect energy 2
6. Energy audit of production agriculture, rural living and scope of conservation 3
resources on the farm.
7. Energy requirement in different agro-based industries. 2
8. Energy analysis, energy ratio and specific energy value. 2
9. Identification of energy efficient machinery systems. 2
10. Energy losses and their management. 2
11. Energy analysis techniques and methods. 2
12. Energy conservation planning and practices. 2
13. Energy balance, output and input ratio, resource utilization. 3
14. Conservation of energy sources. 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Study of energy audit techniques. 2
2. Energy use pattern and management strategies in various agro-industries. 2
3. Assessment of overall energy consumption, production and its cost in selected 2
agro-industries.
4. Estimation of energy requirement in different agriculture production system. 2
5. Study of energy input/output ratio of different agriculture production system. 2
Total 10

Suggested Reading
• Fluck RC and Baird CD. 1984. Agricultural Energetics. AVI Publ. Company, Inc., Westport,
Connecticut.
• Kennedy WJ Jr and Turner WC. 1984. Energy Management. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, New Jersey.
• Pimental D. 1980. Handbook of Energy Utilization in Agriculture. CRC Press, Florida.
• Rai GD. 1998. Nonconventional Sources of Energy. Khanna Publ., New Delhi.
• Singh CP. 1978. Energy Requirement of Important Farm Operations for Existing Cropping
System in Punjab. PAU, Ludhiana.
• Twindal JW and Wier AD. 1986. Renewable Energy Sources. E & F.N. Spon Ltd, New York.
• Verma SR, Mittal JP and Singh S. 1994. Energy Management and Conservation in
Agricultural Production and Food Processing.USG Publ. & Distr, Ludhiana.

CE 501 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE (2+0)

Aim

To acquaint the students with importance of analysis of dimensions and similitude principles in
structuring mathematical/simulation models of various processes under different constraint
variables.

101
Theory

Unit I

Introduction, Dimensions, Dimensional homogeneity, non-dimensional parameter, Methods of

dimensional analysis: Rayleigh’s method, Buckingham-Pi theorem, Choice of variables, Model
analysis, Examples on various applications, Dimensional analysis and Intermediate Asymptotic.

Unit II

Model studies, Model classification, Dimensionless numbers: Reynolds model, Froude’s model,
Euler’s Model, Webber’s model, Mach model, Scale effects, Distorted models, Model laws.

Unit III

Similitude: Types of similarities (geometric-kinematic and dynamic similarity), force ratios, similarity
laws. Model analysis: Physical models. Similarity methods for nonlinear problem types of models,
Scale effect. Numerical problems on Reynolds’s and Froude’s Model.

Unit IV

Use and scope of mathematical modeling, Principles of model formulation, Role and importance
of steady-state and dynamic simulation, Classification of models, Model building, Modeling
difficulties, Degree-of-freedom analysis, Selection of design variables.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to analyze complex problems using dimensional analysis and to develop
rules for experiments with scale models and provide basis for analyses and calculations, including
simplifications and assumptions made, when formulating mathematical models.

Lecture Schedule

S.No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction, Dimensions, Dimensional homogeneity, non-dimensional parameter 2
2. Methods of dimensional analysis: Rayleigh’s method, Buckingham- Pi theorem, 3
Choice of variables
3. Model analysis, EXamples on various applications, Dimensional analysis and 2
Intermediate Asymptotic
4. Model studies, Model classification, Dimensionless numbers: Reynolds model 3
5. Froude’s model, Euler’s Model, Webber’s model, Mach model, Scale effects 3
6. Distorted models, Model laws. 2
7. Similitude: Types of similarities (geometric-kinematic and dynamic similarity), 3
force ratios, similarity laws
8. Model analysis: Physical models. Similarity methods for nonlinear problem types 3
of models, Scale effect
9. Numerical problems on Reynolds’s and Froude’s Model 3
10. Use and scope of mathematical modeling, Principles of model formulation 2
11. Role and importance of steady-state and dynamic simulation 2
12. Classification of models, Model building, Modeling difficulties 2
13. Degree-of-freedom analysis, Selection of design variables 2
Total 32

Suggested Reading
• Barenblatt GI. 1987. Dimensional Analysis. Gordon and Breach Science, New York.
• Langhar HL. 1951. Dimensional Analysis and the Theory of Models. Wiley, New York.
• Murphy G. 1950. Similitude in Engineering. The Ronald Press Company, New York.

102
• Zohuri Bahman. Dimensional Analysis and Self-Similarity Methods for Engineers and Scientists.
Springer Publications, New York.

CE 502 WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL (2+1)

Aim
To acquire in-depth knowledge of water quality parameters, water quality standards, source of
water pollution and multiple use of water.

Theory

Unit I

Physical and chemical properties of water, suspended and dissolved solids, EC and pH, major ions.
Water quality (Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological) investigation, Sampling design, Samplers
and automatic samplers. Data collection platforms, Field kits, Water quality data storage, analysis
and inference, Software packages. Water quality indices. Water quality for irrigation. Salinity and
permeability problem, saline water irrigation root zone salinity, interaction of irrigation and
drainage.

Unit II

Sources and types of pollution, organic and inorganic pollutants. BOD–DO relationships, impacts
on water resources. NPS pollution and its control, Eutrophication control. Water treatment
technologies, Constructed wetlands.

Unit III

Multiple uses of water. Reuse of water in agriculture. Low-cost waste water treatment technologies
Economic and social dimensions. Packaged treatment units, soil-based water treatment methods,
reverse osmosis and desalination in water reclamation.

Unit IV

Principles of water quality, water quality classification, water quality standards, water quality
indices, TMDL Concepts. Water quality models. Soil crop and other practices for use of poor-
quality water.

Practical

Determination of pH, total solids, dissolved and suspended solids, chlorides, sulphates, turbidity,
dissolved oxygen, hardness. Preparation of water quality map of watershed in GIS environment.
Visit of water polluted site of nearby area.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand water quality standards which are quite important for
drinking and irrigation purposes. They will also be exposed to source and type of pollution along
with multiple uses of water.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Physical and chemical properties of water, suspended and dissolved solids, 3
EC and pH, major ions. Water quality (Physical, Chemical and
Bacteriological) investigation
2. Sampling design, Samplers and automatic samplers. Data collection 3
platforms, Field kits, Water quality data storage, analysis and inference
3. Software packages. Water quality indices. Water quality for irrigation 2

103
 4. Salinity and permeability problem, saline water irrigation root zone salinity, 3
interaction of irrigation and drainage
5. Sources and types of pollution, organic and inorganic pollutants. BOD–DO 3
relationships, impacts on water resources
6. NPS pollution and its control, Eutrophication control. Water treatment 3
technologies, Constructed wetlands
7. Multiple uses of water. Reuse of water in agriculture. Low-cost waste water 3
treatment technologies
8. Economic and social dimensions. Packaged treatment units, soil-based water 3
treatment methods, reverse osmosis and desalination in water reclamation
9. Principles of water quality, water quality classification 3
10. water quality standards, water quality indices 2
11. TMDL Concepts. Water quality models 2
12. Soil crop and other practices for use of poor quality water 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Determination of pH, total solids, dissolved and suspended solids 4
2. Determination of chlorides, sulphates, turbidity 3
3. dissolved oXygen, hardness 4
4 Preparation of water quality map of watershed in GIS environment 4
5. Visit of water polluted site of nearby area 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Abbasi T and Abbasi SA. Water Quality Indices. Elsevier Publications, New York.
• Chin and David A. 2006. Water Quality Engineering in Natural Systems. Wiley – Interscience.
• Claude E. Boyd. Water Quality an Introduction. Springer Publications.
• Eaton AD, Clesceri LS, Rice EW and Greenburg AE (eds). 2005. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21st edn. American Public Health Association,
Washington, DC.
• Thomann RV and Mueller JA. 1987. Principles of Surface Water Quality Modelling and
• Control. Harper and Row Publishers.
• Wesley W, Wallender PE and Kenneth K. Tanji, Sc.D. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and
Management. ASCE Press.

CE 510 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS (2+1)

Aim
To acquaint the students with importance of analysis of stress, analysis of strain, stress-strain
relationship under different constraint conditions in 2-D plane as well as 3-D plane.

Theory

Unit I

Strain and stress – strain relationship. Generalized Hook’s Law. Strain Gauges- Mechanical,
optical, electrical, acoustical and pneumatic etc and their use.

Unit II

Different types of electrical resistance strain gauges. Semi-conductor strain gauges. Rosette

104
analysis. Strain gauge circuits. Strain measurements at high temperatures.

Unit III

Two dimensional and three-dimensional photo-elastic method of strain analysis. Bifringent

coatings and scattered light in photo-elasticity.

Unit IV

Brittle coating methods. Moiré’s method of strain analysis. Grid method of strain analysis. Photo
elastic strain gauges.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to analyze stress, strain and their interrelationships when they are
subjected to different end conditions in two dimensional and three-dimensional planes and
provide basis for analyses and calculations, including simplifications and assumptions made,
when formulating for stress and strain.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Strain and stress – strain relationship. Generalized Hook’s Law 3
2. Strain Gauges- Mechanical, optical, electrical, acoustical and pneumatic etc. 3
3. Use of different strain gauges. Types of electrical strain gauges. 3
4. Semi-conductor gauges. Rosette analysis. 3
5. Strain gauge circuits. 2
6. Strain measurements at high temperatures. 2
7. Two-dimensional photo-elastic method of strain analysis. 3
8. Three-dimensional photo-elastic method of strain analysis. 3
9. Bifringent coatings and scattered light in photo-elasticity. 3
10. Brittle coating methods 3
11. Moir’s method of strain analysis. 2
12. Grid method of strain analysis. Photo elastic strain gauges. 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Cementing of an electrical resistance strain gage on a structural member 1
2. To find the gauge factor for a resistance type strain gauge. 1
3. To measure strain at centre of bream when loaded at greater points by 3
making use of two strain gages one at top surface and 2 nd at bottom both
along longitudinal direction and fiXing both in first and second arm of the
bridge.
4. To measure the modulus of elasticity of the beam making use of four strain 3
gages, two on top and two on bottom, one on longitudinal and one in
transversal direction on each face of the beam.
5. Determine the tension produced in a circular shaft by using strain gages 1
cemented perpendicular to each other.
6. Determine the bending moment produced in a circular shaft by using a 1
rectangular shaft.
7. To align the circular polariscope. 1
8. Study the plane polariscope and circular polariscope with different light 1

105
 field arrangements.
9. Study of Moiré fringe apparatus and its applications in analysis of 2
structures.
10. Calibrate the photo elastic material by use of rectangular beam under 2
pure bending.
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Srinath LS, Raghavan MR, Lingaiah K, Gargesha G, Pant B and Ramachandra K.
EXperimental Stress Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
• Dally JW and Riley WF. Experimental Stress Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
• Singh S. Experimental Stress Analysis, Khanna Publishers.

CSE 501 BIG DATA ANALYTICS (2+1)

Aim

To understand principles of analyzing and mining big data and to use simple tools to extract
useful information from big data sets.

Theory

Unit I

Data analysis, data probabilistic view. Matrix attributes. Data: Algebraic and geometric view,
probabilistic view.

Unit II

Basics of data mining and CRISP-DM, organizational and data understanding, purposes,
Intents and limitations of data mining, database, data warehouse, data mart and data set,
types of data, privacy and security, data preparation, collation and data scrubbing.

Unit III

Data mining models and methods, correlation, association rules, k-means, clustering
understanding of concept, preparation and modelling.

Unit IV

Discriminant analysis, linear regression, logistic regression, understanding, preparation and

modeling.

Unit V

Decision trees, neural networks, understanding, preparation and modeling.

Practical

Introduction to Open Office and Rapid Miner in data analytics and mining. Preparing Rapid
Miner, Importing data, handling missing data, data reduction, handling Inconsistent data,
attribute reduction. Performing different analysis using Rapid Miner or suitable software.

Learning outcome

Capability to understand the principles behind analysis of big data and apply the same using
simple tools.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

106
 Lectures
1. Data analysis, data matriX attributes 2
2. Algebraic and geometric view, probabilistic view. 4
3. Basics of data mining and CRISP-DM 2
4. Organizational and data understanding 3
5. Intents and limitations of data mining, database, data warehouse, data mart and 4
data set
6. Types of data, privacy and security, data preparation, collation and, data 4
scrubbing.
7. Data mining models and methods, correlation, association rules 6
8. K-means, clustering understanding of concept, preparation and modelling. 5
9. Discriminant analysis, linear regression, logistic regression, understanding, 5
preparation and modeling.
10. Decision trees, neural networks, understanding, preparation and, modeling. 5
Total 40

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Working of Open Office and Rapid Miner 3
2. Preparing Rapid Miner Dataset 3
3. Handling the inconsistent data, missing data, attribute reduction 4
4. Performing analysis on dataset using Rapid Miner 3
Total 13

Suggested Reading

• Dr Matthew North Data Mining for the Masses A Global Text Project Book ISBN:
0615684378ISBN-13: 978-0615684376.
• Mohammed J Z, Troy and Wagner M Jr. Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts
and Algorithms. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cambridge University Press
ISBN 978-0-521-76633-3 Hardback.

CSE 502 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (2+1)

Aim

To introduce students with techniques and capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) and enable
them to do simple exercises.

Theory

Unit I

Definitions of intelligence and artificial intelligence. What is involved in intelligence? Disciplines

important to AI. History of development of AI. Different types of AI. Acting humanly, Turing test. AI
systems in everyday life. Applications of AI.

Unit II

Classical AI, concept of expert system, conflict resolution, multiple rules, forward chaining,
backward chaining. Advantages and disadvantages of expert system Fuzzy logic and fuzzy rules.
Fuzzy expert systems.

Unit III

107
Problem solving using AI, search techniques, breadth first search, depth first search, depth limited
search, bidirectional search, heuristic search, problems and examples. Knowledge representation,
frames, methods and demons, correlations, decision trees, fuzzy trees.

Unit IV

Philosophy of AI, Penrose’s pitfall, weak AI, strong AI, rational AI, brain prosthesis experiment, the
Chinese room problem, emergence of consciousness, technological singularity, Turing test.

Unit V

Modern AI, biological brain, basic neuron model, perceptrons and learning, self- organizing neural
network, N-tuple network, evolutionary computing, genetic algorithms, agent methods, agents for
problem solving, software agents, multi agents, hardware agents.

Practical

Prolog language, syntax and meaning of Prolog programs, Lists, operators, arithmetic.
Using structures: EXample programs, controlling backtracking, input and output. more built-in
procedures, programming, style and technique, operations on data structures. Advanced tree
representations, basic problem-solving strategies, depth-first search strategy, breadth-first search
strategy.

Learning outcome

Ability to understand and apply principles of AI in solving simple problems to enable them to get
insight into working of AI based systems.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Definitions of intelligence and artificial intelligence. Disciplines important to AI. 2
History of development of AI.
2. Different types of AI. Acting humanly, Turing test. AI systems in everyday life. 2
Applications of AI.
3. Classical AI, concept of eXpert system, conflict resolution, multiple rules, 3
forward chaining, backward chaining.
4. Advantages and disadvantages of eXpert system. Fuzzy logic and fuzzy rules. 3
Fuzzy eXpert systems.
5. Problem solving using AI, search techniques, breadth first search, depth first 4
search
6. Depth limited search, bidirectional search, heuristic search, problems and 4
eXamples.
7. Knowledge representation, frames, methods and demons, correlations, 3
decision trees, fuzzy trees.
8. Philosophy of AI, Penrose’s pitfall, weak AI, strong AI, rational AI, brain 2
prosthesis eXperiment,
9. Chinese room problem, emergence of consciousness, technological singularity, 3
Turing test
10. Modern AI, biological brain, basic neuron model, perceptrons and learning, 3
self-organizing neural network
11. N-tuple network, evolutionary computing, genetic algorithms 2
12. Agent methods, agents for problem solving, software agents, 2
13. Multi agents, hardware agents. 1
Total 31

108
List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Prolog language, syntaX and meaning of Prolog programs, Lists, operators, 4
arithmetic
2. Using structures: EXample programs, controlling backtracking, input and 5
output. more built-in procedures, programming, style and technique,
operations on data structures.
3. Advanced tree representations, basic problem-solving strategies, depth-first search 5
strategy, breadth-first search strategy.
Total 14

Suggested Reading
• GNU PROLOG A Native Prolog Compiler with Constraint Solving over Finite Domains
Edition 1.44, for GNU Prolog version 1.4.5 July 14, 2018.
• Ivan Bratko, Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence.
• Warwick K. 2012. Artificial Intelligence: The Basics ISBN: 978-0-415-56482-3 (hbk).

CSE 504 SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES IN ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To learn the basic concepts of soft computing techniques like neural networks, genetic algorithms
and fuzzy systems and apply these techniques for real time problem solving.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to control techniques, need of intelligent control. Architecture for intelligent control.
Symbolic reasoning system, rule based systems, the artificial intelligence approach. Knowledge
representation and eXpert systems. Data pre- processing: Scaling, Fourier transformation, principle
component analysis and wavelet transformations.

Unit II

Concept of artificial neural networks (ANN) and basic mathematical model, network structures,
activation function, back propagation, network size and pruning McCulloch-Pitts neuron model,
simple perceptron, adaline and madaline neural networks, feed-forward multi-layer perceptron.
Learning and training the neural network. Networks: Hopfield network, self-organizing network and
recurrent network. Neural network based controller. Case studies: Identification and control of
linear and nonlinear dynamic systems.

Unit III

Genetic algorithm (GA): Basic concept and detail algorithmic steps, adjustment of free
parameters. Solution of typical control problems using GA. Concept of other search techniques
like tabu search and ant-colony search for solving optimization problems.

Unit IV

Introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets, basic fuzzy set operation and approximate reasoning.
Introduction to Fuzzy logic modelling and control of a system. Fuzzification, inference and
defuzzification. Fuzzy knowledge and rule bases.

Unit V

Fuzzy modeling and control schemes for nonlinear systems. Self-organizing fuzzy logic control.

109
Implementation of fuzzy logic controller. Stability analysis of fuzzy control systems. Intelligent control
for SISO/MIMO nonlinear systems. Model based multivariable fuzzy controller.

Practical

To work on data transformations, brief review on statistical criteria for termination of epochs,
deciding the input output and hidden layers and neutrons for ANN problems, working on different
algorithms of ANN to different problems in agricultural engineering, working with different fuzzy
relations, propositions, implications and inferences, working with defuzzification techniques and
fuzzy logic controllers, concept of coding, selection, crossover, mutation and application of
genetic programming for global optimization, use of available software for application of soft
computing techniques.

Learning outcome

To enable students to apply modern engineering techniques which are useful for solving nonlinear
and compleX functions and to develop application of different soft computing techniques like
genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks and their combination to real world problems.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction to control techniques, need of intelligent control. Architecture for 3
intelligent control.
2. Symbolic reasoning system, rule based systems, the artificial intelligence 3
approach.
3. Knowledge representation and eXpert systems. 2
4. Data pre-processing: Scaling, Fourier transformation, principle component 2
analysis and wavelet transformations.
5. Concept of artificial neural networks (ANN) and basic mathematical model, 3
network structures, activation function, back propagation, network size and
pruning McCulloch-Pitts neuron model
6. Simple perceptron, adaline and madaline neural networks, feed-forward multi- 3
layer perceptron. Learning and training the neural network.
7. Networks: Hopfield network, self-organizing network and recurrent network. 3
Neural network based controller. Case studies: Identification and control of
linear and nonlinear dynamic systems
8. Genetic algorithm (GA): Basic concept and detail algorithmic steps, 3
adjustment of free parameters. Solution of typical control problems using
GA.
9. Concept of other search techniques like tabu search and ant-colony search 2
for solving optimization problems.
10. Introduction to crisp sets and fuzzy sets, basic fuzzy set operation and 2
approXimate reasoning
11. Introduction to Fuzzy logic modelling and control of a system. Fuzzification, 2
inference and defuzzification.
12. Fuzzy knowledge and rule bases. 2
13. Fuzzy modeling and control schemes for nonlinear systems. Self-organizing 2
fuzzy logic control.
14. Implementation of fuzzy logic controller. Stability analysis of fuzzy control 2
systems.
15. Intelligent control for SISO/MIMO nonlinear systems. Model based 2
multivariable fuzzy controller.

110
 Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. To work on data transformations, brief review on statistical criteria for 3
termination of epochs, deciding the input output and hidden layers and
neutrons for ANN problems,
2. Working on different algorithms of ANN to different problems in agricultural 3
engineering, working with different fuzzy relations,
3. Propositions, implications and inferences, working with defuzzification 3
techniques and fuzzy logic controllers, concept of coding,
4 Selection, crossover, mutation and application of genetic programming for 4
global optimization, use of available software for application of soft computing
techniques.
Total 12

Suggested Reading
• David EG. Genetic Algorithms.
• Rajasekaran S and Vijayalakshmi Pai GA. 2017.Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Genetic
Algorithm, Synthesis and Applications. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
• Ross TJ. 1997. Fuzzy Logic with Fuzzy Applications. McGraw Hill Inc.
• Simon H. 2003. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Pearson Edition.
• Sivanandam SN and Deepa SN. 2011. Principles of Soft Computing. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2nd
Edition.
• Sivanandam SN and Deepa SN. 2013. Principles of Soft Computing. Wiley India.

MATH 501 FINITE ELEMENT METHODS (2+1)

Theory
Unit I
Introduction. Historical background, Stress equilibrium, boundary condition,stress strain
relation, potential energy and equilibrium. Rayleigh-Ritz method. Galerkin method.

Unit II

coordinates and shape functions, potential energy approach,element stiffness matriX,

Galerkin approach, assembly of global stiffness matriX. The finite element equation, boundary
conditions.

Unit III

Trusses: Two dimensional problems, modeling by constant strain triangle, two dimensional iso-
parametric elements, the four-node quadrilateral.

Unit IV

Scalar field problems, steady state heat transfer, torsion, potential flow, seepage and fluid
flow indeX, dynamic analysis, principles.

Practical

Use of simple FEM software for FEM software for understanding, principles of FEM. Working out
simple problems using LISA or any simple software with understanding of operation. Solving
one dimensional problem. Solution to planar and spatial trusses, solving simple two-
dimensional problems, AXisymmetric problems, solution of problems with two dimensional iso-

111
parametric elements solving simple beams and frames, three dimensional problems, solution to
heat transfer problems and flow problems.

Learning outcome

Ability to formulate problems based on use of FEM and solve them using software tools.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Introduction. Historical background, Stress equilibrium, boundary condition 4
2. Stress strain relation, potential energy and equilibrium, Rayleigh- 4
Ritz method, Galerkin method
3. Coordinates and shape functions, potential energy approach, element 3
stiffness matrix.
4. Galerkin approach, assembly of global stiffness matriX, The finite element 3
equation, boundary condition
5. Trusses: Two dimensional problems, 3
6. Modeling by constant strain triangle 3
7. Two dimensional iso-parametric elements, the four-node quadrilateral. 3
8. Scalar field problems, steady state heat transfer 3
9. Torsion, potential flow, 3
10. Seepage and fluid flow indeX, dynamic analysis, principles. 3
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Use of simple FEM software for FEM software for understanding, principles of 3
FEM.
2. Working out simple problems using LISA or any simple software with 3
understanding of operation
3. Solving one dimensional problem, Solution to planar and spatial trusses 2
4. Solving simple two-dimensional problems, Axisymmetric problems 2
5. Solution of problems with two dimensional iso-parametric elements 2
6. Solving simple beams and frames 2
7. Three dimensional problems, solution to heat transfer problems and flow 2
problems.
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Tirupathi R, Patla C and Belegundu AD. 1999. Introduction to Finite Element in Engineering.
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
• Singiresu RaoS. 2001. The Finite Element Method in Engineering. Butter worth Heinemann,
New Delhi.
• Rajasekaran S 1999. Finite Element Analysis in Engineering Design. Wheeler Publishing,
Division of A.h.Wheeler and Co. Ltd, Allahabad.
• Tutorials and Reference Guide, LISA Finite Element Analysis Software Version 8.0.0 2013

112
 MATH 502 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ENGINEERS (2+1)

Aim

To expose students to various numerical methods for solving algebraic equations, ordinary
and partial differential equations.

Theory

Unit I

Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental equations in one or

more than one variable using bisection, false position, iteration, Newton Raphson, Secant
methods. Solution of linear simultaneous equations: Matrix inversion, Gauss elimination, Gauss
Jordan, LU decomposition methods, ill- conditioned systems.

Unit II

Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Initial Value Problem, Taylor series method, Picard’s
method, Euler method, Modified Euler method, RK class and predictor corrector class
methods. Stiff ODE’s and Gear’s methods. Boundary Value Problem, Shooting methods, finite
difference method. Use of Method of weighted residuals and orthogonal collocation and
Galerkin technique to solve BVP in ODEs.

Unit III

Eigen values and Eigen vectors: Maximum and minimum eigenvalue by Power spectral and
Inverse Power Method, all eigenvalues by Fadeev-Leverrier method. Introduction to
diagonalization and QR Factorization. Approximation Theory.

Unit IV

Finite difference formulae: Forward and backward differences, Richardson’s extrapolation,

interpolation formulae, polynomial forms, linear interpolation, Lagrange interpolation
polynomial, Newton interpolation polynomial.

Unit V

Solution of Partial Differential Equations: Classification of PDEs (Parabolic, elliptical and

hyperbolic equation), Elliptical equations, standard five points formula, diagonal five-point
formula. Solution of Laplace equation by Liebman’s iteration method. Poisson’s equation and
its applications. Solution of parabolic equations by Bender–Schmidt method, Bender-Schmidt
recurrence equation, Crank-Nicholson difference method.

Practical

Use of EXCEL Sheet and MATLAB: Application of EXCEL Sheet and MATLAB to solve the
Engineering problems

Learning outcome

Ability to solve algebraic equations, ordinary and partial differential equations coming across
in Agricultural Engineering problems using various numerical methods, ability to use latest
software’s towards numerical problems.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 2
equations in one or more than one variable using bisection method.
2. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1

113
 equations in one or more than one variable using false position methods.
3. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using iteration.
4. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using Newton Raphson, Secant
methods.
5. Solution of linear simultaneous equations: Matrix inversion, Gauss elimination, 2
Gauss Jordan method.
6. Solution of linear simultaneous equations: LU decomposition methods, ill- 2
conditioned systems.
7. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Initial Value Problem, Taylor series 2
method, Picard’s method, Euler method, Modified Euler method
10. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: RK class and predictor corrector 1
class methods. Stiff ODE’s and Gear’s methods.
11. Eigen values and Eigen vectors: MaXimum and minimum eigenvalue by 2
Power spectral and Inverse Power Method.
12. Eigen values and Eigen vectors: all eigenvalues by Fadeev-Leverrier 2
method
13. Introduction to diagonalization and QR Factorization. Approximation Theory. 2
14. Finite difference formulae: Forward and backward differences, Richardson’s 2
extrapolation, interpolation formulae, polynomial forms.
15. Finite difference formulae: linear interpolation, Lagrange interpolation 2
polynomial, Newton interpolation polynomial.
16. Solution of Partial Differential Equations: Classification of PDEs (Parabolic, 2
elliptical and hyperbolic equation)
17. Elliptical equations, standard five pointsformula, diagonal five-point formula. 2
18. Solution of Laplace equation by Liebman’s iteration method. Poisson’s 2
equation and its applications.
19. Solution of parabolic equations by Bender–Schmidt method 2
20. Solution of parabolic equations by Bender-Schmidt recurrence equation, 2
Crank-Nicholson difference method.
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using bisection method.
2. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using false position methods.
3. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using iteration.
4. Solution of Algebraic Equations: Solution of non-linear and transcendental 1
equations in one or more than one variable using Newton Raphson, Secant
methods.
5. Solution of linear simultaneous equations: Matrix inversion Gauss elimination, 1
Gauss Jordan method.
6. Solution of linear simultaneous equations: LU decomposition methods, ill- 1
conditioned systems.
7. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Initial Value Problem, Taylor series 1
method, Picard’s method, Euler method, Modified Euler method

114
 8. Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: RK class and predictor corrector 1
class methods. Stiff ODE’s and Gear’s methods.
9. Eigen values and Eigen vectors: MaXimum and minimum eigenvalue by 1
Power spectral and Inverse Power Method.
10. Eigen values and Eigen vectors: all eigenvalues by Fadeev-Leverrier 1
method
11. Introduction to diagonalization and QR Factorization. Approximation Theory. 1
12. Finite difference formulae: Forward and backward differences, Richardson’s 1
eXtrapolation, interpolation formulae, polynomial forms.
13. Finite difference formulae: linear interpolation, Lagrange interpolation 1
polynomial, Newton interpolation polynomial.
14. Solution of Partial Differential Equations: Classification of PDEs (Parabolic, 1
elliptical and hyperbolic equation), Elliptical equations, standard five points
formula, diagonal five-point formula.
15. Solution of Laplace equation by Liebman’s iteration method. Poisson’s 1
equation and its applications.
16. Solution of parabolic equations by Bender–Schmidt method, Bender- Schmidt 1
recurrence equation, Crank-Nicholson difference method.
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Anderson T W 1958. An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis. John Wiley.
• Dillon W R and Goldstein M. 1984. Multivariate Analysis - Methods and Applications. John
Wiley.
• Electronic Statistics Text Book: http://www.statsoft.com/teXtbook/stathome.html
• Goon A M, Gupta M K and Dasgupta B. 1977. An Outline of Statistical Theory. Vol. I. The
World Press.
• Goon A M, Gupta M K and Dasgupta B. 1983. Fundamentals of Statistics. Vol. I. The World
Press.
• Hoel P G. 1971. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley.
• Hogg R V and Craig T T. 1978. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. Macmillan.
• Montgomery and Runger 2014. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. John Wiley
• Morrison D F. 1976. Multivariate Statistical Methods. McGraw Hill.
• Siegel S, Johan N and Casellan Jr. 1956. Non-parametric Tests for Behavior Sciences. John
Wiley.

FMPE 502 TESTING AND EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT (2+1)

Syllabus attached in Section 3.1, Page No. 08.

FMPE 514 SYSTEMS SIMULATION AND COMPUTER AIDED PROBLEM SOLVING IN

ENGINEERING (1+1)

Syllabus attached in Section 3.1, Page No. 25.

FMPE 515 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MACHINERY (0+2)

Syllabus attached in Section 3.1, Page No. 28.

FMPE 517 MACHINERY FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE (2+1)

Syllabus attached in Section 3.1, Page No. 31.

115
 IDE 502 DESIGN OF FARM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (2+1)

Aim

To provide in depth knowledge of water logging and salt affected areas, surface and sub-surface
drainage systems, design and reclamation of salt affected waterlogged areas.

Theory

Unit I

Salt affected waterlogged areas in India. Water quality criteria and brackish water use for
agriculture. Drainage requirements and crop growth under salt affected waterlogged soil.

Unit II

Concept of critical water table depth for waterlogged soil and crop growth. Drainage
investigations and drainage characteristics of various soils. Methods of drainage system and
drainage coefficient.

Unit III

Theories and applications of surface and subsurface drainage. Planning, design and installation
of surface and subsurface drainage systems for waterlogged and saline soils. Theories and design
of vertical drainage, horizontal subsurface drainage and multiple well point system. Drainage
materials.

Unit IV

Steady and unsteady state drainage equations for layered and non-layered soils. Principle and
applications of Hooghoudt, Kirkham, Earnst, Glover Dumm, Kraijenhoff-van-de-leur equations.
Drainage for salinity control.

Unit V

Salt balance, leaching requirement and management practices under drained conditions.
Disposal of drainage effluents. Case study for reclamation of salt affected waterlogged areas.

Practical

Measurement of in-situ hydraulic conductivity. Estimation of drainage coefficient and leaching

requirements. Delineation of waterlogged areas through isobar, isobath and topographic maps.
Design of surface and subsurface drainage systems. Design of filter and envelop materials.

Learning outcome

The students will able to develop surface as well as subsurface drainage network in the agriculture
field, install and laying of the drainage pipe with fitting of all accessories at their place and derive
equation for different flow in drainage system and their approaches.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Waterlogging, causes of waterlogging, salt built up in waterlogged soil, solute transport
2 in
salt affected soil. Recent salt affected areas in different states and country as whole
2. Technology and approach for reclamation of salt affect waterlogged areas 2
3. Drainage requirement and crop growth under salt affected waterlogged soil. 1
Drainage water/ brackish water quality and it’s criteria for use in agriculture
4. Concept of critical water table depth for waterlogged soil and crop growth 2
5. Drainage investigations and drainage characteristics of various soils. 1
6. Methods of drainage system: surface, sub surface, well drainage and bio- 3

116
 drainage and drainage coefficient
7. Theories and applications of surface and sub surface drainage 2
8. Planning, design and installation of surface and subsurface drainage systems 1
for waterlogged and saline soils
9. Theories of vertical and horizontal subsurface drainage systems 2
10. Theory, design and application of multiple well point system 2
11. Drainage materials. Design of filter and envelop for drainage system with 3
different materials
12. Steady state drainage equations for layered and non layer soils 3
13. Unsteady state drainage equations for layered and non layer soils 2
14. Principle and application, Hooghoudt and Khirkham equation 3
15. Principles and application of Ernst, Glover Dumm, Karigenth off–van-de-law 2
equation
16. Drainage for salinity control, salt balance equation, leaching requirement and 3
management practices under drained conditions, Disposal of drainage
effluents
17. Case study: Integrated planning, design and installation of drainage system 2
for reclamation of salt affected waterlogged areas
Total 36

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Delineation of waterlogged areas through isobar, isobath and topographic 3
maps
2. Measurement of in-situ hydraulic conductivity 1
3. Estimation of drainage coefficient from rainfall data 2
4 Determination of leaching requirements for reclamation of salt affected land 2
5. Design of surface drainage systems 2
6. Design of subsurface drainage systems 2
7. Design of filter and envelop materials 2
8. Visit to drainage installation site/Institute 2
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Bhattacharaya AK and Michael AM. 2003. Land Drainage. Vikas Publ.
• Clande Ayres and Daniel Scoates AE. 1989. Level Drainage and Reclamation. Mc.Graw Hill.
• Luthin JN. 1978. Drainage Engineering. Wiley Eastern.
• Ritzema HP (Ed.) 1994. Drainage Principles and Applications. ILRI
• Roe CE. 1966. Engineering for Agricultural Drainage. McGraw Hill.
• Schilfgaarde Jan Van (Editor). 1974. Drainage for Agriculture. Monograph No. 17. American
Society of Agronomy Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Verma SR, Mittal JP and Singh S. 1994. Energy Management and Conservation in
Agricultural Production and Food Processing. USG Publisher and Distributors, Ludhiana.

IDE 505 DESIGN OF DRIP AND SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEMS (2+1)

Aim

To provide exposure of new cutting-edge technologies to the students in design of drip and
sprinkler irrigation systems including selection of pipe and fertigation techniques.

117
Theory

Unit I

Suitability of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems under Indian conditions. Basic hydraulics of
sprinkler and micro irrigation system.

Unit II

Pipe flow analysis. Friction losses and pressure variation. Flow in nozzles and emitters.

Unit III

Design and evaluation of sprinkler and micro irrigation systems in relation to source, soil, climate
and topographical conditions.

Unit IV

Selection of pipe size, pumps and power units. Layout, distribution, efficiency and economics.

Unit V

Fertigation through sprinkler and micro irrigation systems. Fertigation techniques involved in drip
and sprinkler irrigation system.

Practical

Design of drip and sprinkler irrigation system. Calculation of total head. Determination of uniformity
of sprinkler discharge at field. Numerical on hydraulics of dripper. Calculation of different types of
efficiencies of installed drip system. Calculation of cost benefits of drip and sprinkler irrigation
system.

Learning outcome

Students will understand design aspects of various drip and sprinkler irrigation systems including
friction losses and flow variations. They may also expose to various fertigation techniques involved
in the system.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Plant-soil-atmosphere relationships 3
2. Evapotranspiration, methods for estimation of evapotranspiration, Irrigation 2
water requirements, Irrigation principles, Numerical Problems
3. Drip irrigation, adaptability, limitations, components and classification of 2
systems
4. Pipe flow analysis, types of friction losses in main, sub-main and lateral, 2
pressure variation in drip irrigation system and their calculations
5. Design of drip irrigation system based on source of irrigation, soil, climate and 3
topographical conditions and hydraulics of drip components with numerical
problems
6. Selection of pipe, pump and power unit 2
7. Fertigation: advantages, limitations, methods, fertilizers solubility and their 2
compatibility, precautions, frequency, duration and injection rate, Emitter
clogging and prevention
8. Performance evaluation of drip irrigation system 1
9. Sprinkler irrigation, adaptability, limitations, components and classification of 2
systems
10. Pipe flow analysis, types of friction losses, pressure variation in sprinkler irrigation 2
system and their calculations

118
 11. Flow in nozzles, drop size distribution, spray evaporation 1
12. Hydraulic and engineering design of sprinkler irrigation system on source of 3
irrigation, soil, climate and topographical conditions, numerical problems
13. Fertigation techniques in sprinkler irrigation 1
14. Selection of pipe, pump and power unit 2
15. Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system 1
16. Irrigation scheduling techniques and automation in drip and sprinkler 2
irrigation system
17. Benefit cost ratio of drip and sprinkler irrigation system 1
Total 32

List of Practicals
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Study of different components of drip and sprinkler irrigation system 1
2. Determination of physical properties of soil 1
3. Design of drip irrigation system for orchards 1
4 Design of micro-irrigation system for row crops 1
5. Design of sprinkler irrigation system for vegetable crops 1
6. Design of sprinkler irrigation system for field crops 1
7. Estimation of total head in drip and sprinkler irrigation system 1
8. Determination of filtration efficiency of different filters 1
9. Evaluation of drip irrigation system 1
10. Determination of uniformity of sprinkler discharge at field 1
11. Study of hydraulics of drippers 1
12. Estimation of fertigation rate in drip irrigation system 1
13. Calculation of different types of efficiencies of installed drip system 1
14. Study of Automation in micro-irrigation system 1
15. Calculation of cost benefits of drip irrigation system 1
16. Calculation of cost benefits of sprinkler irrigation system 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Jensen ME. (Editor). 1983. Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems. ASAE, Monograph
No. 3. USA.
• James LG. 1988. Principles of Farm Irrigation System Design. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
USA.
• Michael A M. 2006. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publ. New Delhi.
• Withers Bruce and Vipond Stanley. 1974. Irrigation: Design and Practice. B.T. Batsford Ltd,
London.
• Sivanappan RK. 1987. Sprinkler Irrigation. OXford and IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

IDE 506 GROUND WATER ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To provide comprehensive knowledge to the students in aquifers, groundwater flow, artificial

groundwater recharge techniques, well hydraulics and groundwater models.

Theory

Unit I

119
Water resources of India. Occurrence, storage and movement of groundwater in alluvial and
hard rock formations. Principles of groundwater flow. Interaction between surface water and
groundwater.

Unit II

Natural and artificial groundwater recharge. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater.
Groundwater balance. Fluctuation of water table beneath a recharge site. Delineation of
groundwater potential zones using RS and GIS, MODFLOW equation.

Unit III

Derivation of hydraulics of fully and partially penetrating wells in confined, leaky and
unconfined aquifers. Flow net analysis.

Unit IV

Analysis of multi aquifers. Flow analysis in interfering wells. Pumping tests for estimation of
aquifer parameters. Wells near recharge and impermeable boundaries. Skimming well
technology.

Unit V

Design of well field. Salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers. Application of
groundwater models for groundwater management. Calibration and validation of models.

Practical

Water table contour maps and determination of groundwater flow. Estimation of aquifer
characteristics. Problems on non-leaky and leaky aquifers. Analysis of pumping test data.
Computation of interference of wells. Groundwater computer simulation models.

Learning outcome

The student will be able to analyze storage, movement and flow characteristics of different
aquifers and also model ground water and plan for ground water recharge including
delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Water Resources of India. Occurrence, movement of groundwater and storage 2
of groundwater in geological formation
2. Study of hydro geological formation in India 1
3. Principal of Groundwater flow. Interaction between surface water and 1
groundwater.
4. Natural and artificial groundwater recharge. Conjunctive use of surface 2
and groundwater
5. Groundwater balance and fluctuation of water table beneath recharge 2
sites
6. Delineation of groundwater potential zones using RS and GIS 2
7. Study of MODFLOW and its application 1
8. Hydraulics of wells 2
9. Steady state flow to fully penetrating well in unconfined, confined and leaky 3
aquifer
10. Unsteady state flow to fully penetrating wells in unconfined, confined and 2
leaky aquifer
11. Steady state flow to partially penetrating well in unconfined, confined and 3

120
 leaky aquifer
12. Unsteady state flow to partially penetrating wells in unconfined, confined 1
and leaky aquifer
13. Flow net analysis for groundwater flow 2
14. Steady and Unsteady flow in Multi aquifers 2
15. Flow analysis in interfering multiple wells 1
16. Pumping tests for estimation of aquifer parameters 1
17. Flow to wells near recharge and impermeable boundaries 2
18. Design of well field and skimming well technology (multiple well point system) 2
19. Salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers 2
20. Groundwater modelling approaches 1
21. Study of various groundwater models 2
22. Application of groundwater models for groundwater management 2
23. Calibration and validation of models 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Delineation of water table contour maps. 2
2. Determination of groundwater flow using contour maps 1
3. Estimation of aquifer characteristics by Theis and Cooper-Jacob method 2
4 Estimation of aquifer characteristics by Chow’s and Theis recovery method 2
5. Hand on eXercise for analysis groundwater flow through well in leaky 2
aquifers.
6. Hand on eXercise for analysis groundwater flow through well in non-leaky 2
aquifers.
7. Analysis of pumping test data for estimation of aquifer parameters. 1
8. Computation of drawdown and discharge under interference of wells. 2
9. Simulation of groundwater flow using various computer models (MODFLOW, 2
etc)
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Boonstra J and de Ridder NA. 1981. Numerical Modeling of Groundwater Basins. ILRI.
• Demenico PA. 1972. Concept and Models in Groundwater Hydrology. McGraw Hill.
• Huisman L 1972. Ground Water Recovery. Mac Millan.
• Jat ML and SR Bhakar 2008. Ground Water Hydrology. Agro-tech Publishing Academy.
Udaipur.
• Polubarinova Kochina P Ya. 1962. Theory of Ground Water Movement. Princeton Univ. Press.
• Raghunath HM 1992. Ground Water. Wiley Eastern.
• Todd DK 1997. Ground Water Hydrology. Wiley Eastern.

IDE 510 MINOR IRRIGATION (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students about the need and scope of minor irrigation in India. To provide in-depth
knowledge in design and operation of surface and groundwater- based irrigation practices.

Unit I

Definition, scope, historical background and progress in minor irrigation works in India, Assessment

121
of surface water resource. Design and operation of surface water storage structures.

Unit II

Evaporation and seepage control. Groundwater development methods and their scope.
Groundwater extraction devices and methods. Aquifer characteristic and their evaluation. Wells in
alluvial and rocky aquifers.

Unit III

Well interference, spacing and multiple well point system for controlled groundwater pumping.
Safe yield from wells. Augmentation of well yield through pumping and recovery time
management.

Unit IV

Well design, drilling and construction. Tube well strainers, gravel packing and resistance to flow.
Pumps and prime movers for groundwater lifting. Diagnosis of sick and failed wells and their
remediation.

Unit V

Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. Legislation for groundwater development and
management. Groundwater recharge and its use.

Practical

Measurement of seepage loss from reservoirs. Estimation of inflow to surface reservoir.

Measurement of evaporation loss from surface reservoirs. Pumping test and determination of
aquifer parameters. Establishment of draw down-discharge characteristic. Well log analysis and
deciding on length and placement of strainers. Computation of well interference and deciding on
well spacing. Estimation of irrigation for given discharge from well. Estimating pumping cost for
irrigation. Analysis of ground water quality. Problems on well design.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand minor irrigation practices and their importance in Indian
agriculture. They will also expose to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater and able to
perform groundwater development legislation, recharge and utilization practices.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Definition and scope of minor irrigation works in India 1
2. Historical background and progress in minor irrigation works in India 2
3. Assessment of surface water resource 1
4. Design and operation of surface water storage structures 2
5. Evaporation and seepage control 1
6. Groundwater development methods and their scope 2
7. Groundwater eXtraction devices and methods 1
8. Aquifer characteristic and their evaluation 2
9. Wells in alluvial and rocky aquifers 1
10. Well interference 2
11. Spacing and multiple well point system for controlled groundwater pumping 2
12. Safe yield from wells 1
13. Augmentation of well yield through pumping and recovery time 2
management
14. Well design, drilling and construction 2

122
 15. Tube well strainers 1
16. Gravel packing and resistance to flow 2
17. Pumps and prime movers for groundwater lifting 2
18. Diagnosis of sick and failed wells and their remediation 1
19. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater 1
20. Legislation for groundwater development and management 1
21. Groundwater recharge and its use of surface water resource 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Measurement of seepage loss from reservoirs 1
2. Estimation of inflow to surface reservoir 2
3. Measurement of evaporation loss from surface reservoirs 1
4 Pumping test and determination of aquifer parameters 2
5. Establishment of draw down-discharge characteristic 2
6. Well log analysis and deciding on length and placement of strainers 2
7. Computation of well interference and deciding on well spacing 2
8. Estimation of irrigation for given discharge from well 1
9. Estimating pumping cost for irrigation 1
10. Analysis of ground water quality 1
11. Problems on well design 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading
• Garg SK. 1987. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures. Khanna Publisher, Delhi.
• Garg SK. 1987. Hydrology and Water Resource Engineering. Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
• Michael AM. 2006. Irrigation Theory and Practice. Vikas Publications, New Delhi.
• Sharma RK. 1987. Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering. Dhanpat Rai and Sons, New
Delhi.
• Subramanian K. 1993. Engineering Hydrology. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Co. New Delhi.

IDE 513 WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (2+1)

Aim

To acquaint students about the concept of optimization and its application in water resources
management, mathematical programming techniques and multi objective water resources
planning.

Theory

Unit I

Concepts and significance of optimization in water resources management. Model development

in water management. Objective functions, deterministic and stochastic inputs.

Unit II

Soil plant atmosphere system. Problem formulation. Mathematical programming techniques:

Linear programming, simplex method.

Unit III

123
Non-linear programming, quadratic programming, integer programming. Transportation problem
and solution procedure. Geometric programming and dynamic programming.

Unit IV

Application of optimization techniques for water resources planning. Conjunctive use of water
resources. Crop production functions and irrigation optimization.

Unit V

Multi objective water resources planning. Critical path method. Programme evaluation and
review technique. Economic models. Project evaluation and discounting methods.

Practical

Assessment of water resources. Problems related to water allocation in agriculture under single
and multiple cropping system. Use of computer software for linear and dynamic programming.
Introduction to the use of other programming methods. Sensitivity analysis of different alternatives
of water resources development and allocation. Analysis of water demand and supply. Analysis of
Competitive demands for water by various sectors of development. Benefits and cost of water
resources development.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to identify objective function and components in water resource
planning problems and also able to formulate and solve various mathematical programming
models of water resource system as well as to develop conjunctive use and crop production
function optimization models.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Concepts and significance of optimization in water resources management 1
2. Model development in water management 1
3. Objective functions, deterministic and stochastic input 1
4. Soil plant atmosphere system. Problem formulation. Mathematical 1
programming techniques
5. Linear programming, simpleX method 5
6. Non-linear programming, quadratic programming, integer programming 5
7. Transportation problem and solution procedure 3
8. Geometric programming 3
9. Dynamic programming 4
10. Application of optimization techniques for water resources planning 2
11. Conjunctive use of water resources 1
12. Crop production functions and irrigation optimization 2
13. Multi objective water resources planning. Critical path method 2
14. Programme evaluation and review technique 1
15. Economic models 2
16. Project evaluation and discounting methods 1
Total 35

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Assessment of water resources of the region 1
2. Problems on water allocation in agriculture under single and multiple 2

124
 cropping system
3. Familiarization with computer software for linear programming 3
4 Hands on eXercise for non-linear programming on computer 3
5. Hands on eXercise for dynamic programming on computer 3
6. Sensitivity analysis of different alternatives of water resources development 2
and allocation
7. Analysis of water demand and supply 2
8. Benefits and cost of water resources development 1
Total 20

Suggested Reading
• Larry WM. 1996. Water Resources Handbook. Mc-Graw-Hill.
• Loucks DP et al. 1981. Water Resources System Planning and Analysis. Prentice Hall.
• Rao SS. 1978. Optimization Theory and Application. Wiley Eastern.
• Wallander WW and Bos M. 1990. Water Resource System Planning and Management.

5. Common Supporting Courses

STAT 503 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR RESEARCH (2+1)

Aim

To expose students to various statistical techniques for analysis of data and interpretation
of results.

Theory

Unit I

Probability and probability distributions. Principle of least squares. Linear and non- linear
regression. Multiple regression. Correlation analysis. Selection of variables. Validation of
models. Sampling techniques. Determination of sample size. Sampling distribution of
mean and proportion.

Unit II

Hypothesis testing. Concept of p-value. Student’s t-test. Large sample tests. Confidence
intervals. ANOVA and testing of hypothesis in regression analysis. Analysis of variance for
one way and two-way classification (with equal cell frequency). Transformation of data.

Unit III

Advantages and disadvantages of nonparametric statistical tests. Scales of

measurements. Run-test. Sign test. Median test. Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test. Chi- square
test. Kruskal-Walli’s one way and Friedman’s two-way ANOVA by ranks. Kendall’s
Coefficient of concordance.

Practical

Fitting of distributions. Sample and sampling distributions. Correlation analysis. Regression

analysis (Multivariate, quadratic, exponential, power function, selection of variables,
validation of models, ANOVA and testing of hypothesis). Tests of significance (Z-test, t-test,
F-test and Chi-square test). Analysis of variance. Nonparametric tests.

Learning outcome

The students will be able to understand different techniques for analysing the data of their
research work.

125
Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Elementary statistics
2. Probability theory
3. Probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and Normal) 3
4. Sampling techniques, Determination of sample size 2
5. Sampling distribution of mean and Proportion 1
6. Hypothesis testing concept of p-value 1
7. Large sample (mean, proportion) 1
8. Student’s t-test (Single mean, Difference of mean for independent 3
samples and paired observations) and F-test
9. Analysis of variance (one way and two way), Transformation of data 2
10. Correlation analysis and testing (Bivariate, Rank, Intra-class, Partial, 2
Fisher’s Z-transformation)
11. Multiple linear regression and model validation 2
12. Testing of coefficient of determination and regression coefficient 2
13. Selection of variables in regression (forward substitution method and step- 1
wise regression)
14. Non-Linear regression (Quadratic, exponential and Power) 2
15. Introduction to Non-parametric and scales of measurements 1
16. Chi-square test (Goodness of fit, Independence of attributes, 2
homogeneity of variances)
17. One Sample test (Sign test, Median test, Run rest,) 2
18. Two sample tests (Wilcoxon Sign test, Mann Whitney test, Chi square 1
test for two independent samples)
19. K-Sample (Kruskal-Walli’s test and Friedman’s two-way ANOVA) 2
20. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance 1
Total 33

List of Practicals

Sl. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Elementary statistics 1
2. Probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and Normal) 1
3. Sampling techniques, Determination of sample size, Sampling 1
distribution of mean and Proportion
4. Large sample (mean, proportion)
5. Student’s t -test (Single mean, Difference of mean for independent 1
samples and paired observations) and F-test
6. Analysis of variance (one way and two way), Transformation of data 1
7. Correlation analysis and testing (Bivariate, Rank, Intra-class, Partial, 2
Fisher’s Z-transformation)
8. Multiple linear regression and model validation 1
9. Testing of coefficient of determination and regression coefficient 1
10. Selection of variables in regression (Forward substitution method and 1
step-wise regression)
11. Non-Linear regression (Quadratic, exponential and Power) 1
12. Introduction to Non-parametric and scales of measurements 1
13. Chi-square test (Goodness of fit, Independence of attributes, 1
homogeneity of variances)

126
 14. One Sample test: Sign test, Median test, run rest, two sample test: 1
Wilcoxon Sign test, Mann Whitney test, X2 test for two independent
samples
15. K-Sample: Kruskal-Walli’s test and Friedman’s two-way ANOVA, 1
Kendall’s coefficient of concordance
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Anderson T W 1958. An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis. John Wiley.

• Dillon W R and Goldstein M. 1984. Multivariate Analysis - Methods and
Applications. John Wiley.
• Electronic Statistics Text Book: http://www.statsoft.com/textbook/stathome.html
• Goon A M, Gupta M K and Dasgupta B. 1977. An Outline of Statistical Theory. Vol. The
World Press.
• Goon A M, Gupta M K and Dasgupta B. 1983. Fundamentals of Statistics. Vol. I. The
World Press.
• Hoel P G. 1971. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley.
• Hogg R V and Craig T T. 1978. Introduction to Mathematical Statistics. Macmillan.
• Montgomery and Runger 2014. Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers. John
Wiley.
• Morrison D F. 1976. Multivariate Statistical Methods. McGraw Hill.
• Siegel S, Johan N and Casellan Jr. 1956. Non-parametric Tests for Behavior
Sciences. John Wiley.
• http://freestatistics.altervista.org/en/learning.php.
• http://www.statsoft.com/teXtbook/stathome.html. John Wiley & Sons.

STAT 511 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (1+1)

Aim

To acquaint and equip the students with the basic principles of theory of designs and analysis
of experiments.

Theory

Unit I

Basic principles of experimental designs. Uniformity trials. Completely randomized design,

randomized block design and latin square designs. Multiple comparison tests.

Unit II

Missing plot techniques. Analysis of covariance. Factorial experiments:22, 23 and 32. Split plot
design. Strip plot design. Factorial in split plot design.

Unit III

Crossover designs. Balanced incomplete block design. Response surface designs. Groups of
experiments.

Practical

• Uniformity trials. Completely randomized design. Randomized block and latin square
designs. Missing
• plot and analysis of covariance Split plot designs. Factorial in split plot design. Strip plot
designs.
• Cross over and balanced incomplete block designs. Groups of experiments.

Lecture Schedule

127
S. No. Topics No. of
Lectures
1. Basic principles of experimental designs 1
2. Completely randomized design 1
3. Randomized block design 1
4. Latin square design 1
5. Multiple comparison tests 1
6. Missing plot techniques 1
7. Analysis of covariance 1
8. Factorial experiments 2
9. Split plot design 1
10. Strip plot design 1
11. Factorial in split plot design 1
12. Crossover designs 1
13. Balanced incomplete block design 1
14. Response surface designs 1
15. Groups of experiments 1
Total 16

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Completely randomized design 1
2. Randomized block design 1
3. Latin square design 1
4. Multiple comparison tests 1
5. Missing plot techniques 1
6. Analysis of covariance 1
7. Factorial experiments 3
8. Split plot design 1
9. Strip plot design 1
10. Factorial in split plot design 1
11. Crossover designs 1
12. Balanced incomplete block design 1
13. Response surface designs 1
14. Groups of experiments 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Cochran WG and Cox GM 1957. Experimental Designs. 2nd Ed. John Wiley.
• Dean AM and Voss D 1999. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Springer.
• Design Resources Server: www.iasri.res.in/design.
• Examination of Theory and Practice. John Wiley.
• Federer WT 1985. Experimental Designs. MacMillan.
• Fisher RA 1953. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Oliver & Boyd.
• Montogomery 2013. Design and analysis of experiments. John Wiley & Sons.
• Nigam AK and Gupta V K 1979. Handbook on Analysis of Agricultural Experiments. IASRI
Publ.
• Pearce SC 1983. The Agricultural Field Experiment: A Statistical Examination of Theory &
Practice.

128
 STAT 512 BASIC SAMPLING TECHNIQUES (2+1)

Aim

This course is meant for students of agricultural and animal sciences other than Statistics. The
students would be eXposed to elementary sampling techniques. It would help them in
understanding the concepts involved in planning and designing their surveys, presentation of
survey data analysis of survey data and presentation of results. This course would be
especially important to the students of social sciences.

Theory

Unit I

Concept of sampling, sample survey vs complete enumeration, planning of sample survey,

sampling from a finite population.

Unit II

Simple random sampling with and without replacement, sampling for proportion,
determination of sample size, inverse sampling, Stratified sampling.

Unit III

Cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling, systematic sampling; Introduction to PPS sampling.

Unit IV

Use of auXiliary information at estimation, Ratio product and regression estimators. Double
Sampling, sampling and non-sampling errors.

Practical

• Random sampling, use of random number tables, concepts of unbiasedness, variance, etc.;
• Simple random sampling, determination of sample size, inverse sampling, stratified sampling,
cluster sampling and systematic sampling;
• Estimation using ratio and regression estimators;
• Estimation using multistage design, double sampling.

Suggested Reading

• Cochran WG. 1977. Sampling Techniques. John Wiley.

• Murthy MN. 1977. Sampling Theory and Methods. 2nd Ed. Statistical Publ. Soc., Calcutta.
• Singh D, Singh P and Kumar P. 1982. Handbook on Sampling Methods. IASRI Publ.
• Sukhatme PV, Sukhatme BV, Sukhatme S and Asok C. 1984. Sampling Theory of Surveys
with Applications. Iowa State University Press and Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics,
New Delhi.
• Cochran WG. 2007. Sampling Techniques, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Publication

STAT 521 APPLIED REGRESSION ANALYSIS (2+1)

Aim

This course is meant for students of all disciplines including agricultural and animal sciences.
The students would be e Xposed to the concepts of correlation and regression. Emphasis will
be laid on diagnostic measures such as autocorrelation, multi collinearity and
heteroscedasticity. This course would prepare students to handle their data for analysis and
interpretation.

Theory

129
Unit I

Introduction to correlation analysis and its measures, Correlation from grouped data,
correlation, Rank correlation, Testing of population correlation coefficients; Multiple and partial
correlation coefficients and their testing.

Unit II

Problem of correlated errors; Auto correlation; Heteroscedastic models, Durbin Watson Statistics;
Removal of auto correlation by transformation; Analysis of collinear data; Detection and
correction of multi collinearity, Regression analysis; Method of least squares for curve fitting; Testing
of regression coefficients; Multiple and partial regressions.

Unit III

Diagnostic of multiple regression equation; Concept of weighted least squares; regression

equation on grouped data; Various methods of selecting the best regression equation.

Unit IV

Concept of nonlinear regression and fitting of quadratic, eXponential and power curves;
Economic and optimal dose, Orthogonal polynomial.

Practical

• Correlation coefficient, various types of correlation coefficients, partial and multiple, testing of
hypotheses;
• Multiple linear regression analysis, partial regression coefficients, testing of hypotheses, residuals
and their applications in outlier detection;
• Handling of correlated errors, multi collinearity;
• Fitting of quadratic, eXponential and power curves, fitting of orthogonal polynomials.

Suggested Reading

• Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Nizam A. 2007. Applied Regression Analysis and Other
Multivariable Methods (DuXbury Applied) 4th Ed.
• Draper NR and Smith H. 1998. Applied Regression Analysis. 3rd Ed. John Wiley.
• Ezekiel M. 1963. Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis. John Wiley.
• Koutsoyiannis A. 1978. Theory of Econometrics. MacMillan.
• Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ and Neter J. 2004. Applied Linear Regression Models. 4th Ed.
With Student CD. McGraw Hill.

STAT 522 DATA ANALYSIS USING STATISTICAL PACKAGES (2+1)

Aim

This course is meant for eXposing the students in the usage of various statistical packages for
analysis of data. It would provide the students a hands-on eXperience in the analysis of
their research data. This course is useful to all disciplines.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to various statistical packages: EXcel, R, SAS, SPSS. Data Preparation; Descriptive
statistics; Graphical representation of data, EXploratory data analysis.

Unit II

Test for normality; Testing of hypothesis using chi-square, t and F statistics and Z-test.

Unit III

130
Data preparation f o r ANOVA and A N C O V A , Factorial EXperiments, contrast analysis,
multiple comparisons, Analyzing crossed and nested classified designs.

Unit IV

Analysis of miXed models; Estimation of variance components; Correlation and regression

analysis, Probit, Logit and Tobit Models.

Unit V

Discriminant function; Factor analysis; Principal component analysis; Analysis of time series
data, Fitting of non-linear models; Neural networks.

Practical

• Use of software packages for summarization and tabulation of data, obtaining descriptive
statistics, graphical representation of data;
• Testing the hypothesis for one sample t-test, two sample t-test, paired t-test, test for large
samples - Chi-squares test, F test, one-way analysis of variance;
• Designs for Factorial Experiments, fixed effect models, random effect models, mixed effect
models, estimation of variance components;
• Linear regression, Multiple regression, Regression plots;
• Discriminant analysis - fitting of discriminant functions, identification of important variables;
• Factor analysis. Principal component analysis - obtaining principal component.

Suggested Reading
• Anderson C.W. and Loynes R.M. 1987. The Teaching of Practical Statistics. John Wiley.
• Atkinson A.C. 1985. Plots Transformations and Regression. OXford University Press.
• Chambers J.M., Cleveland W.S., Kleiner B and Tukey P.A. 1983. Graphical Methods for
Data Analysis. Wadsworth, Belmount, California.
• Chatfield C. 1983. Statistics for Technology. 3rd Ed. Chapman & Hall. Chatfield C. 1995.
• Problem Solving: A Statistician’s Guide. Chapman & Hall.
• Cleveland W.S. 1985. The Elements of Graphing Data. Wadsworth, Belmont, California.
• Ehrenberg ASC. 1982. A Primer in Data Reduction. John Wiley.
• Erickson B.H. and Nosanchuk T.A. 1992. Understanding Data. 2nd Ed. Open University Press,
Milton Keynes.
• Snell E.J. and Simpson HR. 1991. Applied Statistics: A Handbook of GENSTAT Analyses.
Chapman and Hall.
• Sprent P. 1993. Applied Non-parametric Statistical Methods. 2nd Ed. Chapman & Hall.
• Tufte ER. 1983. The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Graphics Press, Cheshire, Conn.
• Velleman PF and Hoaglin DC. 1981. Application, Basics and Computing of Exploratory Data
Analysis. DuXbury Press.
• Weisberg S. 1985. Applied Linear Regression. John Wiley.
• Wetherill GB. 1982. Elementary Statistical Methods. Chapman & Hall.
• Wetherill GB.1986. Regression Analysis with Applications. Chapman & Hall.
• Cleveland WS. 1994. The Elements of Graphing Data, 2nd Ed., Chapman & Hall
• http://freestatistics.altervista.org/en/learning.php.
• http://freestatistics.altervista.org/en/stat.php.
• http://www.cas.lancs.ac.uk/glossary_v1.1/main.html.
• http://www.stat.sc.edu/~grego/courses/stat706/.
• www.drs.icar.gov.in.

131
 MATH 506 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS (2+1)

Aim

To provide understanding and application of basic numerical techniques for evaluation and
approximation of roots of polynomials, solution of differential equations, numerical differentiation
and integration.

Theory

Unit I

Computational errors, absolute and relative errors, difference operators, divided differences,
interpolating polynomials using finite differences, Hermite interpolation, piecewise and spline
interpolation, bivariate interpolation.

Unit II

Numerical solution of algebraic and transcendental equations by bisection, secant and Newton-
Raphson’s Methods, solution of polynomial equations by Birge-Vieta’s, Bairstow’s and Graffe’s root
squaring methods.

Unit III

Numerical differentiation based on interpolation, finite differences and undetermined coefficients.

Numerical integration using methods based on interpolation and undetermined coefficients.

Unit IV

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first degree by Runge -Kutta
method and predictor-corrector methods. Solution of linear system of equations, Gaussian
elimination method, pivoting and scaling, factorization method, iterative techniques, inverse of a
matrix, computation of eigen values and eigen vectors.

Practical

Tutorials on: divided differences, Hermite and spline interpolation, bivariate interpolation, roots of
algebraic and transcendental equations by Newton-Raphson’s method, bisection method, Birge-
Vieta’s method, Bairstow’s and Graffe’s root squaring methods for polynomial equations,
numerical evaluation of derivatives and integral, Runge-Kutta and predictor- corrector methods,
Gaussian elimination method, factorization method, iterative techniques, inverse of a matrix, eigen
values and eigen vectors.

Learning outcome

To understand basic numerical methods and apply them to solve higher engineering problems.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Computational errors, absolute and relative errors 1
2. Difference operators 2
3. Divided differences 2
4. Interpolating polynomials using finite differences 2
5. Hermite interpolation 2
6. Piecewise interpolation 2
7. Spline interpolation 2
8. Bivariate interpolation 1
9. Bisection Method, secant method 2
10. Newton-Raphson’s method,Birge-Vieta’s, method 2

132
 11. Bairstow’s and Graffe’s root squaring methods 2
12. Numerical differentiation based on interpolation, finite differences and 2
undetermined coefficients.
13. Numerical integration using methods based on interpolation and 2
undetermined coefficients
14. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations of first order and first 2
degree by Runge -Kutta method
15. Predictor-corrector method 1
16. Gaussian elimination method, pivoting and scaling 1
17. Factorization method, iterative techniques 2
18. Inverse of a matrix, computation of eigen values and eigen vectors 2
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Divided differences 1
2. Hermite Interpolation 1
3. Spline interpolation 1
4. Bivariate interpolation 1
5. Bisection method 1
6. Bivariate interpolation 1
7. Secant Method 1
8. Newton-Raphson’s method 1
9. Birge-Vieta’s method 1
10. Bairstow’s Method 1
11. Graffe’s root squaring methods 1
12. Numerical evaluation of derivatives and integral 1
13. Runge-Kutta method 1
14. Predictor- corrector methods 1
15. Gaussian elimination method, factorization method 1
16. Iterative techniques, inverse of a matrix, eigen values and eigen vectors 1
Total 16

Suggested Reading

• Gerald CF and Wheatley PO. 2003. Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson, 7th Edition,
• Jain MK, Iyengar SRK and Jain RK. 2012. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering
Computation, New Age International Publishers, 6th edition.
• Chappra SC. 2014. Numerical Methods for Engineers, McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 7th edition.
• Mathew JH, Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Prentice Hall, (1992)
2nd edition.
• Burden RL and Faires JD. 2004. Numerical Analysis, Brooks Cole, 8th edition.
• Atkinson K and Han W. 2004. Elementary Numerical Analysis, John Willey & Sons, 3rd Edition.

MATH 507 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR ORDINARY AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (2+1)

Aim

To provide understanding and application of basic numerical techniques for evaluation and
approximation of ordinary and partial differential equations.

Theory

Unit I

133
Interpolation, Approximation, least square and uniform approximation.

Unit II

Numerical differentiation and integration, Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations by

single step and multi-step methods.

Unit III

Various difference schemes for solutions of partial differential equations of parabolic, elliptic and
hyperbolic types.

Unit IV

Solution of differential equations by finite element methods.

Practical

Tutorials on: evaluation of derivatives and integrals by numerical methods, single step and
multistep methods for solution of ordinary differential equations, solution of parabolic, hyperbolic
and elliptic equations by finite difference methods. Finite element methods

Learning outcome

To understand basic numerical techniques and apply them to solve ordinary and partial
differential equations.

Lecture Schedule

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Interpolation 3
2. Approximation 3
3. Least square approximation 2
4. Uniform approximation 2
5. Numerical differentiation 3
6. Numerical integration 3
7. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations by single step method 3
8. Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations by multi-step method 3
9. Various difference schemes for solutions of partial differential equations of 2
parabolic type
10. Various difference schemes for solutions of partial differential equations of elliptic 2
type
11. Various difference schemes for solutions of partial differential equations of 2
hyperbolic type
12. Solution of differential equations by finite element methods 4
Total 32

List of Practicals

S. No. Topics No. of

Lectures
1. Evaluation of derivatives by numerical methods 2
2. Evaluation of integrals by numerical methods 2
3. Single step method for solution of ordinary differential equation 2
4. Multistep method for solution of ordinary differential equation 2
5. Solution of parabolic equations by finite difference method 2
6. Solution of hyperbolic equations by finite difference methods 2
7. Solution of elliptic equations by finite difference methods 2

134
 8. Finite Element methods 2
Total 32

Suggested Reading

• Gerald CF and Wheatley PO. 2003. Applied Numerical Analysis, Pearson, 7th Edition.
• Jain MK, Iyengar SRK and Jain RK. 2012. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering
Computation, New Age International Publishers, 6th edition.
• Chappra SC. 2014. Numerical Methods for Engineers, McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 7th
edition.
• Mathew JH. 1992. Numerical Methods for Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Prentice
Hall, 2nd edition,
• Burden RL and Faires JD. 2004. Numerical Analysis, Brooks Cole, 8th edition.
• Atkinson K and Han W. 2004. Elementary Numerical Analysis, John Willey & Sons, 3rd Edition.

MCA 512 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE (2+1)

Aim

This is a course on Introduction to Networking and Internet Applications that aims at

exposing the students to understand analogy of computer, analysis of data and use of different IT
tools in Agriculture.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of computer, Operating Systems, Data presentation,

interpretation and graph creation, statistical analysis using Excel/spreadsheet.

Unit II

Database, concepts and types, uses of DBMS in Agriculture, World Wide Web (WWW): Concepts
and components, Introduction to programming language – R / Python (any one), concepts and
standard input/output operations. e-Agriculture, concepts and applications.

Unit III

Use of ICT in Agriculture, Computer Models for understanding plant processes. IT application for
computation of water and nutrient requirement of crops, Computer controlled devices
(automated systems) for Agri-input management. Smart Agriculture: Introduction to IoT - Sensing,
Actuation, Basics of Networking, Communication Protocols, Sensor Networks, Machine-to-Machine
Communications. Cloud Computing, Sensor-Cloud.

Unit IV

Geospatial technology for generating valuable agri-information. Decision support systems,

concepts, components and applications in Agriculture, Agriculture Expert System, Soil Information
Systems etc. for supporting Farm decisions.

Practical

• Data analysis commands in Excel

• Database creation using Ms-Acess/ MySQL (any one)
• Simple programs in R/ Python
• Familiarization with Agri-information systems
• Agriculture Decision support systems and Expert systems

Suggested Reading

135
• Vanitha G. 2011. Agro-informatics
• Kennedy W.J. and Gentle J.E. 1980. Statistical Computing. Marcel Dekker.
• K. Berk, P. Carey, Data Analysis with Microsoft Excel
• Singh, AK. 2016. Practical R-Book by Examples for Agricultural Statistics. Deptt. of Ag. Statistics,
IGKV. Raipur.
• Peter Bruce et al., Practical statistics for data scientists 2/ed 50+ essential concepts using R and
Python, O’Reilly.
• Raj P. and Raman A.C. 2017. The Internet of Things: Enabling Technologies, Platforms, and Use
Cases, CRC Press.
• Bahga A. and Madisetti V. 2017. Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach, Universities Press.
• http://www.agrimoon.com.
• http://www.agriinfo.in.
• http://www.eagri.org.
• http://agritech.tnau.ac.in

MCA 565 SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES (1+1)

Aim

This course introduces the soft computing techniques and their applications in solving real world
problems. The course is dealt with the perspective of using soft computing techniques in machine
learning applications.

Theory

Unit I

Introduction to soft-computing tools – Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm, Neural Networks and
Probabilistic Reasoning, Rough Sets.

Unit II

Applications of Fuzzy Logic concepts in Knowledge Management.

Unit III

Optimization problem solving using genetic algorithm.

Unit IV

Neuron as a simple computing element, the perceptron, multilayer neural networks, Neural
network approaches in data analysis, design and diagnostics problems; Applications of
probabilistic reasoning approaches.

Practical

Classification using Fuzzy Logic, Genetic Algorithm, Neural Networks

Suggested Reading

• Goldberg D.E. 2008. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning.
Addison Wesley.
• Haykin S. 1998. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation. Prentice Hall.
• Jang J.R., Sun C and Mizutani E. 1996. Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing: A Computational
Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence. Prentice Hall.
• Kecman V and Kecman V. 2001. Learning and Soft Computing: Support Vector Machines,
Neural Networks, and Fuzzy Logic Models. MIT Press.
• Lee K.H. 2005. First Course on Fuzzy Theory and Applications. Springer.
• Mitra S and Acharya T. 2003. Data Mining: Multimedia, Soft Computing, and Bioinformatics.

136
 John Wiley.

BIOCHEM 501 BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY (2+1)

Aim

The course is designed to provide elementary knowledge/overview of structure and

function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules
and their metabolism
Theory
Unit I

Scope and importance of biochemistry, biochemistry as modern science and its various
divisions, scope and importance of biochemistry in agriculture and allied sciences.
Foundation of life, fundamental principles governing life, supramolecular structures,
significance of weak non covalent interactions in biology

Unit II

Water, Structure of water, ionization of water, acid base concept, pH and buffers,
significance of structure-function relationship, structure, classification, properties and
function of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

Unit III

Plant secondary metabolites Structure, classification and function of plant secondary

metabolites. Structure and biological functions of vitamins and coenzymes, enzymes:
classification and mechanism of action; regulation, factors affecting enzyme action.

Unit IV

Catabolism of energy molecules, Important and basic degradative metabolic pathways

of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and their regulation. Formation of ATP, substrate
level phosphorylation, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Overview
of replication, transcription and translation, Recombinant DNA technology Restriction
enzymes, DNA cloning, applications of cloning, transgenics.

Practicals

• Preparation of standard and buffer solutions

• Detection of carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins
• Extraction and estimation of sugars
• Extraction and estimation of amino acids
• Extraction and estimation of proteins
• Estimation of acid value of fat/oil
• Estimation of peroxide value of fat/oil
• Estimation of saponification value in fats and oils
• Fatty acid composition in fat/oil by GC
• Estimation of DNA and RNA by spectroscopic methods
• Estimation of Ascorbic acid
• Separation of biomolecules by TLC and Paper chromatography
• Estimation of alpha amylase activity
• Qualitative tests for secondary plant metabolites.

Learning outcome

137
With this course, the students are expected to be able to understand the actual chemical
concepts and fundamental processes of biology at molecular level.

Suggested Reading

• Nelson DL and Cox MM. 2017. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 7th edition. W. H. Freeman &
Co Ltd
• Satyanarayana U and Chakrapani U. 2017. Biochemistry. 5th edition, Elsevier
• Moran LA, Horton HR, Scrimgeour KG and Perry MD. 2012. Principles of Biochemistry. 5th
edition Pearson.
• Voet D and Voet JG. 2011. Biochemistry. 4th edition John Wiley.
• Pratt CW and Cornely K. 2014. Essential Biochemistry. 3rd Edition. Wiley
• Moorthy K. 2007. Fundamentals of Biochemical Calculations. 2nd edition. CRC Press
• Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G and Doi RH. 2006. Outlines of Biochemistry. 5th edition. Wiley.

6. Common Compulsory Courses

PGS 501 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES (0+1)

Objective

To equip the library users with skills to trace information from libraries efficiently, to apprise
them of information and knowledge resources, to carry out literature survey, to formulate
information search strategies, and to use modern tools (Internet, OPAC, search engines, etc.) of
information search.

Practical

Introduction to library and its services; Role of libraries in education, research and technology
transfer; Classification systems and organization of library; Sources of information- Primary Sources,
Secondary Sources and Tertiary Sources; Intricacies of abstracting and indeXing services
(Science Citation IndeX, Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, CABI Abstracts, etc.); Tracing
information from reference sources; Literature survey; Citation techniques/ Preparation of
bibliography; Use of CD-ROM Databases, Online Public Access Catalogue and other
computerized library services; Use of Internet including search engines and its resources; e-
resources access methods.

PGS 502 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATIONS SKILLS (0+1)

Objective

To equip the students/ scholars with skills to write dissertations, research papers, etc. To equip
the students/ scholars with skills to communicate and articulate in English (verbal as well as
writing).

Practical (Technical Writing)

• Various forms of scientific writings- theses, technical papers, reviews, manuals, etc.
• Various parts of thesis and research communications (title page, authorship contents page,
preface, introduction, review of literature, material and methods, eXperimental results and
discussion);
• Writing of abstracts, summaries, précis, citations, etc.
• Commonly used abbreviations in the theses and research communications;
• Illustrations, photographs and drawings with suitable captions; pagination, numbering of
tables and illustrations;
• Writing of numbers and dates in scientific write-ups;
• Editing and proof-reading;

138
• Writing of a review article;
• Communication Skills - Grammar (Tenses, parts of speech, clauses, punctuation marks);
• Error analysis (Common errors), Concord, Collocation, Phonetic symbols and
transcription;
• Accentual pattern: Weak forms in connected speech;
• Participation in group discussion;
• Facing an interview;
• Presentation of scientific papers.

Suggested Readings

• Barnes and Noble. Robert C. (Ed.). 2005. Spoken English: Flourish Your Language.
• Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Ed. 1996. Prentice Hall of India.
• Collins’ Cobuild English Dictionary. 1995.
• Harper Collins. Gordon HM and Walter JA. 1970. Technical Writing. 3rd Ed.
• Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Hornby AS. 2000. Comp. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English. 6th Ed. Oxford University Press.
• James HS. 1994. Handbook for Technical Writing. NTC Business Books.
• Joseph G. 2000. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th Ed. Affiliated East-West
Press.
• Mohan K. 2005. Speaking English Effectively. MacMillan India.
• Richard WS. 1969. Technical Writing.
• Sethi J and Dhamija PV. 2004. Course in Phonetics and Spoken English. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall of
India.
• Wren PC and Martin H. 2006. High School English Grammar and Composition. S. Chand & Co.

PGS 503 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE (1+0)

Objective

The main objective of this course is to equip students and stakeholders with knowledge of
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) related protection systems, their significance and use of IPR
as a tool for wealth and value creation in a knowledge- based economy.

Theory

Historical perspectives and need for the introduction of Intellectual Property Right regime; TRIPs
and various provisions in TRIPS Agreement; Intellectual Property and Intellectual Property Rights
(IPR), benefits of securing IPRs; Indian Legislations for the protection of various types of
Intellectual Properties; Fundamentals of patents, copyrights, geographical indications, designs
and layout, trade secrets and traditional knowledge, trademarks, protection of plant varieties
and farmers’ rights and biodiversity protection; Protectable subject matters, protection in
biotechnology, protection of other biological materials, ownership and period of protection;
National Biodiversity protection initiatives; Convention on Biological Diversity; International Treaty
on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; Licensing of technologies, Material
transfer agreements, Research collaboration Agreement, License Agreement.

Suggested Readings

• Erbisch FH and Maredia K.1998. Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology. CABI.
• Ganguli P. 2001. Intellectual Property Rights: Unleashing Knowledge Economy. McGraw-Hill.
• Intellectual Property Rights: Key to New Wealth Generation. 2001. NRDC and Aesthetic
Technologies.
• Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 2004. State of Indian Farmer. Vol. V. Technology
Generation and IPR Issues. Academic Foundation.
• Rothschild M and Scott N. (Ed.). 2003. Intellectual Property Rights in Animal Breeding and

139
 Genetics. CABI.
• Saha R. (Ed.). 2006. Intellectual Property Rights in NAM and Other Developing Countries: A
Compendium on Law and Policies. Daya Publ. House.
• The Indian Acts - Patents Act, 1970 and amendments; Design Act, 2000; Trademarks Act, 1999;
• The Copyright Act, 1957 and amendments; Layout Design Act, 2000; PPV and FR Act 2001, and
Rules 2003; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.

PGS 504 BASIC CONCEPTS IN LABORATORY TECHNIQUES (0+1)

Objective

To acquaint the students about the basics of commonly used techniques in laboratory.

Practical

• Safety measures while in Lab;

• Handling of chemical substances;
• Use of burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders, flasks, separatory funnel, condensers,
micropipettes and vaccupets;
• Washing, drying and sterilization of glassware;
• Drying of solvents/ chemicals;
• Weighing and preparation of solutions of different strengths and their dilution;
• Handling techniques of solutions;
• Preparation of different agro-chemical doses in field and pot applications;
• Preparation of solutions of acids;
• Neutralisation of acid and bases;
• Preparation of buffers of different strengths and pH values;
• Use and handling of microscope, laminar flow, vacuum pumps, viscometer, thermometer,
magnetic stirrer, micro-ovens, incubators, sand bath, water bath, oil bath;
• Electric wiring and earthing;
• Preparation of media and methods of sterilization;
• Seed viability testing, testing of pollen viability;
• Tissue culture of crop plants;
• Description of flowering plants in botanical terms in relation to taXonomy.

Suggested Readings
• Furr AK. 2000. CRC Hand Book of Laboratory Safety. CRC Press.
• Gabb MH and Latchem WE. 1968. A Handbook of Laboratory Solutions. Chemical Publ. Co.

PGS 505 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, RESEARCH ETHICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMES (1+0)

Objective

To enlighten the students about the organization and functioning of agricultural research
systems at national and international levels, research ethics, and rural development
programmes and policies of Government.

Theory

UNIT I

History of agriculture in brief; Global agricultural research system: need, scope, opportunities;
Role in promoting food security, reducing poverty and protecting the environment; National
Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and Regional Agricultural Research Institutions;
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR): International Agricultural

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Research Centers (IARC), partnership with NARS, role as a partner in the global agricultural
research system, strengthening capacities at national and regional levels; International
fellowships for scientific mobility.

UNIT II

Research ethics: research integrity, research safety in laboratories, welfare of animals used in
research, computer ethics, standards and problems in research ethics.

UNIT III

Concept and connotations of rural development, rural development policies and strategies. Rural
development programmes: Community Development Programme, Intensive Agricultural District
Programme, Special group – Area Specific Programme, Integrated Rural Development
Programme (IRDP) Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, Voluntary Agencies/ Non-
Governmental Organizations. Critical evaluation of rural development policies and programmes.
Constraints in implementation of rural policies and programmes.

Suggested Readings

• Bhalla GS and Singh G. 2001. Indian Agriculture - Four Decades of Development. Sage Publ.
• Punia MS. Manual on International Research and Research Ethics. CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar.
• Rao BSV. 2007. Rural Development Strategies and Role of Institutions - Issues, Innovations and
Initiatives. Mittal Publ.
• Singh K. 1998. Rural Development - Principles, Policies and Management. Sage Publ.

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