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Lecture - Vector Potentials SEC B

The document discusses the concept of vector potentials in the context of Maxwell's equations, focusing on the derivation and application of vector potentials 'A' and 'F' for electric and magnetic current sources, respectively. It outlines the mathematical relationships and wave equations associated with these potentials, including solutions for various cases of current densities. The document also references applications in waveguide and antenna analysis.

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Mourakshi Thakuria
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2 views17 pages

Lecture - Vector Potentials SEC B

The document discusses the concept of vector potentials in the context of Maxwell's equations, focusing on the derivation and application of vector potentials 'A' and 'F' for electric and magnetic current sources, respectively. It outlines the mathematical relationships and wave equations associated with these potentials, including solutions for various cases of current densities. The document also references applications in waveguide and antenna analysis.

Uploaded by

Mourakshi Thakuria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concept of Vector Potentials

By
Dr . Taimoor Khan

15-04-2024
Maxwell’s Equations

Sources (J→ Electric Current Density Fields (E→ Electric Field Intensity
and M→ Magnetic Current Density) and H→ Magnetic Field Intensity

15-04-2024
Concept of Vector Potentials

Sources Path #1 Fields


(J & M) Integration (E & H)

Vector
Potentials
Integration Differentiation
(A & F)
Path #2

15-04-2024
Case-I: Vector Potential ‘A’ for an Electric Current Source ‘J’
From Gauss’s Law, the magnetic flux B is always solenoidal; that is, ∇·B = 0 -----(1).
Therefore, it can be represented as the curl of another vector because it obeys the vector identity

∇·∇×A = 0 -----(2), where A is an arbitrary vector.

Thus we define BA = µHA = ∇×A or HA = (1/µ)(∇×A) -----(3)

[where subscript A indicates the field due to the A vector potential]


From Faraday’s Law, ∇×EA = −jωµHA -----(4)
= −jω(∇×A) -----(5)
This can also be written as ∇×[EA +jωA] = 0 -----(6)
[Scalar function φe represents an arbitrary electric scalar potential which is a function of position]
From the vector identity, ∇×(−∇φe) = 0 -----(7)
Thus, EA+jωA = −∇φe or EA = −∇φe −jωA -----(8)
Taking the curl of both sides of eqn. (3),
∇×(µHA) = ∇×∇×A = ∇(∇·A)−∇2A or µ(∇×HA) = ∇(∇·A)−∇2A -----(9)

15-04-2024
But from eqn. (8), EA = −∇φe −jωA

Thus eqn. (10) becomes

The curl of A (i.e. ∇×A) was already defined defined. Now we are at liberty to define
the divergence of A (i.e. ∇·A), which is independent of its curl.

Substituting this eqn. (12) in to eqn. (8)

Eqn. (11) reduces to,


∇2A+k2A = −µJ -----(15)

15-04-2024
Case-II: Vector Potential ‘F’ for an Magnetic Current Source ‘M’
In previous slide, the following expressions for Case-I have been derived:

HA = (1/µ)(∇×A) ∇2A+k2A = −µJ

Similarly, the following expressions for Case-II can be derived:

15-04-2024
Conclusion of Both the cases (Case-I and Case-II)

Conclusion of Case-I:

HA = (1/µ)(∇×A) ∇2A+k2A = −µJ

Conclusion of Case-II:

Applying Superposition theorem,

15-04-2024
Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation
Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation
Wave Equations-1:
∇2A+k2A = −µJ

To derive it, let us assume that a source with current


density Jz, which in the limit is an infinitesimal source,
is placed at the origin of a x, y, z coordinate system, as
shown in Figure (A).
Since the current density is directed along the z-axis (Jz), only
an Az component will exist. Thus we can write Wave
Equation-1 as:
∇2Az +k2Az = −µJz -----(16)
At points removed from the source (Jz = 0), the
wave equation reduces to
∇2Az +k2Az = 0 -----(17)
Since in the limit the source is a point, it requires
that Az is not a function of direction (θ and φ); in
a spherical coordinate system, Az = Az(r) where r
is the radial distance. Thus eqn. (17) can be Figure (A)
written as:

15-04-2024
Now the analysis can be simplified considering
following cases:
-----(18) Case-I: Jz = 0 and ω = 0 (k = 0)
which when expanded reduces to (Static Solution in Source Free Region)

-----(19) -----(20)

The partial derivative has been replaced by the Case-II: Jz = 0 and k ≠ 0


ordinary derivative since Az is only a function of (Time Varying Solution in Source Free Region)
the radial coordinate.
The differential equation of (19) has two -----(21)
independent solutions Case-III: Jz ≠ 0 and k = 0
(Static Solution (k = 0) in presence of Source (Jz ≠ 0)
--(19A) --(19B)
Eqn. (19A) represents an outwardly (in the radial In this case the wave equation reduces to
direction) traveling wave and Eqn. (19B) describes ∇2Az = − μJz -----(22)
an inwardly traveling wave (assuming an ejωt time
variation). This equation is looked similar to
For our case, the source is placed at the origin with Poisson’s equation whose solution is
the radiated fields traveling in the outward radial widely documented.
direction. Therefore, we choose the solution of
(19A), or

--(5)
15-04-2024
A Poisson's eqn. relating the scalar electric If the current densities were in the x- and
potential φ to the electric charge density ρ is given y-directions (Jx and Jy ), the wave equation
as for each would reduce to
φ 🡪 Scalar Electric
Potential and ∇2Ax+k2Ax = −μJx and ∇2Ay+k2Ay = −μJy
-----(23) ρ 🡪 Electric
Charge Density
-----(27)
The solution is:

-----(24) -----(28)

r 🡪 Distance from any point on ρ to the observation


point.
In the reference of eqn. (24), the solution of eqn.
(22) for static case can be written as: In the reference of eqn. (26-28), the
generalized solution can be written as:
-----(25)
-----(29)
This is the solution for static case.
The time-varying solution can be obtained by
multiplying the static solution (eqn. (25)) by e-jkr.

-----(26)

15-04-2024
If the source is removed from the origin (Figure A) and placed at a position represented by the
primed coordinates (x’ y’ z’), as shown in Figure (B),

-----(30) -----(31)

Figure (A) Figure (B)


15-04-2024
Three Cases of Current Densities:
Case-I: If J and M represent volume integrals (volume current densities), then

-----(32) -----(33)

Case-II: If J and M represent surface integrals (surface current densities), then

-----(34) -----(35)

Case-III: If J and M represent line integrals (linear current densities, then

-----(36) -----(37)

15-04-2024
Reference Book (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4):
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Synthesis
By
C.A. Balanis

15-04-2024
Applications of Vector Potentials

15-04-2024
Analysis of Waveguides

Analysis of Rectangular Waveguides

Analysis of Circular Waveguides

Analysis of Antennas (Linear Wire Antennas)

15-04-2024
Thank you

15-04-2024

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