9.

4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

Essential Question What are the characteristics of the graphs of the
sine and cosine functions?

Graphing the Sine Function

Work with a partner.
a. Complete the table for y = sin x, where x is an angle measure in radians.

7π 3π − 5π −π − 3π −π π
x −2π −— −— — — — −— 0
4 2 4 4 2 4

y = sin x

π π 3π 5π 3π 7π 9π
x — — — π — — — 2π —
4 2 4 4 2 4 4

y = sin x

b. Plot the points (x, y) from part (a). Draw a smooth curve through the points to
sketch the graph of y = sin x.

−2π
−3
π −π
−
π π π 3π 2π 5π x
2 2 2 2 2
−1

c. Use the graph to identify the x-intercepts, the x-values where the local maximums
and minimums occur, and the intervals for which the function is increasing or
decreasing over −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Is the sine function even, odd, or neither?

Graphing the Cosine Function

Work with a partner.
a. Complete a table for y = cos x using the same values of x as those used in
Exploration 1.
b. Plot the points (x, y) from part (a) and sketch the graph of y = cos x.
c. Use the graph to identify the x-intercepts, the x-values where the local maximums
and minimums occur, and the intervals for which the function is increasing or
LOOKING FOR decreasing over −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Is the cosine function even, odd, or neither?
STRUCTURE
To be proficient in math,
you need to look closely Communicate Your Answer
to discern a pattern 3. What are the characteristics of the graphs of the sine and cosine functions?
or structure.
4. Describe the end behavior of the graph of y = sin x.

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 9.4 Lesson What You Will Learn
Explore characteristics of sine and cosine functions.
Stretch and shrink graphs of sine and cosine functions.
Core Vocabul
Vocabulary
larry Translate graphs of sine and cosine functions.
amplitude, p. 486 Reflect graphs of sine and cosine functions.
periodic function, p. 486
cycle, p. 486
period, p. 486 Exploring Characteristics of Sine and Cosine Functions
phase shift, p. 488 In this lesson, you will learn to graph sine and cosine functions. The graphs of sine
midline, p. 488 and cosine functions are related to the graphs of the parent functions y = sin x and
y = cos x, which are shown below.
Previous
transformations 3π π π 3π
x −2π − — −π −— 0 — π — 2π
x-intercept 2 2 2 2
y = sin x 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
y = cos x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1

maximum y
y = sin x
value: 1
1
amplitude: 1
range:
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1 3π −π π π π 3π 2π x
− −
2 2 2 2
−1
minimum period:
2π
value: −1

maximum m y
value: 1 y = cos x

amplitude: 1
range:
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1 − 2π 3π −π π π π 3π 2π x
− −
2 2 2 2
−1
minimum period:
2π
value: −1

Core Concept
Characteristics of y = sin x and y = cos x
• The domain of each function is all real numbers.
• The range of each function is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1. So, the minimum value of each
function is −1 and the maximum value is 1.
• The amplitude of the graph of each function is one-half of the difference of
the maximum value and the minimum value, or —12 [1 − (−1)] = 1.
• Each function is periodic, which means that its graph has a repeating pattern.
The shortest repeating portion of the graph is called a cycle. The horizontal
length of each cycle is called the period. Each graph shown above has a period
of 2π.
• The x-intercepts for y = sin x occur when x = 0, ±π, ±2π, ±3π, . . ..
π 3π 5π 7π
• The x-intercepts for y = cos x occur when x = ± —, ± —, ± —, ± —, . . ..
2 2 2 2

486 Chapter 9 Trigonometric Ratios and Functions

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 Stretching and Shrinking Sine and Cosine Functions
The graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx represent transformations of their parent
functions. The value of a indicates a vertical stretch (a > 1) or a vertical shrink
(0 < a < 1) and changes the amplitude of the graph. The value of b indicates a
REMEMBER horizontal stretch (0 < b < 1) or a horizontal shrink (b > 1) and changes the period
of the graph.
⋅
The graph of y = a f (x) is
a vertical stretch or shrink y = a sin bx
of the graph of y = f (x) by y = a cos bx
a factor of a.
1
The graph of y = f (bx) vertical stretch or shrink by a factor of a horizontal stretch or shrink by a factor of —
b
is a horizontal stretch or
shrink of the graph of
1
y = f (x) by a factor of —.
b
Core Concept
Amplitude and Period
The amplitude and period of the graphs of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx, where
a and b are nonzero real numbers, are as follows:
2π
Amplitude = ∣ a ∣ Period = —
∣b∣

2π
Each graph below shows five key points that partition the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ — into
b
four equal parts. You can use these points to sketch the graphs of y = a sin bx and
y = a cos bx. The x-intercepts, maximum, and minimum occur at these points.

y y
y = a cos bx
( 14 ∙ 2bπ , a( y = a sin bx
(0, a)
( 2bπ , 0( ( 14 ∙ 2bπ , 0( ( 2bπ , a(
(0, 0) x x
( 12 ∙ 2bπ , 0( ( 34 ∙ 2bπ , 0(
( 34 ∙ 2bπ , −a( ( 12 ∙ 2bπ , −a(

Graphing a Sine Function

Identify the amplitude and period of g(x) = 4 sin x. Then graph the function and
REMEMBER describe the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f (x) = sin x.
A vertical stretch of a
graph does not change its SOLUTION
x-intercept(s). So, it makes The function is of the form g(x) = a sin bx where a = 4 and b = 1. So, the amplitude
sense that the x-intercepts 2π 2π
of g(x) = 4 sin x and is a = 4 and the period is — = — = 2π.
b 1
f (x) = sin x are the same. y
4
g
1
( ⋅
Intercepts: (0, 0); — 2π, 0 = (π, 0); (2π, 0)
2 ) 4

π
−
π
4
f
9π
4
(⋅ ) ( )
1
Maximum: — 2π, 4 = —, 4
4 2
π
2
3π
2
x

3π
Minimum: ( ⋅ 2π, −4 ) = ( , −4 )
3
— —
4 2
−4
The graph of g is a vertical stretch by a factor of 4 of the graph of f.

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 Graphing a Cosine Function
1
Identify the amplitude and period of g(x) = — cos 2πx. Then graph the function and
2
describe the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of f (x) = cos x.

SOLUTION
1
The function is of the form g(x) = a cos bx where a = — and b = 2π. So, the
2
1 2π 2π
amplitude is a = — and the period is — = — = 1.
2 b 2π
STUDY TIP
After you have drawn
one complete cycle of
(
1
) ( )( ⋅ ) ( )
⋅1 3 3
Intercepts: — 1, 0 = — , 0 ; — 1, 0 = — , 0
4 4 4 4

Maximums: ( 0, ); ( 1, )
the graph in Example 2 1 1 y
— — 1
on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 2 2
you can extend the graph
Minimum: ( ⋅ 1, − ) = ( , − )
1 1 1 1
by repeating the cycle as — — — —
2 2 2 2 1 2 x
many times as desired to
the left and right of −1
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

1
The graph of g is a vertical shrink by a factor of — and a horizontal shrink by a
2
1
factor of — of the graph of f.
2π

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Identify the amplitude and period of the function. Then graph the function and
describe the graph of g as a transformation of the graph of its parent function.
REMEMBER 1 1 1
1. g(x) = —4 sin x 2. g(x) = cos 2x 3. g(x) = 2 sin πx 4. g(x) = —3 cos —2 x
The graph of y = f (x) + k
is a vertical translation of
the graph of y = f (x).
The graph of y = f (x − h)
is a horizontal translation
Translating Sine and Cosine Functions
of the graph of y = f (x). The graphs of y = a sin b(x − h) + k and y = a cos b(x − h) + k represent
translations of y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx. The value of k indicates a translation up
(k > 0) or down (k < 0). The value of h indicates a translation left (h < 0) or right
(h > 0). A horizontal translation of a periodic function is called a phase shift.

Core Concept
Graphing y = a sin b(x − h) + k and y = a cos b(x − h) + k
To graph y = a sin b(x − h) + k or y = a cos b(x − h) + k where a > 0 and
b > 0, follow these steps:
2π
Step 1 Identify the amplitude a, the period —, the horizontal shift h, and the
b
vertical shift k of the graph.
Step 2 Draw the horizontal line y = k, called the midline of the graph.
Step 3 Find the five key points by translating the key points of y = a sin bx or
y = a cos bx horizontally h units and vertically k units.
Step 4 Draw the graph through the five translated key points.

488 Chapter 9 Trigonometric Ratios and Functions

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 Graphing a Vertical Translation

Graph g(x) = 2 sin 4x + 3.

LOOKING FOR SOLUTION

STRUCTURE Step 1 Identify the amplitude, period, horizontal shift, and vertical shift.
The graph of g is a Amplitude: a = 2 Horizontal shift: h = 0
translation 3 units up of
the graph of f (x) = 2 sin 4x. 2π 2π π
Period: — = — = — Vertical shift: k = 3
So, add 3 to the b 4 2
y-coordinates of the Step 2 Draw the midline of the graph, y = 3.
five key points of f.
Step 3 Find the five key points.
π π π π
( 4 4 ) ( )(
On y = k: (0, 0 + 3) = (0, 3); —, 0 + 3 = —, 3 ; —, 0 + 3 = —, 3
2 2 ) ( )
π π
Maximum: ( , 2 + 3 ) = ( , 5 )
— —
y
8 8
5
3π 3π
(
Minimum: —, −2 + 3 = —, 1
8 8 ) ( )
1
Step 4 Draw the graph through the key points.
−1 π π x
4 2

Graphing a Horizontal Translation

1
Graph g(x) = 5 cos — (x − 3π).
2

SOLUTION
LOOKING FOR Step 1 Identify the amplitude, period, horizontal shift, and vertical shift.
STRUCTURE
The graph of g is a Amplitude: a = 5 Horizontal shift: h = 3π
translation 3π units 2π 2π
right of the graph of Period: — = — = 4π Vertical shift: k = 0
b 1
—
f (x) = 5 cos —12 x. So, add 3π 2
to the x-coordinates of the Step 2 Draw the midline of the graph. Because k = 0, the midline is the x-axis.
five key points of f.
Step 3 Find the five key points.
y
On y = k: (π + 3π, 0) = (4π, 0); 6
(3π + 3π, 0) = (6π, 0)
2
Maximums: (0 + 3π, 5) = (3π, 5); x
(4π + 3π, 5) = (7π, 5) π 3π 5π 7π 9π
−2
Minimum: (2π + 3π, −5) = (5π, −5)
−6
Step 4 Draw the graph through the key points.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph the function.

1 π
5. g(x) = cos x + 4 (
6. g(x) = — sin x − —
2 2 ) 7. g(x) = sin(x + π) − 1

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 Reflecting Sine and Cosine Functions
You have graphed functions of the form y = a sin b(x − h) + k and
y = a cos b(x − h) + k, where a > 0 and b > 0. To see what happens when a < 0,
consider the graphs of y = −sin x and y = −cos x.
y
y = −sin x
y y = −cos x
( 32π , 1( (π, 1)
1 1
REMEMBER (0, 0) (2π, 0) ( π2, 0( ( 32π , 0( x
This result makes sense π x π 2π
(π, 0)
because the graph of 2
−1
y = −f (x) is a reflection in (0, −1) (2π, −1)
the x-axis of the graph of
( π2 , −1(
y = f (x).
The graphs are reflections of the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x in the x-axis. In
general, when a < 0, the graphs of y = a sin b(x − h) + k and y = a cos b(x − h) + k
are reflections of the graphs of y = ∣ a ∣ sin b(x − h) + k and y = ∣ a ∣ cos b(x − h) + k,
respectively, in the midline y = k.

Graphing a Reflection

2 π
Graph g(x) = −2 sin — x − — .
3 2 ( )
SOLUTION
Step 1 Identify the amplitude, period, horizontal shift, and vertical shift.
π
Amplitude: ∣ a ∣ = ∣ −2 ∣ = 2 Horizontal shift: h = —
2
2π 2π
Period: — = — = 3π Vertical shift: k = 0
b 2
—
3
Step 2 Draw the midline of the graph. Because k = 0, the midline is the x-axis.
2 π
Step 3 Find the five key points of f (x) = ∣ −2 ∣ sin — x − — . ( )
3 2
π π 3π π π 7π
( ) ( )(
On y = k: 0 + —, 0 = —, 0 ; — + —, 0 = (2π, 0); 3π + —, 0 = —, 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 )
) ( ) (
STUDY TIP Maximum: (
3π π
—
5π
+ , 2) = ( , 2) Minimum: (
—
9π π
+ , −2 ) = (
—
11π
, −2 ) — — —
In Example 5, the 4 2 4 4 2 4
maximum value and Step 4 Reflect the graph. Because a < 0, y
minimum value of f the graph is reflected in the midline
are the minimum value 5π 5π
and maximum value, ( )
y = 0. So, —, 2 becomes —, −2
4 4 ( ) 1

respectively, of g. 11π 11π

( )
and —, −2 becomes —, 2 .
4 4 ( ) −1
π 3π x

Step 5 Draw the graph through the key points.

Monitoring Progress Help in English and Spanish at BigIdeasMath.com

Graph the function.

π 1
8. g(x) = −cos x + — ( 2 ) 9. g(x) = −3 sin — x + 2
2
10. g(x) = −2 cos 4x − 1

490 Chapter 9 Trigonometric Ratios and Functions

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 9.4 Exercises Dynamic Solutions available at BigIdeasMath.com

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. COMPLETE THE SENTENCE The shortest repeating portion of the graph of a periodic function is
called a(n) _________.
1
2. WRITING Compare the amplitudes and periods of the functions y = —2 cos x and y = 3 cos 2x.

3. VOCABULARY What is a phase shift? Give an example of a sine function that has a phase shift.

4. VOCABULARY What is the midline of the graph of the function y = 2 sin 3(x + 1) − 2?

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 5–8, determine whether In Exercises 13–20, identify the amplitude and period of
the graph represents a periodic function. If so, identify the function. Then graph the function and describe the
the period. graph of g as a transformation of the graph of its parent
function. (See Examples 1 and 2.)
5. y 6. y

1
13. g(x) = 3 sin x 14. g(x) = 2 sin x
1
x
15. g(x) = cos 3x 16. g(x) = cos 4x
π
2
2 4 x
17. g(x) = sin 2π x 18. g(x) = 3 sin 2x

1 1
19. g(x) = —3 cos 4x 20. g(x) = —2 cos 4πx
7. y 8. y
1 4 21. ANALYZING EQUATIONS Which functions have an
amplitude of 4 and a period of 2?
2 y = 4 cos 2x
10 x
A
B y = −4 sin πx
−1
2 4 6 x
C y = 2 sin 4x
D y = 4 cos πx
In Exercises 9–12, identify the amplitude and period of
the graph of the function. 22. WRITING EQUATIONS Write an equation of the form
9. y 10. y y = a sin bx, where a > 0 and b > 0, so that the graph
0.5 has the given amplitude and period.
1
a. amplitude: 1 b. amplitude: 10
2π x period: 5 period: 4
1 2 x

c. amplitude: 2 d. amplitude: —12

period: 2π period: 3π

11. y 12. y 23. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The motion

4 of a pendulum can be modeled by the function
2 d = 4 cos 8π t, where d is the horizontal displacement
(in inches) of the pendulum relative to its position at
π π x π 4π 7π x
−2 2 rest and t is the time (in seconds). Find and interpret
−4 the period and amplitude in the context of this
situation. Then graph the function.

Section 9.4 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions 491

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 24. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS A buoy bobs up USING STRUCTURE In Exercises 37– 40, describe the
and down as waves go past. The vertical displacement transformation of the graph of f represented by the
y (in feet) of the buoy with respect to sea level can be function g.
π
modeled by y = 1.75 cos —t, where t is the time
3
(in seconds). Find and interpret the period and ( π2 )
37. f (x) = cos x, g(x) = 2 cos x − — + 1
amplitude in the context of the problem. Then graph π
the function. 38. f (x) = sin x, g(x) = 3 sin( x + ) − 2 —
4
39. f (x) = sin x, g(x) = sin 3(x + 3π) − 5

40. f (x) = cos x, g(x) = cos 6(x − π) + 9

In Exercises 41–48, graph the function. (See Example 5.)

41. g(x) = −cos x + 3 42. g(x) = −sin x − 5
1
43. g(x) = −sin —x − 2 44. g(x) = −cos 2x + 1
2
In Exercises 25–34, graph the function. (See Examples 45. g(x) = −sin(x − π) + 4
3 and 4.)
46. g(x) = −cos(x + π) − 2
25. g(x) = sin x + 2 26. g(x) = cos x − 4

27. g(x) = cos x − — ( π

2 ) (
28. g(x) = sin x + —
π
4 ) ( π4 )
47. g(x) = −4 cos x + — − 1

π
29. g(x) = 2 cos x − 1 30. g(x) = 3 sin x + 1 48. g(x) = −5 sin( x − ) + 3 —
2
31. g(x) = sin 2(x + π) 49. USING EQUATIONS Which of the following is a
point where the maximum value of the graph of
32. g(x) = cos 2(x − π) π
(
y = −4 cos x − — occurs?
2 )
1 π π
33. g(x) = sin —(x + 2π) + 3
2 A (
−—, 4
2 ) B —, 4
2 ( )
1 C D (π, 4)
34. g(x) = cos —(x − 3π) − 5 (0, 4)
2

35. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in 50. ANALYZING RELATIONSHIPS Match each function
2 with its graph. Explain your reasoning.
finding the period of the function y = sin —x.
3 a. y = 3 + sin x b. y = −3 + cos x

✗
π π
∣b∣ ∣ — ∣= 1
2 c. y = sin 2 x − —
2( ) d. y = cos 2 x − —
2 ( )
3
Period: —
2π —
=
2π —
3π A. y B. y
4
1

36. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in π π x

2 1
determining the point where the maximum value of −1
π
(
the function y = 2 sin x − — occurs.
2 ) π 2π x

C. y D. y

✗ Maximum: π 2π x 1
−1

( ( —14 ⋅2π ) − —π2, 2 ) = ( —π2 − —π2, 2 ) π

2
π
x

= (0, 2) −4

492 Chapter 9 Trigonometric Ratios and Functions

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 WRITING EQUATIONS In Exercises 51–54, write a rule 57. USING TOOLS The average wind speed s (in miles per
for g that represents the indicated transformations of hour) in the Boston Harbor can be approximated by
the graph of f.
π
s = 3.38 sin — (t + 3) + 11.6
51. f (x) = 3 sin x; translation 2 units up and π units right 180
where t is the time in days and t = 0 represents
52. f (x) = cos 2πx; translation 4 units down and 3 units left
January 1. Use a graphing calculator to graph the
function. On which days of the year is the average
1
53. f (x) = —3 cos πx; translation 1 unit down, followed by wind speed 10 miles per hour? Explain your
a reflection in the line y = −1 reasoning.

1 3 58. USING TOOLS The water depth d (in feet) for the Bay
54. f (x) = —2 sin 6x; translation —2 units down and 1 unit
π
3 of Fundy can be modeled by d = 35 − 28 cos —t,
right, followed by a reflection in the line y = −—2 6.2
where t is the time in hours and t = 0 represents
55. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS The height h midnight. Use a graphing calculator to graph the
(in feet) of a swing above the ground can be modeled function. At what time(s) is the water depth 7 feet?
by the function h = −8 cos θ + 10, where the pivot is Explain.
10 feet above the ground, the rope is 8 feet long, and
θ is the angle that the rope makes with the vertical.
Graph the function. What is the height of the swing
when θ is 45°?

10 − h 8 ft θ high tide low tide

8 ft
10 ft

h
59. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Find the average rate of
Front view Side view change of each function over the interval 0 < x < π.
a. y = 2 cos x
56. DRAWING A CONCLUSION In a particular region, the
population L (in thousands) of lynx (the predator) and b. π 3π
the population H (in thousands) of hares (the prey) x 0 — π — 2π
2 2
can be modeled by the equations
f (x) = −cos x −1 0 1 0 −1
π
L = 11.5 + 6.5 sin — t
5 c. y
π
H = 27.5 + 17.5 cos — t
5 1
f
where t is the time in years.
π x
a. Determine the ratio of hares to lynx when
t = 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 years.
b. Use the figure to explain how the changes in the
two populations appear to be related.
60. REASONING Consider the functions y = sin(−x) and
y = cos(−x).
Animal Populations
y
a. Construct a table of values for each equation
using the quadrantal angles in the interval
(thousands)
Population

H
40 −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
20 b. Graph each function.
L
0 c. Describe the transformations of the graphs of the
0 4 8 12 16 t
parent functions.
Time (years)

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 61. MODELING WITH MATHEMATICS You are riding a 66. THOUGHT PROVOKING Use a graphing calculator
Ferris wheel that turns for 180 seconds. Your height to find a function of the form y = sin b1x + cos b2x
h (in feet) above the ground at any time t (in seconds) whose graph matches that shown below.
can be modeled by the equation
π y
h = 85 sin —(t − 10) + 90.
20
a. Graph the function.
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6x
b. How many cycles
does the Ferris wheel −2
make in 180 seconds?
c. What are your maximum
and minimum heights?
67. PROBLEM SOLVING For a person at rest, the blood
pressure P (in millimeters of mercury) at time t (in
62. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? Use the graph to answer seconds) is given by the function
each question.
8π
P = 100 − 20 cos —t.
y 3
6 Graph the function. One cycle is equivalent to one
heartbeat. What is the pulse rate (in heartbeats per
minute) of the person?
−π π x

−6

a. Does the graph represent a function of the form

f(x) = a sin bx or f(x) = a cos bx? Explain.
b. Identify the maximum value, minimum value,
period, and amplitude of the function.
68. PROBLEM SOLVING The motion of a spring can
be modeled by y = A cos kt, where y is the vertical
63. FINDING A PATTERN Write an expression in terms of displacement (in feet) of the spring relative to its
the integer n that represents all the x-intercepts of the position at rest, A is the initial displacement (in feet),
graph of the function y = cos 2x. Justify your answer. k is a constant that measures the elasticity of the
spring, and t is the time (in seconds).
64. MAKING AN ARGUMENT Your friend states that for a. You have a spring whose motion can be modeled
functions of the form y = a sin bx and y = a cos bx, by the function y = 0.2 cos 6t. Find the initial
the values of a and b affect the x-intercepts of the displacement and the period of the spring. Then
graph of the function. Is your friend correct? Explain. graph the function.
65. CRITICAL THINKING Describe a transformation of the b. When a damping force is applied to the spring,
graph of f (x) = sin x that results in the graph of the motion of the spring can be modeled by the
g(x) = cos x. function y = 0.2e−4.5t cos 4t. Graph this function.
What effect does damping have on the motion?

Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency Reviewing what you learned in previous grades and lessons

Simplify the rational expression, if possible. (Section 7.3)

x2 + x − 6 x3 − 2x2 − 24x x2 − 4x − 5 x2 − 16
69. — 70. —— 71. — 72. —
x+3 2 x − 2x − 24 x + 4x − 5
2 2x + x − 20

Find the least common multiple of the expressions. (Section 7.4)

73. 2x, 2(x − 5) 74. x2 − 4, x + 2 75. x2 + 8x + 12, x + 6

494 Chapter 9 Trigonometric Ratios and Functions

hsnb_alg2_pe_0904.indd 494 2/5/15 1:50 PM