Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM

Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta

Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 24: Serial Port Terminal Application
(Coolterm)
 About CoolTerm

 Configuration

 Demonstration
Introduction

• Sensor data depends on the connection as well as on noise so we need to check the value of
sensor.
• The value must be printed on the screen.
• To print the value on the PC screen we need a communication channel.
• A serial communication link between the PC and microcontroller is used to transfer data from
microcontroller to PC.
• Software tools such as CoolTerm, TeraTerm, etc. are used to establish the serial communication
and to print the data on the PC screen.

3
HyperTerminal

• Software Tools that enables serial communication between the desktop/laptop and the
microcontroller are termed as HyperTerminal Tool.
• Examples: CoolTerm, TeraTerm, etc.

• For our experiments, it is required to ensure that there is some HyperTerminal installed on the
computer.
• Will enable serial data communication with the microcontroller.
• HyperTerminal connections in the present context shall be made using USB port.

4
CoolTerm

• In our experiments we shall be using CoolTerm.

• Available on a wide variety of platforms.
• It can be downloaded from several sites:
http://download.cnet.com/CoolTerm/3000-2383_4-10915882.html
http://coolterm.en.lo4d.com/

• After extracting the file we shall get the CoolTerm.exe file.

• This will be used for serial connection between the PC/laptop and the STM32 kit.

5
Settings on CoolTerm

• For proper data communication, proper settings have to be made on the HyperTerminal
software.
• We shall explain the steps for CoolTerm.
• The default serial configuration in CoolTerm is 9600 bauds, 8-bit data.
• If you have not set any bauds rate in the program, then no need to change on this.
Else it can be set to match with the program.

6
Connect

7
Configuration

8
Example

9
Output

10
11
Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM
Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta
Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 25: Experiment with Temperature Sensor
 Interfacing LM35 to STM32 board

 Calibration and program code

 Demonstration
Temperature Sensing

• Sensing temperature has various applications:

• Measure temperature of body, sophisticated Industrial appliances, chemical
plants, etc.
• Weather forecast.

• Thermometer is the most widely used instrument for temperature

sensing.
• A mercury thermometer does not produce signals on temperature change,
instead changes its property (viz. expansion or contraction).
• A digital thermometer displays temperature on a tiny LCD display.

3
LM35 Temperature Sensor
• Precision integrated-circuit temperature device with an output voltage
linearly proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius (or
Fahrenheit).
• Linear characteristic: +10 mV/°C change in output.
• Rated for full −55°C to 150°C range.
• How to use the LM35?
• Connect power supply (say, +5V and GND) to pins 1 and 3.
• Measure the analog voltage output on pin2.
• We can connect pin 2 to one of the analog input pins of the microcontroller.

4
 Reading Analog Value from LM35
• Connect the two extreme terminals to #include “mbed.h”
AnalogIn sensor(A1);
power (say, 5V) and GND. …
• The middle terminal will produce a voltage float p;
proportional to the temperature. p = sensor.read();
…
pc.printf (“\n Value read: %f”, p);
…

5
Calibration
• LM35 output voltage increases linearly with increase in temperature.
• 10 mV increase for every °C rise in temperature.
• For k°C, the output voltage will be 10k mV.
• If maximum temperature is 50°C, maximum output voltage will be 0.5 V (10x50 = 500).

• How to compute the temperature in oC?

• The read() function in AnalogIn class returns a fraction between 0 and 1.
• Apply a voltage 0.5V directly to the analog input pin, and measure the value printed by
the program (suppose, the value printed is Pmax).
• For an unknown temperature, if the value printed is P, the temperature value can
be calculated as
T = 50 / Pmax * P

6
• Alternate way of computing:
• Suppose the room temperature is 20°C
• Using Coolterm, we run the program and suppose we find the value printed as 0.06
• For any unknown temperature, if the value printed is P, the temperature in °C will be
20P / 0.06

7
An Experiment using LM35

• Design a Temperature Sensing Unit using STM32 Nucleo-F401RE kit and a LM35
temperature sensor to sense the environmental temperature, and display it in
Centigrade scale on a LCD display unit.
• The analog output voltage from LM35 is connected to pin A1 of the Arduino connector of the
STM32 board.

8
Connection Diagram

9
 int main(){
Mbed Program Code int val=297; // after calibration
char buf[20];
float p;
#include "mbed.h" lcd.setLine(0, "Temp in Degree C");
#include "string.h" while(1) {
#include "TextLCDScroll.h” p = sensor.read();
sprintf(buf, "%4.2f", p*val);
TextLCDScroll lcd (D13, D12, D11, D10, D9, lcd.setLine(1, buf);
D8, TextLCD::LCD16x2); wait(1);
Serial pc (USBTX,USBRX); }
AnalogIn sensor(A1); }
DigitalOut led(D2);

10
11
Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM
Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta
Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 26: Experiment with LDR Light Sensor (Part 1)
 LDR interface circuit

 Experiment for sensing ambient light level

and changing intensity of a LED (using PWM)

 Demonstration
 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
• A LDR is a variable resistor (a passive
component) whose resistance value changes
depending upon the amount of light falling on
it.
• More the amount of light, less will be the
resistance and vice versa.
• The variation of resistance with light intensity is
non-linear.
• A simple resistance divider can generate an
analog voltage that depends on RLDR.

3
LDR Interfacing
• First test the LDR by measuring its resistance.
• Consider for example, RLDR = 150 KΩ (no light), and RLDR = 10 KΩ (light)

V = 5V
I = V /(RLDR + R1)
Vout = I * R1
LDR RLDR
= V * R1 /(RLDR + R1)
Vout = 5 * R1 /(RLDR + R2)
R1

4
 How to choose R1?
• Within the range of light intensity for some application,
the variation in output voltage should be appreciable. R1 Vout Vout
(light) (no light)
• Consider for example, RLDR = 150 KΩ (no light), and
1 KΩ 0.45 V 0.03 V
RLDR = 10 KΩ (light)
5 KΩ 1.67 V 0.16 V
Vout = 5 * R1 /(RLDR + R1)
10 KΩ 2.50 V 0.31 V
20 KΩ 3.33 V 0.56 V
50 KΩ 4.17 V 1.25 V

5
Nonlinear Variation of Resistance with Light

6
The Experiment

• Create a “Room Light Controller” using LDR. Sense the ambient light and adjust the intensity of
the room light accordingly.
• For demonstration, we use a LDR circuit connected to the analog input pin A1 of the Arduino interface.
• Instead of a bulb (in a room), we use a LED that is connected to the PWM digital output pin D3.
• The duty cycle of the PWM signal is varied depending on the level of light.
• In the experiment, we define three levels with corresponding duty cycles 1.0 (fully on),
0.8 (somewhat dim), and 0.0 (off).
• The LED glows when D3 is at 0.

7
• How are the threshold values determined?
• Have been fixed through experimentation.
• The analog input voltage read from LDR output (0 to 1 range) is multiplied by 5000.
• The three threshold ranges are fixed at 200, 500 and 850.
• Less than 200 :: PWM duty cycle = 0.0, and so on.

8
Connection
Diagram

9
 Mbed C Code for STM32
#include "mbed.h" if (in2>850) {
PwmOut LED(D3); LED=1.0;
AnalogIn myIn(A1); }
int main() else if (in2>500 && in2<850) {
{ LED=0.8;
float in1; }
int in2; else if (in2<200) {
while (1) LED=0.0;
{ }
in1 = myIn.read(); }
in2 = in1*5000;

10
11
Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM
Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta
Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 25: Experiment with LDR Light Sensor (Part 2)
 Experiment of object counting using LDR
light sensor

 Demonstration
The Experiment
• Design a counter (using LDR and LED’s), which will display the number of persons present in a
room on a 7-segment LED display

• [Hint: Use two LDRs to detect direction of motion i.e., whether a person
is entering or leaving]

3
The Arrangement

LDR
LDR1 LDR
LDR1

Entry Point Exit Point

4
Basic Concept

a) Initialize counter to 0.
b) If the light intensity read by LDR from entry point decreases, increment the
counter.
c) If the light intensity read by LDR from exit point decreases, decrement the
counter.

5
Connection Diagram

6
 void Display(int disp){
The Mbed C Code switch(disp)
{
case 0: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=1; break;
#include "mbed.h" case 1: A=1;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=1;G=1; break;
#include "string.h" case 2: A=0;B=0;C=1;D=0;E=0;F=1;G=0; break;
DigitalOut A(D2); case 3: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=1;G=0; break;
DigitalOut B(D3); case 4: A=1;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut C(D4); case 5: A=0;B=1;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut D(D5); case 6: A=0;B=1;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=0; break;
case 7: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=1;G=1; break;
DigitalOut E(D6);
case 8: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut F(D7); case 9: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut G(D8); }
AnalogIn Entry(A1); }
AnalogIn Exit(A2);

7
int main(){ else if(ex<200) {
float en, ex; per=per-1; Display(per);
int per=0; wait(1);
while(1) { }
en = Entry.read(); else if (per<=0 || per>9) {
ex = Exit.read(); per=0; Display(per);
en=en*5000; wait(1);
ex=ex*5000; }
if (en<200) else
{ {
per=per+1; Display(per);
Display(per); wait(1);
wait(1); }
} }
}

8
9
Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM
Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta
Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 28: Experiment with Speaker
 Speaker interface circuit

 Experiments using speaker

 Demonstration
How does a speaker work?

• Speakers work by converting electrical energy to mechanical energy (motion).

• The mechanical energy compresses air and converts the motion into sound energy or sound
pressure level.

3
How to Interface a Speaker?

• Any waveform in the audio frequency range from an output port can drive the speaker.
• May require an amplifier circuit to generate adequate power for the electromagnet.

• A simple transistor based amplifier circuit:

4
• Small speakers (e.g. 8 ohms or less) can also be driven directly from the port lines of a
microcontroller.
• Of course, sound output will be low.

From digital
port

Ground

5
Experiment 1

• Produce a fixed tone on the speaker by generating a square wave of a particular

frequency, and use it to drive the speaker.
• Audible sound is in the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
• In this experiment, we generate a tone with frequency 250 Hz.
• We can use a pulse width modulated (PWM) port to generate the speaker control signal, by
specifying:
a) The time period of the generated waveform (i.e. 1 / frequency)
b) The duty cycle of the generated waveform :: TON / (TON + TOFF)

6
The PwmOut API :: Relevant Member Functions

• PwmOut (PinName pin)

• Create a PwmOut connected to the specified pin.
• void write (float value)
• Set the output duty cycle, specified as a percentage.
• void period (float seconds)
• Set the PWM period, specified in seconds.

7
Connection Diagram – STM32

D3/PWM

STM32F401RE
GND

8
Mbed program for Speaker (beep)

#include "mbed.h"
DigitalOut speaker(D3);
int main() {
while(1) { This program does not use PWM. It
speaker = 0; simply outputs 0 and 1 alternately,
with time period 4 msec, i.e.
wait (0.002); // Wait 2 msec
frequency of 250 Hz.
speaker = 1;
wait (0.002); // Wait 2 msec
}
}

9
Experiment 2

• Generate a two-frequency tone on the speaker, alternating between 333 Hz and

455 Hz, playing each frequency tone for 0.5 second.
• Play 333 Hz tone for 0.5 second (time period = 3.0 msec).
• Play 455 Hz tone for 0.5 second (time period = 2.2 msec).
• Repeat the process in a loop.

10
 Mbed program for Speaker (Ambulance Sound)
#include "mbed.h"
PwmOut mypwm(D3);
int main() {
mypwm.period_us(3000);
mypwm.pulsewidth_us(1550);
while(1) {
mypwm.period_us(3000);
mypwm.pulsewidth_us(1550);
wait(0.5); // Play tone-1 for 0.5 sec
mypwm.period_us(2200);
mypwm.pulsewidth_us(100);
wait(0.5); // Play tone-2 for 0.5 sec
}
}

11
Experiment 3

• Generate the 12 musical notes of an octave on the speaker.

• Start with the base frequency of 300 Hz.
• The frequency of the next note is generated by multiplying with 12th root of 2 (i.e. 1.0595).
• After completing a cycle, it will repeat.

12
#include "mbed.h"
PwmOut speaker(D3);
int main() { Mbed
float freq, period;
int i;
program for
speaker.write (0.5); // Set duty cycle to 0.5 Speaker
while (1) {
freq = 300.0; // Start with 300 Hz
(Sa Re Ga Ma)
for (i=0; i<12; i++) {
period = 1.0 / freq;
speaker.period (period);
wait (0.5);
freq = freq * 1.0595; // Multiply by 12th root of 2
}

wait (1);}
}

13
Experiment 4

• Here the successive notes of a musical piece is played in a repetitive fashion.

14
 wait (0.5);
freq = 294.0;
#include "mbed.h"
period = 1.0 / freq;

PwmOut speaker(D3);
speaker.period (period); Mbed
wait (0.5);
int main() {
freq = 262.0; program for
float freq, period;
int i;
period = 1.0 / freq; Speaker
speaker.period (period);
speaker.write (0.5);
wait (0.5);
(Musical Tone)
// Set duty cycle to 0.5
freq = 349.0;
while (1) {
period = 1.0 / freq;
freq = 262.0;
speaker.period (period);
period = 1.0 / freq;
wait (0.5);
speaker.period (period);
freq = 330.0;
wait (0.5);
period = 1.0 / freq;
freq = 262.0;
speaker.period (period);
period = 1.0 / freq;
wait (0.5);
speaker.period (period);
wait (0.5);
}
}

15
16
Course Name: Embedded System Design with ARM
Faculty Name: Dr. Kamalika Datta
Department : Computer Science and Engineering

Topic
Lecture 29: Experiments with Microphone
 Microphone interfacing

 Experiments using microphone

 Demonstration
What is a Microphone?

• A microphone is a type of transducer, that converts acoustical energy (sound

waves) into electrical energy (the audio signal).

3
Typical Microphone Interfacing Circuit

4
Microphone Module with Interface

• For ease of interfacing, microphone with driver circuit is available as a module.

• Can work with power supply of 3.3V

to 5.0V.
• Digital output (0 or 1), depending on
whether sound is detected or not.
• Can be directly interfaced with the
microcontroller.

5
Experiment 1

• Implement a clap switch, where a LED can be turned ON using the sound from a
clap.
• The microphone circuit is interfaced to the AnalogIn pin A1.
• The AnalogIn object converts the input voltage to floating-point numbers from 0.0 to 1.0.
• Through experimentation, we can determine the threshold value, which would depend on
the noise of the environment.
• The microphone module used, however, generates a 2-level digital output.
• A LED is connected to the DigitalOut pin D2, where the LED glows if the
D2 pin is at 0.
• The LED turns on for 3 seconds, and then turns off.

6
Connection Diagram – STM32

7
Mbed program for Microphone
#include "mbed.h"
AnalogIn analog_value(A1);
DigitalOut led(D2);
int main() {
float meas;
while(1) {
led = 1;
meas = analog_value.read();
if (meas>=0.7){
led = 0;
wait(3);
led = 1;
}
}
}

8
Experiment 2

• Interface a microphone and a 7-segment LED display unit to the microcontroller,

and display the number of claps on the 7-segment display.

9
Connection Diagram – STM32

10
 Mbed program for Microphone (Clap Count)
void Display(int disp) {
#include "mbed.h"
switch(disp)
DigitalOut A(D2); {
DigitalOut B(D3); case 0: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=1; break;
DigitalOut C(D4); case 1: A=1;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=1;G=1; break;
case 2: A=0;B=0;C=1;D=0;E=0;F=1;G=0; break;
DigitalOut D(D5); case 3: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=1;G=0; break;
DigitalOut E(D6); case 4: A=1;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut F(D7); case 5: A=0;B=1;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
case 6: A=0;B=1;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=0; break;
DigitalOut G(D8);
case 7: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=1;E=1;F=1;G=1; break;
AnalogIn val(A1); case 8: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=0;F=0;G=0; break;
case 9: A=0;B=0;C=0;D=0;E=1;F=0;G=0; break;
}
}

11
int num=0;
int main()
{
float meas;
while(1) {
meas = val.read();
if (meas >= 0.7) {
num++;
wait(0.1);
}
if (num > 9) {
num=0;
}
Display(num);
}
}

12
13