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Solaone Ernginentrg
Tmpotant Queston:
queston Chapten wise

bDefae
Deáne ftae nqintortng
Softare enqfneerfng fsTs he gppltoton of
cngtneernn prtnciples, theory. methods and tools
01

Sofuore fngineertr ts the proeSS 0f designing,

develgtr estrg ard moinkatatng heitcomputer
real caorle
progroms or softaare to solve
problers
2 What 15 G process rodel9
Softme process rodel 1S ao Simplked representoti
repigntaton.L
of a softaoe proregs. ¢ abstract
Qne vieô representaton.
Softaare product and softua1e proccss
3) Whd is a
’ Softiare products
Softüore: prodc 'sfs the softüare sich
is deliyescd 40 the customer Qih theproptr
documentaton
Softoare protesi
A Softüore poceSs 1sÞSet of elated ackvites
thot leads to the producton of o softne product
Thesc actViies may fnvoNe the deeopnent Df
SDftasre fomsCrotch in a standod Jorogramning
lanquoge Ifke Joa o1C
45 What arc functonal rqrements?
The Se are Statements Serv•ces fhe sysB
Shouldprovtde, hod the system should rct to
paticula înputs and hoa the System should
bchove 1n porcular Sttuaions. The fundBo nal
Yeqirement S may alsD expltd+yStte dhat i

the SYstem shoutd Dot do.

.

G) Defne Requîremert maogernent

Requremert manGeînent
undustanding and 'ont nolinq Changesito Systóm
TequlremertS.
6) What is
1s requrement Vatdatio?
7 Requi rement5 valtdokon is the process of chcck trig
dithot, requiernentS actully defne the systern
thathe custormea' Yedly onts.
) Deine ofare protbtypln.
>Aprototype is ßn îniigl Nersion of a sóftüare
Sstem that is used to demonstrateiCorcepts, ny
desian . opionS , and od
fnd out moe gbut
theproblerm Grnd ts.posstble Solution S.
Tn the requirernerS erigieering process,
prototype Can help ath he eltttatior and
validoHon 0f Systen equirementS
£) Define Contex oodel,
&).
ortodels Show hodi a. system thot is
being modeled is positioned inan
environgment Dith other Systerms a nd processes.
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Aey help defne the boundonies of the system te

be developed.

lhat is on interaction mdel?

’ An integcton model is a conce ptuol mde thot
desnb es hoda us interactS Dth a syste or
product
An intecction model provtdes
te undelying Structure
bleprit for bo a þroduct or syterm behoves i
bised on knoLon usCT, behoviour.

lo> what are belov'oura! models

used to destotbe the oveall behaviour fuf the
system
Behavioal modelS Gre models of the dynornic
behaviou 1 Of he System ag it iS exeu tinq
Show ahat hoppens or ahat is Supposed to They
happen ahen o systm rSponds to a Strulus
Lrom S erviron ment

What is DD and ER diogrom.

’ DFD
uSed to documer
Dota ¢lod dioqrams Gre used
ptroore
SoftGre destqn. 1t iS a topdoar process.
DFD is a visual representation 0fhod data
mres
through ySten t proess in
Softa0Yeerqinering
d'agyami
An eotty relatonsbip díoqrorn is a visua
Tepresentation 0f how ertities eate to cach Dtht
a dotabase.
 peivtng a Solutio htch Satisfies Sof toare
TequirementS.
Gofkire desgo is the proces Df planoig sind
Conceptualizinq hod a Softoaye SysteD ll doTk 1!
beore it's implemertad or modiked.
13) Jhat is -architecdural destn2
’ ArchitecBural desiqns conCened ith urderstonog
hos a sgSy sBerm stould be orgonl zed and destotna
desitping
the overall strutre of that Systtm
The intiol destqo precess of 1dentfyinÇ
tdenking the
Sub-Systems and estoblfsbinga fomedors. foa
Sub -ss stern Cortrol and comunlaton is.called
archi tectural desiqn. árd the u put of. this
design process isa desie,tpion of 0ftare
architecture.

4) Define ciert Server Orcbtteoture. DiStaibuted arhitatoe

Distfbuted Systern model shich shoûs
houw dato and prxessing is distantbuttd or0sS
a range of corsponents.
Can be împlernerntd on a
Set of stand -alone Servers Sigle
nhfcb
computer
provide
Specihc_ Servites Such as printing data
managernEht etc
1
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15) Whot is
1s pipe -:lter ar chitee ture9
The processînq O the doBa in
CAbstoct ochine
o systern node)
15 o1garnii zéd So that each protessin corbponent
(AHe) 1s discnete and cories out one typi of
data tronsformation. The data floDS Cpip) frorm
ône component ito another for protessin:
L Lis 400 berefts of obje* " orienteo dest
’ Ay Reusobility.

Mantainabilfty.
S) Abstracton.

(untd modelng anquage)

UmL in softoore cngineertng 1s a sindordized
viSual lanqu0g. us<d to speciiy Suali2e,t
Corstruct, .and docurncot thc desiçh Of-a softDare
Sy Stern.
Tt. provtdesi a set of diaqrarn t0 rcpresent
diferept aspects D¿ a System
V8) Jhat is an ioteface desig
Inteface destgn is (oncend oith Specfying
Ahe detoil of the inte foce to on
objecto to

Tnicface cdectan is the process of reating a

inlerfoc Cur) fo id softQONe., appliition
0T device
 Ias Defne 'oftaare'testing..(validatsor).
Soltesie estingis4he piocess of evaluating
a dnd veoniftng that a sofiare applfation
meds. he Spcchd requirenents
Nalidatont Are ce building +he ontght prduct9
20 JhÏt is unit festing .

Unit testtnq is the protess of

Of HeSfing progam
(omponntS, Such as methods o3 cbject classes
22) Dein uSr testing.
’ Useror customr tesiq is a staçe inhe
tesieg process in cohich users 0D customers
provide nput sánd adrice o sy skerm tesioq
22) What is aaeptarte testioq 2
AcepBGnce tcsting is a uscr testing proccss
proCCsS
ohac 4he atm is to decide f +he sofaore
is qoed enough. to be. deployed ond ugeo
io it5 operotional enviro pment

ÁcepBôrne testtq, bere custo mers testia

Sy Ster to decide hether.0ot. t iS
veady to be accepted form4he syStern
developers and deplbyed in the customer
Cnvironment
23) What are alpha and Beta tesing
Alpho esttng:
Alpha testing hee userS_ of tbe softcar
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203k with the developrert teap to test fhe

Soffsore ot the developer 's ste.

Alpha testing 1s dne on derelopers envionmept

Saisty the wses bedS.

Beto testing:
Taking the systerm to thecustormers covtoromo
ther test the system

Beta testing beca elease o4 the Sottre

is nade available to ustrs to allo them to
expeiment and to aaise problems that they
discovee oth tbc Systen developrs.
24 L1st to release testtnq methad S CBlack boxteth
DefniHon8- functorat testra)
Release testing 15 the poLesSofesting a
pariula release of asy stern that is iofcoded
fos use outside of the dereloprent tom.
nchods:.
 5 Mnnks queshion Chapter Wse:
9Explatn Watrfalt model in. deta:l.

Requirenent
defnton
Softooe
» design

Impemtation
4unit te'sting
IniegratäYn
systern tgtng
nstallctiong
iaintanance.)

- A Woterfal! model the Non- volutbna

nodel and also called as Sequenle
Sequente 0r 1inea
model. Oclossic life
li4 cycle nodel.
take fundomentals acivities lise Specftcotion,
devebpment, Valdaton 4 evobution. represutin
Ahe SepaTate aythot Requirernent Specifcotion
2) softtoat desig
3)Implemcntabon
us Testing
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Ahe potnaiple Stage of woterfol! odel t.

Requtiementdeknition8
CHereUser tells his requi lement i 4 1s
is n ra@ foro.
The system'g enVices constraints, and goals
esBablished by Con SulBaton th. system. users,
-They are then defned in detat| and Seve as a
Sy Stero speccaton
Softaare desiant
Hese destan mears to shoô the deuelopreent sse
- Here partitioning the regoirements ts done.
The system deszn pro cess allocates he reqairemen45
to ether hardaore'or softoare systern s.
Softiore destyr ínvoNes dentiÉnq nd degombing.
the fundomnotal Sltsart. ystemi abstactorsp
their relotion ships
Here, identfy he ubsyStemsubsystems ar
divtded toto. madules 4rndules ore drytdkol foto
unts lfunctions compon ents
3) Jmplemeptaton funit testfoq:
-Dustng
is dae.
this sagetestrg of tndtidua! Conkent
unit tesing. it.co1ll DÇa yure
the crrorS
- H îo lVes Veifytng that cach ubit meets Tts
Specification.
Toteroton systerm testingi
Durin this stage odules 4 sy bsy stensare
tested it is aled ?nteqztion testHnq.
I4 IS uSed in mags
+he Sftoa c is delre procuction,Afto testng
S> Instataton tothc. Custormer
mointanance!
- This is the longcst Heecycte
cycle phasei
The sy Stern Ss tostalld put into practioluse.
maintenance
were volves
not d'sovere in ca Corroting the enors. Dhick
ke
 Advankagcst.
Simple hcay to undaslaod.
?Cleorly: defocd the' staqcs
3) After cvy stoge sla coding. tesHoq is done
t0 check the ared ruoninq 0f the todei
Disadvotagese.
Change is Impossible DC Can'timove to
<urthet Stancse
sBages
3ythis' módeis only appropriate ahenthe
TequiremEntsore Dell- UDderstood.

faplatn Boe hms sptrdl mbdel in dctotl

’ 1! is an evelukonarg preDeLS Model propoitdb4
Bochm SRia
Spital ridel is o risk -driven pdess model that
Combines 1Berate develo prment proiss model ¢ üotefall
model.
Each toop' in the Sital represents a phase of the
Softoote process.
The inncrmost lbop miqbt be Conerncd dith
Systern fasibitty the nert loop DHh requtrernsot
defoiton he neatloop with Sgstem destgo.
fouti phiayes spralmiodel:
- objechue Scitng
scAAng /ptezmiotne_ the sbyctiuei
Collectfq 7eq utroeo4s.oecives, olternatu
and cohstraints oftheproduct
project isks. orederti-fco bid the hoslevogteo,
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2) Riskmanogernci
Jdestikying nd resolkiog rsksahts
risksThi6 îhcdes
Trckudes pottuine
of theprQduct to redíce technical risbs.
chect he ngo nisks, build a beler verstohde
SetdeBat lel requirements. Yevfes ancd prepare f1
for
he neot stee
Sirnulotiorn Buildiag the acual Sodtare procuet or
an tteration f the produtt
- Simalatipn shooBng the Dorksing model c sdtaar
-Analy 2ethe isks aqain buld an dvance verson
d RovieD and yplan nert
4 Planniog
£valuang the output and seceistn_ customr fcdbock.
-The spital ovesfauQard othmore refncd planni
ng based on the fed bacls.
Eindli2e the pratcktheck last miote risk,
Crate thefal vesiontest the system
Jaunch and provide. SuppomtLplan for fatue
updates
AdsoeBogcst
} Risk mansgement
DisadvanBaqstbD
2) Flectbilty 2) Expcnsive
3} Custorme feedback 3) Thme cop Suning
4 Thctmental development 4} Requites.
S) Bett (ast cstiratep S) Mot suitable. far
Small Projccts
piojctS.
 Sptnalmodeli
9 objecive settingb:
RrsK managtron

Risk

analysis
Risk
analysis
Probtypeg
Risk
Review ands tpc\
ReuirtmtsPon
plan Gece Simuohors
ife cYC pon,

Develo pmenReaixemen!
modelsbenchmoks
ValidoionPodic
Product
Plan.. design Detiled

Desgn
test plan. Unit est
Intgroton,
Ser yice Accotandst

Devclopment
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3 &xplatn inrermerta model in detoti

Ccncytent Iniol
Actvihes. Version.

(Specifatisn. irteirnddigte

loutlioe (Degloppent
DcsciptoD
Volkdaton. VesSioO

Incmental derelopeneat is bascd an the tdea

0fOf developniog an Soitial implernentaion. L
eposing bis to uses commeot and evolvino
Several Verions yntl an
System bas been developed.
adequate
- Specitftaton, devele prncnt andvalidatian. activiies
are ioterleaved xathor than Separate,. Ditb
Yapid ced back acxoSS ativitcs.
Benithts
The ostof acommodotn changinq customcI
Teuirerneots iseduced.
t iSCasier fo get custoerfeed bick on the
develapnert oik that bas been done.
CustoneS (an ommeot on dema nstraioRS f
the softwore and sehoû much bas
beer
implzrnenkod.
(ustomas arC able to Ase atd
and qafo Volue hom
Hhe so-4a0e
 Tnanental developneht problemsi
The process is ot wistble
Sq stem Struture tends to degrade as nea.
i2erermerts are added.

4) Distinguish i betDeen plandatven aod agile

deuelopment methods.
Agt Plan Daitver Dexcopment Agile donbptrtn
SAppnach Iinæas, Squcnial (aBuol) Teiate, înuerrèrtol

Planning Eztensive upfiont Flerible, ado pive

planring p\onni g thoughaut the
hDocesS.
3) Requinn stsiXd gad Qel -defnd Evolvtng dfleible,
rorm 4he snnt
k
Can dhangethrouhauk
Mychange DieiutÇcost to Eosy and entauraged
mángyenen t intolporate changes. to odopt+ tó changes.

Light@elg ht,fceg
dekailod. On 0rking Saftagre

s) Develop ment Phases. (andlysis, h Shont paints 00)

ycle iteraton s Qith
design devlopmet, Cortinuas delivery
tes tng) :
4) Besto Marge -Stale,
predicBable pojerts L(hanging: requliongo
ts, fast delkve
eoblerns oth aqile melhods- Jt can bedfuut to keep
iheinterest of custorn rs @ho are inolveo ?nthe
SILNO.:
proceSs
Maintaïning Simpliity rquires ctra cso DATE:
påoritHstog changcs an be difcult ohee thereart muttip le
S) fxplain aqile devtlopmeht in detail. Stakehodes
-oG¡tlepoceses, plorninq is tncremertal
Gnd i is casier to chonge the protess_ oreflect
Chongíng Customer requirenents
-An ogilc process s not inerita bly ode -fouscd
andtray prcdute me designi daumetatjon.
-In agile approach. iteraion occurs oiosS acBvttes,
There forc the reguirem ent5 an the design are
devcloped toacther rathu thon separately.
The gqile developrent teorn may dedde to
incude a doumertaton spise! Dhere,tnstcad
of procucing a ned versi on . f aSy stem,the
teom produt Sy stem dourncrtabor,
doueotahor
Aqil< horging Vay quitkly qu°cs reactor
Agile dvelapmert
Rquitemts Destan
Engigaing Togenxtkatiar

6) Explain functoral 4¢ non- functional equirecotS

'n detal.
Types TequirementS;
Funcioral
2) Non-functoral
3) Dormain specisc
 Funcional requirnentst denibes
Alhak fhe susBer all do9 hat the funetonalbtics
J shoas tonstng prineiple
These are statemeots o ServleS the systmshold
provide.,
hoa the sustem shaulo zct o partiuarBoputs
and tow the system should behave ?n paiticulay
Sifuatbons
To sorme Cases,be unctiona requierzots may'
al so ieplictely State iDhat fhe stere s
funciopal yequiremerstsare Sually idu0beo to £n
abstact ay that can be unolastoo by sytem
wers.

hese steraquice neiats L thoy il help ithe 'assteon

to limit the system ather than qivngthe
flexibility
Aunctons_ lrd by the system
Theye requitemernts apply t the system
aholei rather than indivtclual system featire
Or Servicef.
that are
Dith the speic Servi (es delrered by' the
Systen to its
Alon - 4unconal teq uirermen ts may
overall orchitcatue d oJYstcm afct h
ratha fhôn
the indivtduol comppcn
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Non fancHonal rco ulyeeot

Non-functona
Yequirements

Opiodutt organisottonat Etecna)

cquirecoentsi reguirDentt
O usobility ODelivary
TeQUirn nt
’0standard. Anttropero
-bility
secun+ty er
portability. leq islative
OProduct requirement
-here rquiremésts specify or contain
behaviour fthe softcaa|e.
xi- Cxecution spe re liobity etc
Requirerneots abich speity that the
dellyerecd procluct must beh ave in a partioular
jt ts using
Soter face. appropriate wer
Dependabi lit Relioble Serute Safe
Yeliobilit requiremeats that set out the
aceplable failure rote.
@ Por tability?- Aranfeable,
com2atable,
înteroperotable DOLksD)
dfferent
erfor tnance requiemot opciabqsytt
boo ast he
S4ste
requines.
 bqantsattooatreauieonentSt.
Requtrcments hich speufy that deivr
Produtt mut behave inthe
-These Te¡uiI ern eotsr hich a apartiulay ado
Consequence
of organi sahonal poliaes and protdureg
E- process stancards &ed
Tequirmnts etGL Rsed, Implemeatatioo.
O Deliyary jequirerentsi Produet detvereo
atth proper docunen tation
H refleets to the
(2 tandardh organisattoo
eSsent ial qualty Yequiirernth-s
method s to
product adopt ta devedap parfiaular
implemokafion
Spectythe proq ramoninq language
Rfiectione divelaprmat nethod cdio
Dígaoisaion.
3 teroaLreguiemenkst
Tequrmeots that are derived Lrato tactors
exter bal tothe System4
process. developmen t
fobich aise fe fiE
interoperabilkty requirernests, legirlave
Teguiren eots etc
Oehica raquicoogot
mdhod.
Terponibtyuf
0[nteroperabi it.s: prodes
-Developing $ftdare fhat to
wing
dvent hodaare
-albbtng afferent hardaare to tmplenent
(our Jftüore
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Pavaty Isaletly.
Rules e requlations.
Damain spechç raq ui rConcótsi
Areo specÃc 1

the operating area

-ildohaihrreQ uic eomeots are pot satisftd the
sp Stem may be unaDrkable
) Desctbe dhestusture of SRS.

Purpose
3) Defoitons 4 Aromyos 6breviatons
b5) Overivie d Of the documept
2) Dveratl Des(phoo
2.1) Product perspeobIe
2"1> Product Actons
263) Usr charaderisss

2.5) Assumptons f DeptndencEs.

3] Sy stem FeGtues and RequirerDe nts
3Fun Cbabal Requirenents
3-1) &BenGl Ihiefate ReguinmeotS
3.3). Sy SternFeotures
zy Non functonal Requirerneots
Agpendies..
sy Index

1/
 The softiore requirements doument Cometrnes
Cailed tbe oftaoe Tquirernerts Spethcation o SPs)
tsS on
an offcial slatenent of ahatthe sustem
develeprs should Implement.
-H shauld inccde both theusa Tequiremcnts for
aSystem a deBailed Speciftaton thet
Sy ster requiremcnts.
The user eiSystern rquiremerts re tearated
into a Single destaiption.
The uSeri reguitemeris aLe dehned in an
introduttn to the Systen JequinmntS Speußcabr
- f therc area large n0.
4he detaled Systern requirencodsmoy '6e
presentcd in a Sepotate doument
Cheghr Desceipion:lye
ibis should defnethe erpeated
Prhac.
Teadership the douurment f
desconbe asversi onhistory
2) Tntroduckon - his Should descanbe he ned
for the Systern.-14 shoutd
bitefly id escoihethe system's
fupchons4ceplhio hoo tt a
Dosk Hh atherSy Stemns:
3, Galossary Thisstould defheu the techoial
ser reauremers -hoy diudecetbe theServices
deitton provided for the aso natura
This deseniptian uie
rotatonS. that are
underston dable to cujtomOS.
 PAGE N0.:
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S) Systen dachiteckure This chaptes should present

biqh level over vied f he
antiipoted Ssystern chitecture
9systen YeqoremerlS. This Shbauld deS(e be the
Specftation Runttopal ond non--funcional
xequlYenmts jn more detal.
) Sy sten nodels -Ths oia ht scude aaphitol
System mdels shoain he
latonships bet@en the
Sy tern (omponents he system
) Sy Stem evouton - This should descibe the
-fsodamcotal assumptons orn
Lohich the Jysterm is bacd.
9) Appendices - These should provide detatleol
Spein-fornation that is
ye lated to the Gppi ation
being developed
Geveral ioderes o tbe docunent
may be incuded.

) EpiD rcquircnnB validoto in detail.