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ELC 247-Lecture3

The document discusses Zener diodes, including their characteristics, equivalent models, and applications in rectification processes. It explains the principles of half-wave and full-wave rectification, detailing how diodes function in these circuits and the impact of using silicon diodes. Additionally, it covers concepts like Zener impedance and peak inverse voltage (PIV) in the context of diode applications.

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4 views14 pages

ELC 247-Lecture3

The document discusses Zener diodes, including their characteristics, equivalent models, and applications in rectification processes. It explains the principles of half-wave and full-wave rectification, detailing how diodes function in these circuits and the impact of using silicon diodes. Additionally, it covers concepts like Zener impedance and peak inverse voltage (PIV) in the context of diode applications.

Uploaded by

eyadislamlala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Electronics

ELC 247
Lecture 3

Dr. Emad Badry


Lecturer at faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University
emad.badry@eng.suez.edu.eg
Zener Diode

❑ The polarity of 𝑉𝐷 and 𝑉𝑍 are the same as would be obtained if each were
a resistive element. Zener diodes are available having Zener potentials of
1.8 V to 200 V with power ratings from 1⁄4 W to 50 W.
❑ There is a slight slope to the characteristics requiring the
piecewise equivalent model.

❑ The equivalent model for a Zener diode in the reverse-bias


region below 𝑉𝑍 is a very large resistor (as for the standard
diode). For most applications this resistance is so large it
can be ignored, and the open-circuit equivalent employed.
For the forward-bias region the piecewise equivalent is the
same as described before.

The Zener resistance equals.


𝛥𝑉𝑍
𝑟𝑧 = 𝛥𝐼𝑍

Normally, 𝑟𝑧 is specified at the Zener test current 𝐼𝑍𝑇


Example : A Zener diode exhibits a certain change in 𝑉𝑍 for a certain
change in 𝐼𝑍 on a portion of the linear characteristic curve between 𝐼𝑧𝑘
and 𝐼𝑧𝑀 as illustrated in the figure. What is the Zener impedance?

𝛥𝑉𝑍 50 𝑚𝑉
𝑟𝑧 = = = 10Ω
𝛥𝐼𝑍 5 𝑚𝐴
Light-Emitting Diodes

❑ The light-emitting diode is a diode that gives off visible or invisible


(infrared) light when energized. In any forward-biased p–n junction
there is, within the structure and primarily close to the junction, a
recombination of holes and electrons. This recombination requires
that the energy possessed by the unbound free electrons be
transferred to another state.
Diode Applications

Half-Wave Rectification
❑ The diode analysis will now be expanded to include time-varying functions such as the sinusoidal waveform and the square wave.

❑ Over one full cycle, defined by the period T, the average value (the algebraic sum of the areas above and below the axis) is zero. The
circuit is called a half-wave rectifier , will generate a waveform 𝑣𝑜 that will have an average value of particular use in the ac-to-dc
conversion process. When employed in the rectification process, a diode is typically referred to as a rectifier.
➢ During the interval t = 0→T/2, the polarity of the applied voltage vi is
such as to establish “pressure” in the direction indicated and turn on
the diode with the polarity appearing above the diode.

➢ For the period T/2→T, the resulting polarity across the ideal diode
produces an “off” state with an open-circuit equivalent. The result is
the absence of a path for charge to flow, and v0 = iR = (0)R = 0 V
for the period T/2→T.
a full period and an average value determined by
❑ The effect of using a silicon diode with 𝑉𝐾 = 0.7 V is demonstrated in the figure for the forward-bias region. The applied signal must now
be at least 0.7 V before the diode can turn “on.” For levels of 𝑣𝑖 less than 0.7 V, the diode is still in an open-circuit state and 𝑣𝑜 = 0𝑉.

❑ For situations where 𝑉𝑚 >> 𝑉𝐾 , the following equation can be applied to determine the average value with a relatively high level of
accuracy
Example
a. Sketch the output 𝑣𝑜 and determine the dc level of the output for the network of the following figure.
b. Repeat part (a) if the ideal diode is replaced by a silicon diode.
c. Repeat parts (a) and (b) if 𝑉𝑚 is increased to 200 V, and compare solutions.

a. In this situation the diode will conduct during the negative part of the
input, and 𝑣𝑜 will appear as shown in the same figure. For the full
period, the dc level is
b. For a silicon diode

PIV (PRV)

The peak inverse voltage (PIV) [or PRV (peak reverse voltage)]. displays the reverse-biased diode with maximum applied voltage.
Full-Wave Rectification
❑ The dc level obtained from a sinusoidal input can be improved 100%
using a process called full-wave rectification.

❑ During the period t = 0 to T /2 the polarity of the input is as shown in the


figure. D2 and D3 are conducting, whereas D1 and D4 are in the “off”
state
❑ For the negative region of the input the conducting diodes are D1 and D4 . The important result is that the polarity across the load
resistor R is the same as first period, establishing a second positive pulse.

❑ Since the area above the axis for one full cycle is now twice that obtained for a half-wave system, the dc level has also been doubled
and
❑ If silicon rather than ideal diodes are employed, the application of Kirchhoff’s voltage law around the conduction path results in

The peak value of the output voltage 𝑣𝑜 is therefore

For situations where 𝑉𝑚 >> 2𝑉𝐾 , the following equation can be applied for the average value with a relatively high level of accuracy :

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