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Experiment 04 Halfwave

The experiment investigates the characteristics of a half-wave rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor, using various equipment including a diode, resistor, and capacitors. Results show that adding a filter capacitor significantly improves the output waveform quality, resulting in a smoother DC voltage with reduced ripple and increased average output voltage. The experiment highlights the importance of the time constant in the circuit's response to load changes.

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40 views6 pages

Experiment 04 Halfwave

The experiment investigates the characteristics of a half-wave rectifier circuit with and without a filter capacitor, using various equipment including a diode, resistor, and capacitors. Results show that adding a filter capacitor significantly improves the output waveform quality, resulting in a smoother DC voltage with reduced ripple and increased average output voltage. The experiment highlights the importance of the time constant in the circuit's response to load changes.

Uploaded by

smdrocky2809
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No: 04

Experiment Name: Study of half wave rectifier circuit without and with filter
(capacitor).
Objectives:

To observe, measure and calculate readings, draw curve and study the characteristics of
half wave rectifier circuit.

Equipment’s:

1. Diode ( 1 piece )
2. Resistor ( 1 piece ) ( 10 kΩ )
3. Capacitor ( 3 pieces ) ( 103, 104, 105 )
4. Function Generator
5. Connecting Prob
6. Oscilloscope

Theory :

The diode analysis is expanded to include time-varying functions such as the sinusoidal
waveform and the square wave. The degree of difficulty is increased , but once a few
fundamental maneuvers are understood, the analysis is fairly direct and follow a common
thread.
The simplest of networks to examine with a time-varying signal appears in Fig. 1. For the
moment, the ideal model (note the absence of the Si or Ge label to denote ideal diode) is
used to ensure that the approach is not clouded by additional mathematical complexity.

Figure 1: Half-wave rectifier

Over one full cycle, defined by the period T of Fig. 1, the average value (the algebraic
sum of the areas above and below the axis) is zero. The circuit of Fig. 1, called a half-
wave rectifier, will generate a waveform v0 that will have an average value of particular,
use in the ac-to-dc conversion process. When employed in the rectification process, a
diode is typically referred to as a rectifier. Its power and current ratings are typically
much higher than those of diodes employed in other applications, such as computers and
communication systems.
During the interval t= 0 → T/2 in Fig. 1 the polarity of the applied voltage vi is such as to
establish “pressure” in the direction indicated and turn on the diode with the polarity
appearing above the diode. Substituting the short-circuit equivalence for the ideal diode
will result in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 2, where it is fairly obvious that the output
signal is an exact replica of the applied signal. The two terminals defining the output
voltage are connected directly to the applied signal via the short-circuit equivalence of the
diode.

Figure 2 : Conduction region (0 → T/2).


For the period T/2 → T, the polarity of the input vi is as shown in Fig. 3 and the resulting
polarity across the ideal diode produces an “off” state with an open-circuit equivalent.
The result is the absence of a path for charge to flow and vo = iR = (0)R = 0 V for the
period T/2 → T. The input vi and the output vo were sketched together in Fig. 4 for
comparison purposes. The output signal vo now has a net positive area above the axis
over a full period and an average value determined by

( Vdc = 0.318Vm ) half-wave ------------------------------(1)


Figure 3: Non conduction region (T/2 →T).

Figure 4: Half-wave rectified signal.

The process of removing one-half the input signal to establish a dc level is aptly called
half-wave rectification.
The effect of using a silicon diode with VT = 0.7 V is demonstrated in Fig. 5 for the
forward-bias region. The applied signal must now be at least 0.7 V before the diode can
turn “on.” For levels of vi less than 0.7 V, the diode is still in an open circuit state and v0
= 0 V as shown in the same figure. When conducting, the difference between vo and vi is
a fixed level of VT = 0.7 V and vo = vi - VT , as shown in the figure. The net effect is a
reduction in area above the axis, which naturally reduces
Figure 5: Effect of VT on half-wave rectified signal.

the resulting dc voltage level. For situations where Vm >> VT , Eq. 2 can be applied to
determine the average value with a relatively high level of accuracy.
Vdc = 0.318(Vm - VT) ------------------------------(2)
In fact, if Vm is sufficiently greater than VT , Eq. 1 is often applied as a first approximation
for Vdc .

Circuit Diagram:

Experimental Data:

Input : Input voltage, vi = 13.5 volt

Frequency, f =150 Hz

Time period, T= 5.8 ms

Output: Without capacitor:

Output voltage peak, vo = 13 volt

Time period, T0 = 5.8 ms

After using capacitors, Output voltages :


For 0.1µF (103) , Time period, T1 = 5.8 ms, Output voltage = 13 volt
For 1 µF (104) , Time period, T2 =5.8ms, Output voltage =11.5 volt
For 10 µF (105) , Output voltage = 10 volt

Input and Output Signal:

Fig 1:Input AC signal Fig 2 :Output signal(10k ohm resistor)

Fig 3 :Output signal(10k ohm resistor,0.1 µF) Fig 4:Output Signal(10k ohm resistor,1 µF)

Fig 5:Output signal(10k ohm resistor,10 µF)


Conclusion :
The experiment demonstrated that the addition of a filter capacitor to a half-wave
rectifier circuit significantly improves the quality of the output waveform. The rectified
and smoothed waveform closely resembles a steady DC voltage with minimal
fluctuations. The filtering process increases the average output voltage, enhances
efficiency and reduces ripple. The experiment also underscored the importance of the
time constant in determining the response of the circuit to load changes.

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