PYRAMID IAS ACADEMY

KARAIKUDI

CIVIL VACANCY DETAILS

POST SYLLABUS NO.OF.
DEPARTMENT
CODE CODE VACCANCY
HIGHWAYS 1661 92
WRD 1656 38
RD 1660 41
TN SIPCOT 3368 17
TWAD 3270 398 1
TNHB 3531 9
TN - MARITIME
3663 2
BOARD
CMDA 3232 3
No of Vacancies 203
JUNIOR PLANNER 3602 560 30
HRCE 3603 510 39
TNPCB**
(Master Degree In 3269 393 38
Environmental
Engineering)
TN-AGRI*
(Preference Will Be 1667 562 116
Given To B.E Agri)
No of Vacancies 223

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

1
 TAMIL NADU PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION SYLLABUS
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CODE: 398
UNIT I: BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
Properties and testing of engineering materials-brick, stones, M-sand, aggregates, cement, timber, recycled and
modern materials-glass, plastic FRP, ceramic- concrete – properties and testing - mix design-admixtures, Self-
compacting concrete steel construction practice-stone masonry, brick masonry ,R.C.C. and block masonry –
construction equipment - building bye-laws and development regulations practiced in Tamil Nadu - Provisions for
fire safety, lighting and ventilation- Acoustics.

UNIT II: ENGINEERING SURVEY

Survey - Chain- Compass - Plane table - levelling – Theodolite computation of area and volume-L.S. and C.S. –
Contour - Traversing – traverse adjustment- -Heights and Distances - Tacheometry and Triangulation - total station
and GPS and Remote sensing techniques for surveying.

UNIT III: ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Forces- types-laws - Centre of gravity-moment of inertia-friction-Stresses and strains -Thermal stress - elastic
constants - Beams - Bending moment and shear force in beams - Theory of simple bending - deflection of beams -
torsion - Combined stresses – stresses on inclined planes - Principal stresses and principal planes - Theories of
Failure – Analysis of plane trusses.
UNIT IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Indeterminate beams - Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis - Slope deflection - Moment
Distribution method – Arches and suspension cables - Theory of columns - moving loads and influence lines –
Matrix method- Stability of retaining walls – plastic theory- Seismic analysis of high rise building

UNIT V: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Formation of soils - types of soils - classification of soils for engineering practice - Field identification of soils -
Physical properties and testing of soils - Three phase diagram - permeability characteristics of soils - stress
distribution in soils - Theory of consolidation, shear strength parameters of soils – stabilization of soil -Compaction
of soils- Stability analysis of slope - Soil exploration - Soil sampling techniques – SPT -Borelog profile - shallow
foundations - Terzhagi's bearing capacity theory - Pile foundation – pile load test- Group action of piles - settlement
of foundations- Ground Improvement techniques.

UNIT VI: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND POLLUTION CONTROL

Sources of water - Water Demand -- Characteristics and analysis of water – hydraulics for conveyance and
transmission - water borne diseases – Functional design of water treatment plant – desalination plant- water

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

2
distribution system – pipe network analysis- characteristics and composition of sewage - Planning and design of
sewerage system - sewer appurtenances - Pumping of sewage - sewage treatment and disposal - Design of storm
water drain- plumbing system in high rise building - industrial waste treatment - solid waste management – Air
and Noise pollution control – E-Waste management.

UNIT VII: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AND STEEL STRUCTURES
Design of concrete members - limit state and working stress design concepts - design of slabs - one way, two way
and flat slabs - Design of singly and doubly reinforced sections and flanged sections -design of columns and
footings – pre- stressing - systems and methods- post tensioning slabs - Design of pre-stressed members for flexure.
Design of tension and compression members - Design of bolted and welded connections design of members of
truss - designs of columns and bases - design of beams, plate girders and gantry girder- design of liquid storage
structures –elevated and underground- design of retaining wall.

UNIT VIII: HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Hydrostatics-applications of Bernoulli equation – losses in pipes - flow measurement in channels - open channel
flow- types of pumps and characteristics - Applications of Momentum equation, Kinematics of flow. Water
resources in Tamil Nadu - Water resource planning - Master plan for water management - flood control – Runoff
estimation – hydrograph – flood routing - Soil plant water relationship - Water requirement for crops - Irrigation
methods – Design of alluvial canal and design of headworks. Water logging and land reclamation - cross drainage
works.

UNIT IX: URBAN AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Urbanization trend and impact - Slum clearance and slum improvement programmes - Different modes of
transport and their characteristics. Geometric design of highways. – Pavement materials and testing – alternate
pavement materials- modified binders - Design and Construction of bituminous and concrete roads – pavement
distress and evaluation - Maintenance of roads – Railways - Components of permanent way - Signalling,
Interlocking and train control - drainage in roads and railways. Airport planning - Components of Airport - Site
selection – Runways – Planning of terminal buildings Harbours & Ports - Layout of a harbour - Docks -
Breakwaters.

UNIT X: PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ESTIMATION

Construction management - Construction planning - Scheduling and monitoring - Cost control, Quality control
and inspection - Network analysis - CPM and PERT -methods of project management - Resources planning and
resource management - Types of estimates - Preparation of technical specifications and tender documents – e-
tender - Building valuation - law relating to contracts and arbitration.

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

3
 Town Planning, Civil Engineering and Architecture
(Degree Standard) Code: 560
Unit I: Introduction to Planning - Theory and Techniques
Planning System in India, Regional Plan, Master Plan, Structure Plan, Detailed Development Plans, City
Corporate Plan and Smart City Plan - Concept of Region, Types of Region, Techniques of Regional Analysis. Multi-
level Planning - Process of evolution of human settlement planning - Simulation models, Gravity analysis, Lowry
model, Threshold analysis, Multivariate analysis – Optimization and economic analysis methods in project
formulation and implementation.

Unit II: Urban Sociology, Economics, Geography and Environment - Theories and Applications
Ecological processes and structures in Indian Cities - Social Change & Economic Development -
Agglomeration economics - Economics of scale, Multiplier effect concept, scope, limitation - Basic and non-basic
activities of economics base, methods of base identification - Land-use determinants, Locational Dynamics of urban
Land-use - Spatial organization of Urban settlements - City-region, Urban Sprawl and Fringe - Urbanization in
India and Tamil Nadu with reference to settlements and population distribution. Environmental Impact
Assessment Practice in India - Types, Conceptual Approach and Phases of EIA – Environmental Concepts –
Sustainable Planning – Eco Cities, Compact Cities, Smart growth, Sponge city.

Unit III: Remote Sensing, G.I.S. and Current Trends in Planning

Basics of Remote Sensing and GIS. - Classification of spatial and non - spatial data application in planning
- spatial data layers - Coding schemes – Digitization of spatial data – Editing spatial data usable for the given
planning problem – Land use Suitability Analysis, Land use Modeling, Existing Land use Preparation using
Mobiles, Satellite Imageries, Aerial Photographs, Drones in Physical Planning. Emerging Concepts of sustainable
urban development, E – Governance, HRIDAY, Rurban Mission, AMRUT, Public private partnership, Local bodies
and urban finance. Land Pooling concept, Transfer of Development Right, Accommodation Reservation,
Formulation of Re-development and Urban Expansion Plans - Local Area Plans, Town Planning Schemes - Special
Economic Zone, Value Capture Finance Policy Framework – Swiss Challenge Model, Industrial Corridor, Coastal
Zone Management Plan, Planned Unit Development.

Unit IV: Physical Infrastructure and Legislation

Implication of Urban Form and Size on Services Highway classification - Traffic and Transportation Survey
- Para Transit modes – Private transport – Urban Transportation Planning Process – Trip Generation – Trip
Distribution – Modal Split – Trip Assignment, Congestion pricing, Non Motorized Transport, Transit Oriented
Development, Bus Rapid Transit System, Unified Transport Authority. Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act, 1996
and Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Rules, 2023. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) and their
implications on planning and development. Town and Country Planning Act of Tamil Nadu 1971, Tamil Nadu
Combined Development and Building Rules 2019, Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation (URDPFI) and Rural Area Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (RADPFI).
I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,
KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

4
Unit V: Design of Reinforced Concrete, Pre stressed Concrete and Steel Structures
Design of concrete members - limit state and working stress design concepts - design of slabs - one way,
two way and flat slabs - Design of singly and doubly reinforced sections and flanged sections -design of columns
and footings – pre- stressing - systems and methods- post tensioning slabs - Design of pre stressed members for
flexure. Design of tension and compression members - Design of bolted and welded connections design of members
of truss - designs of columns and bases - design of beams, plate girders and gantry girder- design of liquid storage
structures –elevated and underground- design of retaining wall.

Unit VI: Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control

Sources of water - Water Demand -- Characteristics and analysis of water – hydraulics for conveyance and
transmission - water borne diseases – Functional design of water treatment plant – desalination plant- water
distribution system – pipe network analysis- characteristics and composition of sewage - Planning and design of
sewerage system - sewer appurtenances - Pumping of sewage - sewage treatment and disposal - Design of storm
water drain- plumbing system in high rise building - industrial waste treatment - solid waste management – Air
and Noise pollution control – E-Waste management.

Unit VII: Urban and Transportation Engineering

Urbanization trend and impact - Slum clearance and slum improvement programmes - Different modes
of transport and their characteristics. Geometric design of highways. – Pavement materials and testing – alternate
pavement materials- modified binders - Design and Construction of bituminous and concrete roads – pavement
distress and evaluation - Maintenance of roads – Railways - Components of permanent way - Signalling,
Interlocking and train control - drainage in roads and railways. Airport planning - Components of Airport - Site
selection – Runways – Planning of terminal buildings Harbours & Ports - Layout of a harbour - Docks -
Breakwaters.

Unit VIII: Introduction to Architecture

Definition of Architecture - Integration of aesthetics and function. Elements of Architecture – Form, Space,
light, colour, etc. Principles of Architecture – Proportion, Scale, balance, rhythm, symmetry, hierarchy, pattern and
axis. Understanding of organization of form and space, volumetric study, architectural characteristics & style of
buildings with examples. Understanding user circulation and spatial requirement for all types of buildings.
Universal design principles and Barrier free environment. Functional aspects of architecture – site, structure, skin,
circulation etc. Principles of composition and relationship between human activities and anthropometrics. Modern
Architecture - various philosophies, works of postmodern architects. Architecture of India under Colonial rule.
Post-independence architecture in India - works of Indian Architects. Contemporary World Architecture & recent
trends. Building Rules and Regulations, National Building Code.

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

5
Unit IX: Site Planning, Climatic Design and Energy Efficient Architecture
Site Planning – Introduction to basic terminologies, Methods of surveying, Instruments & Application,
Levelling, Site Drawings, Importance of Site Analysis – On-site & off-site factors, Study of micro climate, Site
Diagramming, Site Context, Site planning & Site layout principles. Organization of spaces – circulation, built form
and open spaces, site planning and micro climate, site planning for neighborhood parks, children’s play area and
campus development – Landscaping of Functional areas – Urban open spaces and principle of urban landscape –
Street landscaping, landscape design for waterfront areas and functional areas in urban centers – green roofs and
walls. Climate & Human comfort, Visual and Acoustical comfort in built environment. Solar Control, Heat flow
through materials & building envelope design, Air movement patterns through natural & built forms, Design
strategies for different climate types. Energy Efficiency – Importance & Significance, Passive Heating & Cooling
techniques, case studies, day Lighting & Natural ventilation, Use of Renewable energy systems – Current & future
trends. National and state level government organizations -initiatives, schemes and projects. Relevant National and
state level legislations and guidelines.

Unit X: Human Settlements Planning and Urban Studies

Origin of Human settlements In India & the rest of the world – River valley civilizations (Indus Valley,
Mesopotamia, Egyptian & Chinese) – Traditional planning principles in India – approaches & concepts – Classical
& Medieval planning in Europe and India - Evolution of modern planning theory, concepts and works of town
planners; Contemporary Urban planning – Issues and Trends. Urban Design – need, aspects, scope & components
of urban space – Indian Urbanism - Theorising & Reading urban space – Imageability & townscape elements, social
aspects of urban space, gender & class. Urban Public spaces – Universal design, pedestrian friendly environment,
streetscapes. Conservation in India – Understanding the need & purpose, definition, Adaptive re- use, International
agencies & their role – Policies & legislations, case studies – Conservation practice and Planning.

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

6
 CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE AND TRADITIONAL SCULPTURE
(DEGREE STANDARD) CODE: 510

UNIT I: BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

Properties and testing of engineering materials-brick, stones, M-sand, aggregates, cement, timber, recycled
and modern materials-glass, plastic FRP, ceramic- concrete – properties and testing - mix design-admixtures, Self-
compacting concrete steel construction practice-stone masonry, brick masonry, R.C.C. and block masonry –
construction equipment - building bye-laws and development regulations practiced in Tamil Nadu - Provisions for
fire safety, lighting and ventilation- Acoustics.

UNIT II: ENGINEERING SURVEY AND ESTIMATION

Survey - Chain- Compass - Plane table - levelling - Theodolite- computation of area and volume-L.S. and
C.S. – Contour - Traversing – traverse adjustment- -Heights and Distances - Tacheometry and Triangulation - total
station and GPS and Remote sensing techniques for surveying - Types of estimates - Preparation of technical
specifications and tender documents – e-tender - Building valuation - law relating to contracts and arbitration.

UNIT III: ENGINEERING MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Forces - types-laws - centre of gravity - moment of inertia - friction Stresses and strains -Thermal stress -
elastic constants - Beams - Bending moment and shear force in beams - Theory of simple bending - deflection of
beams - torsion - Combined stresses – stresses on inclined planes - Principal stresses and principal planes - Theories
of Failure – Analysis of plane trusses.

UNIT IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Indeterminate beams - Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis - Slope deflection - Moment
Distribution method – Arches and suspension cables - Theory of columns - moving loads and influence lines –
Matrix method- Stability of retaining walls – plastic theory- Seismic analysis of high rise building

UNIT V: GEOTECHNICAL AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

Formation of soils - types of soils - classification of soils for engineering practice - Field identification of
soils - Physical properties and testing of soils - Three phase diagram - permeability characteristics of soils - stress
distribution in soils - Theory of consolidation, shear strength parameters of soils – stabilization of soil -Compaction
of soils - Geometric design of highways – Pavement materials and testing – alternate pavement materials - modified
binders - Design and Construction of bituminous and concrete roads – Pavement distress and evaluation –
Maintenance of roads - Stability analysis of slope - Soil exploration - Soil sampling techniques – SPT - Borelog
profile - shallow foundations - Terzhagi's bearing capacity theory - Pile foundation –pile load test- Group action of
piles - settlement of foundations- Ground Improvement techniques.

UNIT VI: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND POLLUTION CONTROL

Sources of water - Water Demand - Characteristics and analysis of water – Hydrostatics-applications of
Bernoulli equation – losses in pipes - flow measurement in channels - open channel flow- types of pumps and
characteristics - hydraulics for conveyance and transmission - water borne diseases – Functional design of water
treatment plant – desalination plant- water distribution system – pipe network analysis - characteristics and
composition of sewage - Planning and design of sewerage system - sewer appurtenances - Pumping of sewage -
sewage treatment and disposal - Design of storm water drain- plumbing system in high rise building - industrial
waste treatment - solid waste management – Air and Noise pollution control – E-Waste management.

UNIT VII: DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRESTRESSED CONCRETE AND STEEL

STRUCTURES
Design of concrete members - limit state and working stress design concepts - design of slabs - one way,
two way and flat slabs - Design of singly and doubly reinforced sections and flanged sections -design of columns
and footings – pre- stressing - systems and methods- post tensioning slabs - Design of pre-stressed members for
flexure. Design of tension and compression members - Design of bolted and welded connections design of members

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

7
of truss - designs of columns and bases - design of beams, plate girders and gantry girder- design of liquid storage
structures –elevated and underground- design of retaining wall.

UNIT VIII: TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE FEATURES

Aayathi – Padhivinyaasam – Soil Testing – Foundation – Measurements – Santara – AshtangaVimana –
Height Determination of Saanthikam and Vimana, PrakaraLakshana, GopuraLakshana – ParivaraLakshana,
Traditional Architectural MandapaLakshana, Treatises – Saadhisandhavikalpa Temples – Upapida, Adishtana,
Pada,Prastara, Kandam, Sikhara, Stupi, Kumbhalatha, Viruthaspuditham, Koshtapanjara – Torana – Garbagriha –
ArdhaMandapa –MukhaMandapa – PrakaraMandapa – VahanaMandapa – Dwajasthamba – Bali peeda – Temple
car – Temple Tank – Measurements for Vimanas and Gopurams (1 to 13 tier) Iconographic Measurements – Types
of Images – Six Manas – Talamana Height resolution for God images – Banga( anotomy) characteristics – Costumes
and Jewllery – Coiffure – Mudras – Asanas – Weapons and Lingas, 32 Ganapathy’s – 16 Subrahmanyas – 16
Sivamurtis – Saptamatrikas, Sakthi images – 7 Tandavas – 63 Nayanmars – AshtaDikpalakas – Sthanaka, Asana
and Sayana forms of Vishnu according to the Dasavatara – Yoga, Bhoga, Heroic types, 12 Alwars – Features of
Garuda and Anjaneya – Significance of Metal Images – Processional images…….. – Iconometry of Bronze images
– Karukattudal – Alloying techniques –casting techniques – Preservation and Conservation of Bronze images.
Origin and Evolution of ancient Sculptures and Architecture – Indus Valley architecture and sculptures – Seals –
Pictography – Vedic architecture – Buddhist architecture and sculptures during the Maurya period – Sungas,
Satavahanas – Structural temples and Sculptures of the Gupta period – Cave temples and Structural temples of the
Chalukyas – Temples and Icons of the Rashtrakutas–Uniqueness of the Kalinga architecture and sculptures –
History and Art of the Hoysalas.

UNIT IX: TEMPLE MAINTENANCE

Definition – Aim – Ethics – Ethics of preserving its antiquity – Aims and Purpose of alignment and
reconstruction – Damages in stone architecture – repairing the cracks and its techniques – Basic methods of
preserving the structures – Preservation and Conservation ( Stone – Brick – Wood – Metal) – Restoration of the
foundation dilapidated due to natural disaster – Repairing the damages due to moisture content on the walls – The
Conservation methods of Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments – Preservation from salt corrosion and
removing the vegetation on the Temple structures.

UNIT X: AGAMAS AND TAMIL LITERATURES DEPICTING THE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE

Saiva agamas – Agamas and Religious Acharyas – Divisions of Agamas- Significance of the Agamas –
Definition of Agama and SaivaSiddhanta – The planning and execution of Temples through Agamas –Temple
architecture in Kamikagama – Vaadula agama, Architecture in Rudragama – Vaishnava agama – Temple
architecture in Vaikanasa and Pancharatra – 10 incarnations of Lord Vishnu – Temple architecture and Iconography
in MarichiSamhita, PaadmaSamhita, AtriSamhita, BrihatSamhita – Temple architecture in Suprahbedagama –
Vimanarchanakalpa – Kumaratantra . Temple architecture in Tamil Literatures Kamba Ramayana –
Nagarapadalam (song no. 7 – 13,19,23 – 30) Kalingattuparani – 4 Temples (song no, 1 – 11) Nedunalvadai (line 72
– 130) Madurakanchi (line 351 – 356) Pattinapalai (line 142 – 145, 261 – 264, 285 – 287) Chintamani –
Kantharuvathanthaiyarilambagam(song no. 590 – 595) Thanigaipuranam –Agathiyar Arul perumpadalam (song
no. 64 – 79) Apparpasuram in Devaram Periyapuranam – PoosalarNayanar Paripadal Silappadikaram –
Kundrakkuravai, Vettuvavari, Arangetrakaadai (Explanation by Adiyaarkkunallar)

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

8
 Environmental and Chemical Engineering
(PG Degree Standard) Code: 393

Unit I: Environmental Policy, Environmental Legislations and Environmental Impact Assessment

National Environment Policy - International Conventions and Obligations, International treaties of
Environment-Water (P&C) Act, 1974 as amended - Air (P&C) Act, 1981 as amended - Environmental Protection
Act, 1986 with amendments and Rules and Notifications made under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 for the
management of hazardous waste, solid waste, e-waste, bio-medical waste, plastic waste, C & D wastes, battery
waste etc., EIA - Notification, Methodology, models, Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan, Public
consultations as per EIA Notification.

Unit II: Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Microbiology

Chemical mass balance – Emission calculations – Green Chemistry principles –Aquatic Chemistry -
Atmospheric Chemistry and Soil chemistry – Representative sample collection techniques- Field and lab analysis -
Wet and Instrumentation Methods - Chemical speciation, Classification and Characteristics of microorganisms -
Microorganisms in wastewater and air - Applications of microorganisms in wastewater treatment and soil
remediation.

Unit III: Principles & Design of Physico-Chemical treatment of Wastewater

Water Quality criteria and indices - Wastewater characteristics - Unit operations - Principles and design of
screens, grit chamber, skimming tanks - Flow equalisation and neutralisation - Aeration and gas transfer
mechanisms – Sedimentation -Types of settling – analysis and Design of Sedimentation tanks - Process and design
of filtration systems - Adsorption, ion exchange, electro-coagulation, Electrodialysis, reverse osmosis – RO reject
Management - Disinfection.

Unit IV: Principles and Design of Biological Treatment of Waste water

Types of Reactors - Mass Balance Analysis - Reaction and Reaction rates - Suspended growth process - Role
of microorganism - Growth kinetics, oxidation, modelling, mCRT, F/M Ratio, Bio kinetic coefficients - Design of
activated sludge process, Plug flow Reactor, Aerated lagoon - Oxygen Requirement, transfer of oxygen,
Equipments- Secondary clarifier, Sludge Volume Index, Sludge production, Operation and maintenance, Attached
growth process - Trickling filter - process, substrate removal, classification, design, NRC, Rankine’s and Eccenfelder
equation - Rotating Biological contactors - UASB - Sludge digestion - sludge management – Advanced Biological
Treatment – SBR, MBR, ANSBR.

Unit V: Air and Noise pollution Control

Sources and Effects – Classification - Photochemical reactions, Atmospheric Stability - Lapse Rates,
Inversions, Plume Behaviour -Pollutant Dispersion, Emission Standards and Air Quality Standards, Air Quality
Index, Methods of Pollutant Sampling and Measurement, Continuous emission and Air Quality monitoring.
Control Methods for Particulate Emissions, Black carbon and Gaseous Pollutants; Indoor Air Pollution, Automobile
Pollution-Emission Norms and Control Techniques, Source apportionment studies, Noise Pollution – Source –
Effects – Standards - Measurement and Control Measures - Industrial Noise Measurement and control.

Unit VI: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Sources, generation rate, classification and characteristics - source segregation and storage - methods of
collection - transportation - route optimisation – treatment –Incineration, Pyrolysis, Composting, MBT and
Landfilling, Bioremediation ,Bioaccumulations - disposal – Coprocess - Centralised and de-centralised processing
- Landfill design and operation - Dumpsite rehabilitation, Management of hazardous waste, biomedical waste,
plastic waste, construction and demolition wastes and E waste - Resource recovery, recycle, reuse and product
development from waste.

Unit VII: Statistical Approach and Modelling of Environmental Systems

Principles of Environmental modelling, Statistical approach, model building, environmental models, Data
Sampling – Distributions – Inference - Estimation – Hypothesis Testing, Calibration, Validation, and Sensitivity
Analysis. Types of air quality models-dispersion and emission models, chemical and ecological models, Pollutant
and nutrient dynamics. Operational control of wastewater treatment processes, microbial dynamics calculations,
Surface and ground water Modeling.
I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,
KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

9
Unit VIII: Industrial Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production Technologies
Industrial Manufacturing process description, Wastewater Characteristics, Source reduction, Treatment
and disposal, key issues emerging contamination and pollution control measures for highly polluting industries
such as Paper and Pulp, Sugar, Distillery, Chemical plants - Metal finishing, Iron and Steel, fertilizer, Meat packing,
Poultry plant - Automobile - Thermal power plants, Cement Plants, Textile dying, Tanneries, Pharmaceutical,
pesticides, petroleum refinery and petrochemicals - Integrated Waste Management for zero discharge, Cleaner
production process including process modification, raw material substitution - Recycle and reuse of waste.

Unit IX: Environmental Safety and Risk Assessment

Health and Safety systems in work places. Hierarchy of control measures for occupational health risks.
Accident, causes, mechanical and electrical hazards and preventive steps. Role of personal protective equipment
and the selection criteria. Significance of human factors in the establishment emergency preparedness. Qualitative
and quantitative risk assessment- Hazard identification and control, Hazard assessment, Overall risk contours for
different failure scenarios – disaster management plan Safety measures design in process operations. Ergonomics
effects on humans. Inspections and audits, safety policies, EHS issues.

Unit X: Sustainable Development, Environmental Management and Economics and Global, Regional and Local
Environmental Issues
Sustainable Development Principles - International Conventions and treaties-Sustainable Development
Goals and Indicators, Environmental Management Systems – ISO 14001, 19000 - Environmental Auditing –
Ecolabelling- Life cycle Assessment-Design for Environment, Economics of pollution prevention - Cost Benefit
Analysis - Circular economy - Economic instruments for environmental protection - Pollutant tax and emission
trading - Natural resource economics, green building concepts.

Agricultural, Mechanical, Automobile and Civil Engineering

(Degree Standard) Code: 562

Unit I: General Engineering

Statics of Particles, Equilibrium of Rigid bodies, Properties of Surfaces and Solids, Centroid, Centre of
Gravity, Dynamics of Particles, Friction in Machine Elements, Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids, Theories of
Failures, Design of Shafts and Couplings, Fluid statics, equations of continuity and momentum, Bernoulli’s
equation, Flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends, Pumps and its applications, Valves and Types, Iron
Carbide Phase Diagram, ferrous and nonferrous alloys, Heat treatment of ferrous and non-ferrous metal,
Engineering and commodity polymers, composites, nano-materials, Foundry Technology- Metal Forming
Processes, Metal Joining processes, Manufacturing of Thermo Setting and Thermo Plastic Products, Inventory
control - Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) - quantity discounts, ABC Analysis, Operations Research, Assignment
Model, Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), Queuing Models,
Industrial Safety.

Unit II: Surveying and Hydrology

Surveying – Instruments - Methods of surveying – Linear measurements - Computation of area –
Triangulation, intersection, traversing, cross staff survey – Plane table survey – Earth work computation -Simpson’s
and trapezoidal rule - Levelling - Definition - Types of benchmarks - Different types of levels – Reduced level by
rise and fall method and height of collimation method - Contouring – Profile surveying - Cross section survey -
Use of Minor instruments - Theodolite survey - Total station - GPS survey. Hydrology – Measurement of rainfall,
evaporation and infiltration – Estimation of runoff – Factors affecting runoff – Computation of volume of runoff
and peak flow – Unit hydrograph - Occurrence and movement of ground water - ground water exploration
techniques - hydraulics of wells, types of wells and their construction - Well drilling – Methods and machinery -
Techniques for different formations - Well logging - Types of well screen - Design of well screens - Well
development - Yield testing.

Unit III: Soil Erosion and Conservation

Soil erosion – Types – Factors affecting erosion by water and wind - Stages of water erosion - Biological
control measures and their suitability - Contour farming, strip cropping, mixed cropping, intercropping and
I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,
KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

10
mulching - Mechanical control measures and their suitability – Design and construction of contour bunds, graded
bunds, terraces, contour stone walls, contour trenches, staggered trenches and diversion drain - Gully control
structures - Drop spillway, chute spillway, pipe inlet spill way and check dams - Wind erosion – Types and control
- Wind breaks and shelter belts - Dry farming techniques for improving crop production - Estimation of soil erosion
- Universal Soil Loss Equation.

Unit IV: Watershed Development and Management

Watershed – Concept, types and delineation - Land capability classification - Participatory Rural Appraisal
Technique – Watershed development plan – Estimation of cost and benefits -Gully and ravine reclamation – In-situ
& Ex-situ water harvesting, micro catchments – Ground water recharge - Artificial recharge techniques and
methods - Farm pond and percolation pond – Selection of suitable soil and water conservation practices –
Afforestation – Holistic planning - Watershed based rural development – Use of aerial photography and remote
sensing in watershed management - Applications of Remote sensing and GIS in planning and development of
watersheds including forest cover and water resources.

Unit V: Farm Irrigation, Structures and Drainage

Irrigation - Sources – Soil- water- Plant relationship - Water requirement of crops – Measurement of
irrigation water - Weirs and flumes - Methods of irrigation - Surface, Sprinkler, Rain gun and drip irrigation -
Irrigation automation - Drip irrigation – Components and design - Wetting pattern - Filters and Fertigation tanks -
Pump capacity - Operation and maintenance - Sprinkler irrigation - Components - Sprinkler performance -
Hydraulic design of sprinkler systems - Duty and delta relationship – Irrigation scheduling - Irrigation efficiencies
and their estimation - Pumps - Types, selection and installation - Design and construction of farm structures – Site
selection – Quality – RCC - Foundation, basement and superstructure – Types of roofs – building plan and
estimation, requirements of farm house, threshing floor, drying floor, poultry house, dairy farm, rat proof go down
and farm roads - Design features earthen dams and gravity dams - Water conveyance structures – Earthen channels
and lined channels – Advantages of lining – materials of lining – Design of channel cross section – Crossing control
structures – Road crossing structures – Culvert, inverted siphon aqueduct – Their uses - Underground pipe line
system – Components and their functions – Structures for plant environment – Green houses, poly houses and
shade nets – Construction and utilization - Soilless culture. Drainage - Causes of water logging and salt problem -
Methods of drainage - Design of surface, sub-surface and vertical drainage systems - Improvement and utilization
of poor quality water - Reclamation of saline and alkali soils.

Unit VI: Farm Power

Sources of Farm Power- Construction and working of Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI)
engines- Thermodynamic principles of SI and CI engine - Two stroke and Four stroke engines - Turbo charging –
Fuel injection systems, Ignition, Lubrication and Cooling systems, Speed governors, Electrical systems of Internal
Combustion engines - Different types of tractors, bull dozers and power tillers - power transmission systems, Types
of Clutches and Gearboxes, Differential, Final drive system, Braking system – types, constructional details and
operation, Steering system - – types, constructional Page 56 of 146 details and operation, Suspension system – types,
constructional details, uses of hydraulic system in tractors, hitching system, three point linkage- tractor power
outlets. Resistances to vehicle motion, vehicle performance characteristics, Operations using bull dozer, Types of
wheels and tyres – Battery: types, constructional details and working principle. Tractor stability - mechanics of
tractor implement combination, weight transfer - Ergonomic considerations in operation of tractors, Safety devices
in tractors, Maintenance of tractors. Single phase induction motor - three phase power measurement methods-
Power factor- Electrical pump sets - regulated DC power supply, DC machine, DC generator, DC motor, starter -
torque and efficiency - Electronics in Agriculture - Semi -conductors, transistors, operational amplifiers – Digital
electronics, counters, encoders, decoders, Digital to Analog and Analog to digital converter Instrumentation -
transducers - strain gauges, types and gauge factor - force measurement using strain gauges, Torque measurement,
pressure measurement, flow measurement temperature measurement, thermocouples, speed measurement
microprocessors, microcontrollers, PID controllers, PLC - Electric vehicles in Agriculture.

Unit VII: Farm Machinery

Earth moving equipment - Back hoe with front end loader, Crawler excavator - Bull dozer - blades shovels-
soil digging machines-primary tillage implements-indigenous plough, Mould board plough, disc plough, chisel
plough, sub soiler, methods of ploughing – secondary tillage implements-cultivators, harrows, rotary tillers,
rotavator, land shaping machinery- laser leveller, ridger, bund former, raised bed former, puddler. Calculation of
field capacity, field efficiency. Sowing and transplanting –seed drills, types - different types of metering
I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,
KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

11
mechanisms, planters, broadcasters and rice transplanters, pneumatic planters- intercultural implements - dryland
weeders, wetland weeders, manual and power operated weeders - plant protection equipments – sprayers - types
of sprayers - Drone sprayer - calibration of sprayer, types of nozzles, drift – harvesters - sickle, mower, cutter bar,
reaper, binders, windrowers - threshers - principle of threshing, types of threshers, threshing drums, calculation of
output capacity, combines, working principles, components of combine. Root crop harvesters, cotton harvesters,
cotton strippers, sugarcane harvester, maize harvesters, vegetable and fruit harvesters, crop residue management
machinery - cost estimation of farm machinery.

Unit VIII: Unit Operations in Food and Agricultural Processing

Heat transfer principles – Conduction, convection and radiation - Types of heat exchangers - Unit
operations – Evaporators - Types - Mechanical separation – Filtration – Sedimentation – Settling – Centrifugal
separation – Cyclone separation - Size reduction – Mixing – Blending – emulsification - Food processing operations
- Pasteurization – Sterilization – Canning - Retort processing - Extrusion processing of foods - Methods of drying
of foods – Preservation of food by irradiation - Microwave and dielectric heating - Fats and oil processing –
Extraction methods and equipment - Food packaging – Materials and characteristics – Suitability - Processing of
milk and milk products, packaging of milk - Principles of refrigeration and applications in food industries – Cold
storage of fruits and vegetables - Design aspects

Unit IX: Process Engineering of Agricultural and Horticultural crops

Engineering properties of food materials – Moisture content – Methods of determination – Psychrometry -
Drying – Thin layer and deep bed drying – Types of heat sources and types of dryers - Cleaning and grading –
Principles – Separators – Efficiency – Performance index - Shelling and decortication – Seed processing and layout
of seed processing units - Rice processing – Parboiling and dehusking of paddy – Machines used - Milling of corn,
pulses and millets - Material handling equipments - Conveyors and elevators - Storage – Conditions for safe storage
– Bag and bulk storage – Silo storage - Design aspects - Modified atmosphere storage – Storage structures -
Equipment used for processing of horticultural crops – Preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables – Drying and
dehydration – Processing of coffee, tea, rubber, cashew nut, coconut, oil palm, aromatic plants, flowers and spices.

Unit X: Renewable and Bioenergy

Solar energy – Solar collectors – Air heaters - Solar dryers – Water heaters - Solar cold storage– Solar
photovoltaic systems and applications- Solar PV pump, fencing - Wind energy - Suitable sites – Types of wind mills
– Wind mill components – Applications – Performance of wind mills - Biomass resources– Agro residues –
Characteristics - Conversion technologies – Biochemical conversion – Biogas plant – Types and selection,
construction, operation and maintenance - Slurry handling - Thermochemical conversion – Stoves – Types -
Improved stoves – Pyrolysis – Charcoal production – Gasification – Briquetting – Alternate renewable energy
systems - Hydro power, Geothermal, ocean and hydrogen energy- Energy storage systems- Energy Conservation-
Cogeneration - Energy plantation and environmental impact – Global warming – Clean development mechanism
(CDM) and role of afforestation - Biofuels – Biodiesel feedstock, production and by-product utilization – Ethanol –
Production and utilization – Emission - Standards and control.

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

12
 GENERAL STUDIES (DEGREE STANDARD) &
APTITUDE AND MENTAL ABILITY (SSLC STANDARD)
Subject code: 503
PART - A
Unit I: General Science
Scientific knowledge and scientific temper - Power of reasoning - Rote learning vs conceptual learning - Science as
a tool to understand the past, present, and future; Nature of universe - General scientific laws – Mechanics -
Properties of matter, force, motion, and energy - Everyday application of the basic principles of mechanics,
electricity and magnetism, light, sound, heat, nuclear physics, laser, electronics, and communications; Elements
and compounds, acids, bases, salts, petroleum products, fertilizers, pesticides; Main concepts of life science,
classification of living organisms, evolution, genetics, physiology, nutrition, health and hygiene, human diseases;
Environment and ecology; Latest inventions in science and technology; Current affairs.

Unit II: Geography of India

Location - Physical features - Monsoon, rainfall, weather and climate - Water resources - Rivers in India - Soil,
Minerals and Natural Resources - Forest and Wildlife - Agricultural pattern; Transport – Communication; Social
Geography – Population density and distribution - Racial, linguistic groups and major tribes; Natural calamity -
Disaster management; Environmental pollution - Reasons and preventive measures - Climate change - Green
energy; Geographical landmarks; Current affairs.

Unit III: History, Culture of India, and Indian National Movement

Indus Valley Civilization - Guptas, Delhi Sultans, Mughals, and Marathas - Age of Vijayanagaram and Bahmani
Kingdoms - South Indian History; National Renaissance - Early uprising against British rule - Indian National
Congress - Emergence of leaders – B.R.Ambedkar, Bhagat Singh, Bharathiar, V.O.Chidambaranar, Jawaharlal
Nehru, Kamarajar, Mahatma Gandhi, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Thanthai Periyar, Rajaji, Subash Chandra Bose,
Rabindranath Tagore, and others; Different modes of agitation: Growth of Satyagraha and Militant Movements;
Communalism and Partition; Change and continuity in the socio-cultural history of India; Characteristics of Indian
Culture, Unity in Diversity – Race, Language, Custom; India as a secular state, Social harmony; Prominent
personalities in various spheres – Arts, Science, Literature and Philosophy.

Unit IV: Indian Polity

Constitution of India - Preamble to the Constitution - Salient features of the Constitution - Union, State and Union
Territory - Citizenship, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy - Union
Executive, Union Legislature - State Executive, State Legislature - Local Governments, Panchayat Raj - Spirit of
federalism: Centre - State relationships - Election - Judiciary in India – Rule of Law - Corruption in public life –
Anti-corruption measures - Lokpal and Lok Ayukta - Right to Information - Empowerment of Women - Consumer
Protection Forums, Human Rights Charter; Political parties and political system in India; Current affairs
I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,
KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

13
Unit V: Indian Economy and Development Administration in Tamil Nadu
Nature of Indian Economy – Five-year plan models - an assessment - Planning Commission and Niti Aayog;
Sources of revenue - Reserve Bank of India - Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy - Finance Commission - Resource
sharing between Union and State Governments - Goods and Services Tax; Structure of Indian Economy and
Employment Generation, Land Reforms and Agriculture - Application of Science and Technology in Agriculture -
Industrial growth - Rural welfare oriented programmes - Social problems - Population, Education, Health,
Employment, Poverty; Human Development Indicators in Tamil Nadu and a comparative assessment across the
Country – Impact of social reform movements in the socio-economic development of Tamil Nadu - Political parties,
and welfare schemes for various sections of people - Rationale behind the reservation policy, and access to the
social resources - Economic trends in Tamil Nadu - Role and impact of social welfare schemes in the socio-economic
development of Tamil Nadu - Social Justice and social harmony as the cornerstones of socio-economic
development; Education and health systems in Tamil Nadu; Geography of Tamil Nadu and its impact on economic
growth; Achievements of Tamil Nadu in various fields; e-Governance in Tamil Nadu; Public awareness and
General administration - Welfare oriented Government schemes and their utility, Problems in public delivery
systems; Current socio-economic issues; Current affairs.

Unit VI: History, Culture, Heritage, and Socio-Political Movements in Tamil Nadu
History of Tamil Society, related archaeological discoveries, Tamil literature from Sangam age till contemporary
times - Thirukkural - Significance as a secular literature - Relevance to everyday life, Impact of Thirukkural on
humanity, Thirukkural and universal values - Relevance to Socio-politicoeconomic affairs, Philosophical content
in Thirukkural; Role of Tamil Nadu in freedom struggle - Early agitations against British Rule - Role of women in
freedom struggle; Evolution of 19th and 20th century socio-political movements in Tamil Nadu - Justice Party,
Growth of Rationalism - Self Respect Movement, Dravidian Movement, and principles underlying both these
movements; Contributions of Thanthai Periyar and Perarignar Anna.
Part B
Unit I: Aptitude
Simplification - Percentage - Highest Common Factor (HCF) - Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) - Ratio and
Proportion - Simple interest - Compound interest - Area - Volume - Time and Work.
Unit II: Reasoning
Logical reasoning - Puzzles - Dice - Visual reasoning - Alpha numeric reasoning - Number series.

ALL THE BEST

I & III FLOOR, B&K COMPLEX, SRI RAM NAGAR, KOTTAIYUR,

KARAIKUDI-630 106. CONTACT: 94864 31610, 85249 70970, 99521 60010
www.pyramidiasacademy.blogspot.com, pyramidiasacademy@gmail.com

14