5/14/23, 2:21 PM CH 31 HMW

CH 31 HMW
Due: 9:00pm on Friday, May 19, 2023
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.

Oscillations in an LC circuit.

Learning Goal:
To understand the processes in a series circuit containing only an inductor and a capacitor.

Consider the circuit shown in the figure.

This circuit contains a capacitor of capacitance C and an inductor of inductance L . The resistance of
all wires is considered negligible.

Initially, the switch is open, and the capacitor has a charge q0 . The switch is then closed, and the changes in the system are observed. It turns out that the
equation describing the subsequent changes in charge, current, and voltage is very similar to that of simple harmonic motion, studied in mechanics. To obtain
this equation, we will use the law of conservation of energy.

Initially, the entire energy of the system is stored in the capacitor. When the circuit is closed, the capacitor begins to discharge through the inductor. As the
charge of the capacitor decreases, so does its energy. On the other hand, as the current through the inductor increases, so does the energy stored in the
inductor. Assuming no heat loss and no emission of electromagnetic waves, energy is conserved, and at any point in time, the sum of the energy stored in the
capacitor UC and the energy stored in the inductor UL is a constant U :
2 2
q LI
U = UC + UL = + ,
2C 2

where q is the charge on the capacitor and I is the current through the inductor ( q and I are functions of time, of course). For this problem, take clockwise
current to be positive.

Part A
Using the expression for the total energy of this system, it is possible to show that after the switch is closed,
2
d q

2
= −kq ,
dt
where k is a constant. Find the value of the constant k.
Express your answer in terms of L and C .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

k =

Part B
From mechanics, you may recall that when the acceleration of an object is proportional to its coordinate,
2
d x k 2
= − x = −ω x,
2 m
dt
such motion is called simple harmonic motion, and the coordinate depends on time as x(t) = A cos(ωt + ϕ) , where ϕ, the argument of the harmonic
function at t = 0 , is called the phase constant.

Find a similar expression for the charge q(t) on the capacitor in this circuit. Do not forget to determine the correct value of ϕ based on the initial conditions
described in the problem.
Typesetting math: 100%
Express your answer in terms of q0 , L , and C . Use the cosine function in your answer.

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You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

q(t) =

Part C Complete previous part(s)

Part D
Recall that the top plate of the capacitor is positively charged at t = 0 . Once the switch is closed, the current will start to increase. In what direction will this
current go?
ANSWER:

There is no current because there cannot be any current through the capacitor.

clockwise

counterclockwise

Part E
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the direction of the EMF in the inductor? (Recall that the direction of the EMF in the inductor refers to the
direction of the back-current or the induced electric field in the inductor.)

ANSWER:

There is no EMF in the inductor until the current reaches its maximum.

clockwise

counterclockwise

In the remaining parts, assume that the period of oscillations is 8.0 milliseconds. Also, keep in mind that the top plate of the capacitor is positively charged at
t = 0.

Part F
At what time does the current reach its maximum value for the first time?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

0.0 ms

2.0 ms

4.0 ms

6.0 ms

8.0 ms

Part G
At what moment does the EMF in the inductor become zero for the first time?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:
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0.0 ms

2.0 ms

4.0 ms

6.0 ms

8.0 ms

Part H
At what moment does the current reverse direction for the first time?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

0.0 ms

2.0 ms

4.0 ms

6.0 ms

8.0 ms

Part I
At what moment does the EMF in the inductor reverse direction for the first time?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

0.0 ms

2.0 ms

4.0 ms

6.0 ms

8.0 ms

Part J
At what moment does the energy stored in the inductor reach its maximum for the first time?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

0.0 ms

2.0 ms

4.0 ms

6.0 ms

8.0 ms

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Part K
At what time t do the capacitor and the inductor possess the same amount of energy for the first time?
Express your answer in milliseconds.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

t = ms

Part L
What is the direction of the current in the circuit 22.0 milliseconds after the switch is closed?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

The current is zero.

clockwise

counterclockwise

Part M
What is the direction of the EMF in the inductor 42.0 milliseconds after the switch is closed?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

The EMF is zero

clockwise

counterclockwise

Energy Storage in an L-C Circuit

An L-C circuit has an inductance of 0.350 H and a capacitance of 0.280 nF . During the current oscillations, the maximum current in the inductor is 1.90 A .

Part A
What is the maximum energy E max stored in the capacitor at any time during the current oscillations?
Express your answer in joules.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

E max = J

Part B
How many times per second does the capacitor contain the amount of energy found in part A?
Typesetting math: 100%
Express your answer in times per second.

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You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

−1
s

± PSS 30.1: Inductors in Circuits

Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 30.1: Inductors in Circuits.
A circuit has a 1.9 V battery connected in series with a switch. When the switch is closed, the battery powers two paths in parallel, one of which has a resistor
of resistance R1 = 80 Ω in series with an inductor of inductance L = 1.1×10−2 H , while the other has a resistor of resistance R2 = 210 Ω . What is the current
supplied by the battery at a time t = 0.4 ms after the switch is closed?

Problem-Solving Strategy 30.1 Inductors in Circuits

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

An inductor is just another circuit element, like a resistor, but when an inductor is included in a circuit, all the voltages, currents, and capacitor charges are in
general functions of time. Kirchhoff’s rules are still valid, however, and hold at each instant of time.

SET UP the problem using the following steps:

1. Draw a large circuit diagram and label all quantities, known and unknown, including an assumed direction for each unknown current and emf.
Apply the junction rule immediately at any junction.
2. Determine which quantities are the target variables.

EXECUTE the solution as follows:

1. Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to each loop in the circuit.

2. To get the correct sign for the potential difference between the terminals of an inductor, remember Lenz’s law. In Kirchhoff’s loop rule, when we go
di
through an inductor in the same direction as the assumed current, we encounter a voltage drop equal to L so the corresponding term in the
dt
di
loop equation is −L . When we go through an inductor in the opposite direction from the assumed current, the potential difference is reversed
dt
di
and the term to use in the loop equation is +L .
dt
3. Solve for the target variables.

EVALUATE your answer:

Check whether your answer is consistent with the way that inductors behave.

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

The circuit described in this problem is an R − L circuit, so the problem-solving strategy will apply.

SET UP the problem using the following steps

Part A
Which of the following circuit diagrams correctly represent the circuit described in this problem?
Check all that apply.

ANSWER:

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Part B
Consider the currents i1 , i2 , and i3 shown in the diagrams above. Using the junction rule at the appropriate junction, find an expression for i1 in terms of
i2 and i3 .

Express you answer in terms of i2 and i3 .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

i1 =

EXECUTE the solution as follows

Part C Complete previous part(s)

EVALUATE your answer

Part D Complete previous part(s)

± Mutual Inductance of a Tesla Coil

A long solenoid (black coil) with cross-sectional area A and length L is wound with N 1 turns of wire. A time-varying current i1 flows through this wire. A shorter
coilTypesetting
(blue coil)math:
with100%
N 2 turns of wire surrounds it. Use μ0 for the permeability of free space.

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Part A
Find the value M of the mutual inductance.

Note: The current in black coil is constantly changing. However, when using the hints it may help you to consider the instant at which the current in the
black coil is i1 .
Express your answer symbolically using the terms given in the question.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

M =

± The R-L Circuit: Responding to Changes

Learning Goal:
To understand the behavior of an inductor in a series R-L circuit.

In a circuit containing only resistors, the basic (though not necessarily explicit) assumption is that the current reaches its steady-state value instantly. This is not
the case for a circuit containing inductors. Due to a fundamental property of an inductor to mitigate any "externally imposed" change in current, the current in
such a circuit changes gradually when a switch is closed or opened.

Consider a series circuit containing a resistor of resistance R and an inductor of inductance L connected to a source of emf E and negligible internal
resistance. The wires (including the ones that make up the inductor) are also assumed to have negligible resistance.

Let us start by analyzing the process that takes place after switch S 1 is closed (switch S 2 remains
open). In our further analysis, lowercase letters will denote the instantaneous values of various
quantities, whereas capital letters will denote the maximum values of the respective quantities.

Note that at any time during the process, Kirchhoff's loop rule holds and is, indeed, helpful:

E − vR − vL = 0 .

Part A
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the current in the circuit?

You did not

Typesetting open
math: 100%hints for this part.

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ANSWER:

zero

Part B
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the resistor?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

zero

Part C
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the voltage across the inductor?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

zero

Part D
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the direction of the current in the circuit?

ANSWER:

clockwise

counterclockwise

There is no current because the inductor does not allow the current to increase from its initial zero value.

Part E
Immediately after the switch is closed, what is the direction of the induced EMF in the inductor?
ANSWER:

clockwise

counterclockwise

There is no induced EMF because the initial value of the current is zero.

Part F
Eventually, the process approaches a steady state. What is the current in the circuit in the steady state?

ANSWER:
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E
−L
R

E−L

E
+L
R

E
L
R

Part G
What is the voltage v L across the inductor in the steady state?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

zero

E − RL

E + RL

Part H
What is the voltage v R across the resistor in the steady state?
ANSWER:

zero

E − RL

E + RL

Part I
Now that we have a feel for the state of the circuit in its steady state, let us obtain the expression for the current in the circuit as a function of time. Note that
we can use the loop rule (going around counterclockwise):
E − vR − vL = 0 .
di
Note as well that v R = iR and vL = L . Using these equations, we can get, after some rearranging of the variables and making the subsitution
dt
E
x = − i,
R

dx R
= − dt .
x L
Integrating both sides of this equation yields

x = x0 e
−Rt/L
.
E
Use this last expression to obtain an expression for i (t). Remember that x = −i and that i0 = i(0) = 0 .
R

Expressmath:
Typesetting your100%
answer in terms of E , R , and L . You may or may not need all these variables. Use the notation exp(x) for ex .

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ANSWER:

i (t) =

Part J
Just as in the case of R-C circuits, the steady state here is never actually reached: The exponential functions approach their limits asymptotically as
t → ∞. However, it usually does not take very long for the value of i to get very close to its presumed limiting value. The next several questions illustrate

this point.

Note that the quantity L/R has dimensions of time and is called the time constant (you may recall similar terminology applied to R-C circuits). The time
constant is often denoted by τ . Using τ , one can write the expression

E −Rt/L
i(t) = (1 − e )
R

as

E −t/τ
i(t) = (1 − e ).
R
E
Find the ratio of the current i (t) at time t = 6τ to the maximum current Imax = .
R

Express your answer numerically, using three significant figures.

ANSWER:

i(6τ )
=
I max

Part K
Find the time t it takes the current to reach 99.999% of its maximum value.

Express your answer numerically, in units of τ . Use three significant figures.

ANSWER:

t = τ

Part L
Find the time t it takes the current to reach 99.999% of its maximum value. Assume that R = 10 ohms and L = 50 millihenrys.
Express your answer in seconds, using three significant figures.
ANSWER:

t = seconds

Part M
Find the time t it takes the current to reach 99.999% of its maximum value. Assume that R = 0.0100 ohms and L = 5.00 henrys.
Express your answer in seconds, using three significant figures.

ANSWER:

t = seconds

Part N
What fraction of the maximum value will be reached by the current one minute after the switch is closed? Again, assume that R = 0.0100 ohms and
L = 5.00 henrys.

Use three significant figures in your answer.

Typesetting math: 100%
ANSWER:
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i(1 minute)
=
I max

Now consider a different situation. After switch S 1 has been closed for a long time, it is opened; simultaneously, switch S 2 is closed, as shown in the figure.
This effectively removes the battery from the circuit.

The questions below refer to the time immediately after switch S 1 is opened and switch S 2 is closed.

Part O
What is the direction of the current in the circuit?
ANSWER:

clockwise

counterclockwise

The current is zero because there is no EMF in the circuit.

Part P
What is happening to the magnitude of the current?

ANSWER:

The current is increasing.

The current is decreasing.

The current remains constant.

Part Q
What is the direction of the EMF in the inductor?

ANSWER:

clockwise

counterclockwise

The EMF is zero because the current is zero.

The EMF is zero because the current is constant.

Part R
Which end of the inductor has higher voltage (i.e., to which end of the inductor should the positive terminal of a voltmeter be connected in order to yield a
Typesetting math: 100%
positive reading)?

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You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

left

right

The potentials of both ends are the same.

The answer depends on the magnitude of the time constant.

Part S
For this circuit, Kirchhoff's loop rule gives
di
iR + L = 0.
dt
di
Note that < 0, since the current is decreasing. Use this equation to obtain an expression for i (t).
dt

Express your answer in terms of E , L , and R . Use exp(x) for ex .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

i (t) =

Self-Inductance of a Solenoid

Learning Goal:
To learn about self-inductance from the example of a long solenoid.
To explain self-inductance, it is helpful to consider the specific example of a long solenoid, as shown in the figure. This solenoid has only one winding, and so
the EMF induced by its changing current appears across the solenoid itself. This contrasts with mutual inductance, where this voltage appears across a second
coil wound on the same cylinder as the first.
Assume that the solenoid has radius R , length Z along the z axis, and is wound with n turns per unit
length so that the total number of turns is equal to nZ . Assume that the solenoid is much longer than
its radius.

As the current through the solenoid changes, the resulting magnetic flux through the solenoid will
also change, and an electromotive force will be generated across the solenoid according to Faraday's
⃗ ⃗ d
law of induction: ∮ E ⋅ dl = − Φ M (t) .
dt

Faraday's law implies the following relation between the self-induced EMF across the solenoid and
dI (t)
the current passing through it: E (t) = −L .
dt
The "direction of the EMF" is determined with respect to the direction of positive current flow, and
represents the direction of the induced electric field in the inductor. This is also the direction in which
the "back-current" that the inductor tries to generate will flow.

Part A
Suppose that the current in the solenoid is I (t) . Within the solenoid, but far from its ends, what is the magnetic field B (t) due to this current?

Express your answer in terms of I (t) , quantities given in the introduction, and relevant constants (such as μ0 ).

ANSWER:

B (t) =

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Part B

What is the magnetic flux Φ1 (t) through a single turn of the solenoid?

Express your answer in terms of the magnetic field B (t) , quantities given in the introduction, and any needed constants.
ANSWER:

Φ1 (t) =

Part C
Suppose that the current varies with time, so that dI (t)/dt ≠ 0 . Find the electromotive force E induced across the entire solenoid due to the change in
current through the entire solenoid.

Express your answer in terms of dI (t)/dt , n, Z , and R .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

E =

Part D

The self-inductance L is related to the self-induced EMF E (t) by the equation E (t) = −LdI (t)/dt . Find L for a long solenoid. (Hint: The self-
inductance L will always be a positive quantity.)

Express the self-inductance in terms of the number of turns per length n, the physical dimensions R and Z , and relevant constants.
ANSWER:

L =

Now consider an inductor as a circuit element. Since we are now treating the inductor as a circuit element, we must discuss the voltage across it, not the EMF
inside it. The important point is that the inductor is assumed to have no resistance. This means that the net electric field inside it must be zero when it is
connected in a circuit. Otherwise, the current in it will become infinite. This means that the induced electric field E⃗ n deposits charges on and around the
→ →
inductor in such a way as to produce a nearly equal and opposite electric field E⃗ c such that E c + E n →0 ! Kirchhoff's loop law defines voltages only in terms of
fields produced by charges (like E⃗ c ), not those produced by changing magnetic fields (like E⃗ n ). So if we wish to continue to use Kirchhoff's loop law, we must
B
⃗ ⃗
continue to use this definition consistently. That is, we must define the voltage VAB = VA − VB = + ∫
A
Ec ⋅ dl alone (note that the integral is from A
B B dI (t)
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
to B rather than from B to A, hence the positive sign). So finally, VAB = ∫
A
E c ⋅ dl = ∫
A
−En ⋅ dl = −E = +L , where we have used
dt
→ →
Ec + En = 0 and the definition of E .

Part E

Which of the following statements is true about the inductor in the figure in the problem introduction, where I (t) is the current through the wire?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

If I (t) is positive, the voltage at end A will necessarily be greater than that at end B.

If dI (t)/dt is positive, the voltage at end A will necessarily be greater than that at end B.

If I (t) is positive, the voltage at end A will necessarily be less than that at end B.

If dI (t)/dt is positive, the voltage at end A will necessarily be less than that at end B.

Part F
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Now consider the effect that applying an additional voltage to the inductor will have on the current I (t) already flowing through it (imagine that the voltage
is applied to end A, while end B is grounded). Which one of the following statements is true?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

If V is positive, then I (t) will necessarily be positive and dI (t)/dt will be negative.

If V is positive, then I (t) will necessarily be negative and dI (t)/dt will be negative.

If V is positive, then I (t) could be positive or negative, while dI (t)/dt will necessarily be negative.

If V is positive, then I (t) will necessarily be positive and dI (t)/dt will be positive.

If V is positive, then I (t) could be positive or negative while dI (t)/dt will necessarily be positive.

If V is positive, then I (t) will necessarily be negative and dI (t)/dt will be positive.

A Parallel and Series LR Circuit Conceptual Question

In the circuit shown in the figure, the two resistors are identical and the inductor is ideal (i.e., it has no resistance).

Part A
Is the current through R1 greater than, less than, or equal to the current through R2 immediately after the switch is first closed?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

greater than

less than

equal to

cannot be determined

Part B
Is the current through R1 greater than, less than, or equal to the current through R2 a very long time after the switch is closed?

You did not open hints for this part.

Typesetting
ANSWER: math: 100%

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greater than

less than

equal to

cannot be determined

Part C
Is the current through R1 greater than, less than, or equal to the current through R2 immediately after the switch is opened (after being closed for a very
long time)?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

greater than

less than

equal to

cannot be determined

Bridging Problem: Analyzing an L-C Circuit

An L -C circuit consists of a 60.0 mH inductor and a 210 μF capacitor. The initial charge on the capacitor is 5.00 μC and the initial current in the inductor is
0.600 mA. (a) What is the maximum energy stored in the inductor? (b) What is the maximum current in the inductor? (c) What is the maximum voltage across
the capacitor? (d) When the current in the inductor has half its maximum value, what are the energy stored in the inductor and the voltage across the capacitor?

IDENTIFY and SET UP

Part A
Is an L -C circuit a conservative system?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

No, there is a capacitance which dissipates energy.

No, there is an inductance which dissipates energy.

No, there are both inductance and capacitance which dissipate energy.

Yes, there is no resistance to dissipate energy.

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s)

EXECUTE

Part D Complete previous part(s)

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Part E Complete previous part(s)

Part F Complete previous part(s)

Part G Complete previous part(s)

Part H Complete previous part(s)

EVALUATE

Part I Complete previous part(s)

Part J Complete previous part(s)

Inductive Reactance

Learning Goal:
To understand the concept of reactance (of an inductor) and its frequency dependence.

When an inductor is connected to a voltage source that varies sinusoidally, a sinusoidal current will flow through the inductor, its magnitude depending on the
frequency. This is the essence of AC (alternating current) circuits used in radio, TV, and stereos. Circuit elements like inductors, capacitors, and resistors are
linear devices, so the amplitude I0 of the current will be proportional to the amplitude V0 of the voltage. However, the current and voltage may not be in phase
with each other. This new relationship between voltage and current is summarized by the reactance, the ratio of voltage and current amplitudes, V0 , and I0 :
XL = V0 /I0 , where the subscript L indicates that this formula applies to an inductor.

Part A

To find the reactance XL of an inductor, imagine that a current I (t) = I0 sin(ωt) , is flowing through the inductor. What is the voltage V (t) across this
inductor?

Express your answer in terms of I0 , ω, and the inductance L .

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

V (t) =

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s)

Exercise 31.34 - Enhanced - with Feedback

A Japanese tourist takes her hairdryer to Europe, where the electrical outlets put out 230 V instead of the 100 V seen in Japan. The hairdryer puts out
2000 W at 100 V .

Part A
What could she do to operate her hairdryer via the 230 V supply in Europe?
ANSWER:

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Use a step-up transformer with N 2 /N 1 = 2.3.

Use a step-down transformer with N 2 /N 1 = 0.43.

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s)

Resonating RLC Series Circuit Ranking Task

Six series RLC circuits are described below, where R is the resistance, L the inductance, and C the capacitance of the circuits.

Part A
Rank these circuits on the basis of their resonance frequencies.

Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Reset Help

R = 500 Ω R = 1000 Ω R = 4000 Ω R = 1000 Ω R = 2000 Ω R = 500 Ω

C = 4.0 μF C = 0.5 μF C = 4.0 μF C = 1.0 μF C = 2.0 μF C = 1.0 μF

L = 1.0 H L = 2.0 H L = 1.0 H L = 1.0 H L = 0.5 H L = 1.5 H

largest smallest

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Part B
Each circuit is driven at its resonance frequency by a 100 Vrms AC power supply. Rank these circuits on the basis of their maximum current.
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

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Reset Help

R = 1000 Ω R = 2000 Ω R = 500 Ω R = 4000 Ω R = 500 Ω R = 1000 Ω

C = 0.5 μF C = 2.0 μF C = 1.0 μF C = 4.0 μF C = 4.0 μF C = 1.0 μF

L = 2.0 H L = 0.5 H L = 1.5 H L = 1.0 H L = 1.0 H L = 1.0 H

largest smallest

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Phasors Explained

Learning Goal:
To understand the concept of phasor diagrams and be able to use them to analyze AC circuits (those with sinusoidally varying current and voltage).

Phasor diagrams provide a convenient graphical way of representing the quantities that change with time along with cos(ωt + ϕ), which makes such diagrams
useful for analyzing AC circuits with their inherent phase shifts between voltage and current. You have studied the behavior of an isolated resistor, inductor, and
capacitor connected to an AC source. However, when a circuit contains more than one element (for instance, a resistor and a capacitor or a resistor and an
inductor or all three elements), phasors become a useful tool that allows us to calculate currents and voltages rather easily and also to visualize some important
processes taking place in the AC circuit, such as resonance.

Let us assume that a certain quantity I (t) changes over time as I (t) = I0 cos(ωt). A phasor is a vector whose length represents the amplitude I0 (see the
diagram ).This vector is assumed to rotate counterclockwise with angular frequency ω; that way, the
horizontal component of the vector represents the actual value I (t) at any given moment.
In this problem, you will answer some basic questions about phasors and prepare to use them in the
analysis of various AC circuits.

In parts A - C consider the four phasors shown in the diagram . Assume that all four phasors have the same angular frequency ω.

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Part A
At the moment t depicted in the diagram, which of the following statements is true?
ANSWER:

I2 leads I1 by π.

I1 leads I2 by π.

π
I2 leads I1 by .
2

π
I1 leads I2 by .
2

Part B
At the moment shown in the diagram, which of the following statements is true?

ANSWER:

I2 lags I3 by π.

I3 lags I2 by 2π .

π
I2 lags I3 by .
2

π
I3 lags I2 by .
2

Part C
At the moment shown in the diagram, which of the following statements is true?

ANSWER:

I2 leads I4 by π.

I2 lags I4 by 2π .

π
I2 leads I4 by .
2

π
I2 lags I4 by .
2

Let us now consider some basic applications of phasors to AC circuits.

For a resistor, the current and the voltage are always in phase.
π
For anmath:
Typesetting inductor,
100% the current lags the voltage by .
2

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π
For a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by .
2

Part D
Consider this diagram. Let us assume that it describes a series circuit containing a resistor, a
capacitor, and an inductor. The current in the circuit has amplitude I , as indicated in the figure.

Which of the following choices gives the correct respective labels of the voltages across the
resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor?

ANSWER:

V1 ; V2 ; V3

V1 ; V2 ; V4

V1 ; V4 ; V2

V3 ; V2 ; V4

V3 ; V4 ; V2

Part E
Now consider a diagram describing a parallel AC circuit containing a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor. This time, the voltage across each of these
elements of the circuit is the same; on the diagram, it is represented by the vector labeled V0 .
The currents in the resistor, the capacitor, and the inductor are represented respectively by
which vectors?

ANSWER:

I1 ; I2 ; I3

I1 ; I3 ; I4

I1 ; I4 ; I2

I1 ; I2 ; I4

I1 ; I3 ; I2

Graphical Analysis
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The figure shows a graph of the output from an AC voltage source.

Part A
What is the maximum voltage Vmax of the source?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Vmax = V

Part B
What is the average voltage Vavg of the source?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Vavg = V

Part C
What is the root-mean-square voltage Vrms of the source?
Express your answer to three significant figures.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Vrms = V

Part D
What is the period T of the source?
Express your answer in seconds to two significant figures.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

T = s

Part E
What is the frequency f of the source?
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Express your answer in hertz to three significant figures.

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You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

f = Hz

Part F
What is the angular frequency ω of the source?

Express your answer in radians per second to three significant figures.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

ω = rad/s

± PSS 31.1 Alternating-Current Circuits

Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 31.1 Alternating-Current Circuits.

In a series L -R -C circuit connected to an alternating current generator whose maximum voltage is 205 V , the resistance is 57.0 Ω and the capacitance is
5.69 μF . The inductance L can be varied from 2.0 mH to 40.0 mH by adjusting an iron core in the solenoid of the inductor. The angular frequency ω of the
generator is 3550 rad/s . If the capacitor voltage is not to exceed 145 V , find the maximum and minimum inductance, L max and L min , that define the range
of inductance that is safe to use.

Problem Solving Strategy 31.1: Alternating-Current Circuits

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts:

You must be careful to distinguish between the amplitudes of alternating currents and voltages and their instantaneous values. You must also keep in mind the
distinctions between resistance, reactance, and impedance.

SET UP the problem using the following steps:

1. Draw a diagram of the circuit and label all known and unknown quantities.
2. Determine the target variables.

EXECUTE the solution as follows:

1. Use the relationships between resistance, reactance, and impedance to solve for the target variables, using the following hints.
2. In ac circuit problems it is nearly always easiest to work with angular frequency ω. If you are given the ordinary frequency f convert it using the
relationship ω = 2πf .
3. For a resistor, voltage and current are always in phase (i.e., the phase ϕ = 0). For an inductor, the voltage always leads the current by
90 degrees (i.e., ϕ = +90 degrees ). For a capacitor, the voltage always lags the current by 90 degrees (i.e., ϕ = −90 degrees ).

4. With ac circuits, all voltages and currents are sinusoidal functions of time instead of being constant, but Kirchhoff's rules hold nonetheless at each
instant.
5. Inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, and impedance are analogous to resistance. Phase relationships play an essential role when
combining the three in a circuit. The effects of resistance and reactance have to be combined by vector addition of the corresponding voltage
phasors.

EVALUATE your answer:

When working with a series L -R -C circuit, you can check your results by comparing the values of the inductive reactance XL and the capacitive reactance
XC . If XL > XC , then the voltage amplitude across the inductor is greater than that across the capacitor and the phase angle ϕ is positive (between 0 and

90 degrees). If XL < XC , then the voltage amplitude across the inductor is less than that across the capacitor and the phase angle ϕ is negative (between 0

and −90 degrees ).

IDENTIFY the relevant concepts

You are asked to find the range of allowed values of inductance in a series L -R -C circuit, so the above strategy applies.

SET UP the problem using the following steps

Part A
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Sort the following items as either known or unknown: the maximum voltage of the generator Vac , the resistance R , the capacitance C , the capacitive
reactance XC , the inductive reactance XL , the impedance Z , the maximum capacitor voltage VCmax , the angular frequency ω, the maximum current in
the circuit Imax , the minimum allowed inductance L min , and the maximum allowed inductance L max .
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.

ANSWER:

Reset Help

VC max
ω XC VAC R Z Imax XL C L max

L min

Known Unknown

EXECUTE the solution as follows

Part B Complete previous part(s)

EVALUATE your answer

Part C Complete previous part(s)

± Transformers

Learning Goal:
To understand the concepts explaining the operation of transformers.
One of the advantages of alternating current (ac) over direct current (dc) is the ease with which voltage levels can be increased or decreased. Such a need is
always present due to the practical requirements of energy distribution. On the one hand, the voltage supplied to the end users must be reasonably low for
safety reasons (depending on the country, that voltage may be 110 volts, 220 volts, or some other value of that order). On the other hand, the voltage used in
transmitting electric energy must be as high as possible to minimize i2 R losses in the transmission lines. A device that uses the principle of electromagnetic
induction to increase or decrease the voltage by a certain factor is called a transformer.

The main components of a transformer are two coils (windings) that are electrically insulated from each other. The coils are wrapped around the same core,
which is typically made of a material with a very large relative permeability to ensure maximum mutual inductance. One coil, called the primary coil, is
connected to a voltage source; the other, the secondary coil, delivers the power. The alternating current in the primary coil induces the changing magnetic flux
in the core that creates the emf in the secondary coil. The magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary coil can be controlled by the design of the
transformer. The key factor is the number of turns in each coil.
Consider an ideal transformer, that is, one in which the coils have no ohmic resistance and the magnetic flux ΦB is the same for each turn of both the primary
and secondary coils. If the number of turns in the primary coil is N 1 and that in the secondary coil is N 2 , then the emfs induced in the coils can be written as

dΦ B dΦ B
E 1 = −N 1 and E 2 = −N 2 ,
dt dt
and therefore,

E2 N2
= .
E1 N1

Since both emfs oscillate with the same frequency as the ac source, the formula above can be applied to the instantaneous amplitude or the rms values of the
emfs. Moreover, if the coils have zero resistance (as we assumed), then for each coil the terminal voltage will be equal to the induced emf. Therefore, we can
write
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V2 N2
= .
V1 N1

Note that if N 2 > N 1 , then V2 > V1 . This is a case of a step-up transformer. Conversely, if N 2 < N1 , then V2 < V1 . This is a case of a step-down
transformer. Without energy losses, the power in the primary and secondary coils is the same:

V1 I1 = V2 I2 .
V2
If the secondary circuit is completed by a resistance R , then I2 = . Combining this with the two equations above gives
R

2 2 2
V2 N2 V1
V1 I1 = = ( ) .
R N1 R

Dividing the first and last expressions by V12 and then inverting gives

V1 R
=
2
.
I1
(N 2 /N 1 )

R
In other words, the current in the primary coil is the same as if it were connected directly to a resistance equal to 2
. In a way, transformers "transform"
(N 2 /N 1 )

resistances as well as voltages and currents. In reality, no transformer is ideal. There are always some energy losses. However, modern transformers have very
high efficiencies, usually well exceeding 90%.

In answering the questions below, consider the transformer ideal unless otherwise noted.

Part A
The primary coil of a transformer contains 100 turns; the secondary has 200 turns. The primary coil is connected to a size AA battery that supplies a
constant voltage of 1.5 volts. What voltage would be measured across the secondary coil?
ANSWER:

zero

0.75 V

1.5 V

3.0 V

Part B
A transformer is intended to decrease the rms value of the alternating voltage from 500 volts to 25 volts. The primary coil contains 200 turns. Find the
necessary number of turns N 2 in the secondary coil.
ANSWER:

N2 =

Part C
A transformer is intended to decrease the rms value of the alternating current from 500 amperes to 25 amperes. The primary coil contains 200 turns. Find
the necessary number of turns N 2 in the secondary coil.
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You did not open hints for this part.

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ANSWER:

N2 =

Part D
In a transformer, the primary coil contains 400 turns, and the secondary coil contains 80 turns. If the primary current is 2.5 amperes, what is the secondary
current I2 ?
Express your answer numerically in amperes.
ANSWER:

I2 = A

Part E
The primary coil of a transformer has 200 turns and the secondary coil has 800 turns. The power supplied to the primary coil is 400 watts. What is the
power generated in the secondary coil if it is terminated by a 20-ohm resistor?

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

20 W

200 W

400 W

800 W

8000 W

16000 W

32000 W

Part F
The primary coil of a transformer has 200 turns, and the secondary coil has 800 turns. The transformer is connected to a 120-volt (rms) ac source. What is
the (rms) current I1 in the primary coil if the secondary coil is terminated by a 20-ohm resistor?
Express your answer numerically in amperes.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

I1 = A

Part G
A transformer supplies 60 watts of power to a device that is rated at 20 volts (rms). The primary coil is connected to a 120-volt (rms) ac source. What is the
current I1 in the primary coil?
Express your answer in amperes.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

I1 = A

Part H
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The voltage and the current in the primary coil of a nonideal transformer are 120 volts and 2.0 amperes. The voltage and the current in the secondary coil
are 19.4 volts and 11.8 amperes. What is the efficiency e of the transformer? The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the output power to
Pout
the input power, expressed as a percentage: e = 100 .
Pin

Express your answer as a percentage.

ANSWER:

e = %

Constructing a Low-Pass Filter

A series L-R-C circuit is driven with AC voltage of amplitude Vin and frequency ω. Define Vout to be the amplitude of the voltage across the capacitor. The
resistance of the resistor is R , the capacitance of the capacitor is C , and the inductance of the inductor is L .

Part A
V out
What is the ratio ?
V in

1
Express your answer in terms of either R , ω, L , and C or R , XL = ωL , and XC = .
ωC

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

V out
=
V in

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s)

Bridging Problem: An Alternating-Current Circuit

A series circuit like the circuit in consists of a 1.90 mH inductor, a 125 Ω resistor, and a 45.0 nF capacitor connected across an ac source having an rms
1
voltage of 55.0 V and variable frequency. (a) At what angular frequencies will the current amplitude be equal to of its maximum possible value? (b) At the
3
frequencies in part (a), what are the current amplitude and the voltage amplitude across each circuit element (including the ac source)?

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IDENTIFY and SET UP

Part A
The maximum current amplitude occurs at the resonance angular frequency. This problem concerns the angular frequencies at which the current amplitude
is one-third of that maximum. Find the maximum current amplitude.

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Imax =

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C Complete previous part(s)

EXECUTE

Part D Complete previous part(s)

Part E Complete previous part(s)

Part F Complete previous part(s)

Part G Complete previous part(s)

Part H Complete previous part(s)

Part I Complete previous part(s)

Part J Complete previous part(s)

Secondary Voltage and Current in a Transformer Ranking Task

Six transformers have the rms primary voltages (Vp ), number of primary turns (N p ), and number of secondary turns (N s ) listed below.

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Part A
Which of the transformers are step-up transformers? Which of the transformers are step-down transformers?
Place the appropriate transformers into the two categories listed below.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Reset Help

Vp = 240 V Vp = 240 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 120 V

Np = 1000 turns Np = 1000 turns Np = 4000 turns Np = 2000 turns Np = 500 turns

Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 500 turns Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 1000 turns Ns = 2000 turns

step-up transformers step-down transformers

Part B
Rank the transformers on the basis of their rms secondary voltage.

Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

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Reset Help

Vp = 240 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 240 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 120 V

Np = 1000 turns Np = 4000 turns Np = 1000 turns Np = 2000 turns Np = 500 turns

Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 500 turns Ns = 1000 turns Ns = 2000 turns

largest smallest

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Part C
100 A of rms current is incident on the primary side of each transformer. Rank the transformers on the basis of their rms secondary current.
Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

You did not open hints for this part.

ANSWER:

Reset Help

Vp = 120 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 240 V Vp = 480 V Vp = 240 V

Np = 500 turns Np = 2000 turns Np = 1000 turns Np = 4000 turns Np = 1000 turns

Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 1000 turns Ns = 500 turns Ns = 2000 turns Ns = 2000 turns

largest smallest

The correct ranking cannot be determined.

Exercise 31.2

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The voltage across the terminals of an ac power supply varies with time according to V = V0 cos(ωt) . The voltage amplitude is V0 = 47.0 V .

Part A
What is the root-mean-square potential difference Vrms ?
Express your answer in volts.
ANSWER:

Vrms = V

Part B
What is the average potential difference Vav between the two terminals of the power supply?
Express your answer in volts.
ANSWER:

Vav = V

Exercise 31.3 - Enhanced - with Solution

An inductor with L = 9.65 mH is connected across an ac source that has voltage amplitude 45.5 V .

You may want to review (Page) .

For related problem-solving tips and strategies, you may want to view a Video Tutor Solution of An inductor in an ac circuit.

Part A
What is the phase angle ϕ for the source voltage relative to the current?
Express your answer in degrees.

ANSWER:

ϕ = ∘

Part B Complete previous part(s)

Part C
What value for the frequency of the source results in a current amplitude of 4.25 A ?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

f =

Exercise 31.6

A capacitance C and an inductance L are operated at the same angular frequency.

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Part A

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At what angular frequency will they have the same reactance?

Express your answer in terms of the variables C and L .

ANSWER:

ω =

Part B
If L = 5.30 mH and C = 3.10 μF , what is the numerical value of the angular frequency in part A?
Express your answer in radians per second.

ANSWER:

ω = rad/s

Part C
What is the reactance of each element?
Express your answer in ohms.
ANSWER:

XL = XC = Ω

Exercise 31.10

A 250 Ω resistor is connected in series with a 4.80 μF capacitor and an ac source. The voltage across the capacitor is υC = (7.60 V) sin[(120 rad/s)t] .

Part A
Determine the capacitive reactance of the capacitor.
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

XC =

Part B
Derive an expression for the voltage υR across the resistor.

ANSWER:

VR = (120 V) sin((1.10 rad/s) t)

VR = (1.10 V) sin((120 rad/s) t)

VR = (120 V) cos((1.10 rad/s) t)

VR = (1.10 V) cos((120 rad/s) t)

Exercise 31.12
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You have a 210 Ω resistor, a 0.500 H inductor, and a 8.00 μF capacitor. Suppose you take the resistor and inductor and make a series circuit with a voltage
source that has a voltage amplitude of 26.0 V and an angular frequency of 290 rad/s .

Part A
What is the impedance of the circuit?

Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

Z =

Part B
What is the current amplitude?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

I =

Part C
What is the voltage amplitude across the resistor?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

VR =

Part D
What is the voltage amplitude across the inductor?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.

ANSWER:

VL =

Part E
What is the phase angle ϕ of the source voltage with respect to the current?
Express your answer in degrees.
ANSWER:

ϕ = ∘

Part F
Does the source voltage lag or lead the current?
ANSWER:

The voltage lags the current

The voltage leads the current

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Part G
Construct the phasor diagram.
Draw the phasors starting at the black dot. The location and orientation of the phasors will be graded. The length of the phasors will not be
graded.

ANSWER:

No elements selected

Exercise 31.15

You have a resistor of resistance 200 Ω and a 6.00-μF capacitor. Suppose you take the resistor and capacitor and make a series circuit with a voltage source
that has a voltage amplitude of 30.0 V and an angular frequency of 250 rad/s .

Part A
What is the impedance of the circuit?
Express your answer in ohms.

ANSWER:

Z = Ω

Part B
What is the
Typesetting current
math: 100% amplitude?

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Express your answer in amperes.
ANSWER:

I = A

Part C
What is the voltage amplitude across the resistor?
Express your answer in volts.
ANSWER:

VR = V

Part D
What is the voltage amplitudes across the capacitor?

Express your answer in volts.

ANSWER:

VC = V

Part E
What is the phase angle ϕ of the source voltage with respect to the current?
Express your answer in degrees.
ANSWER:

ϕ = ∘

Part F
Does the source voltage lag or lead the current?
ANSWER:

the voltage lags the current

the voltage leads the current

Part G
Construct the phasor diagram.
Draw the force vectors with their tails at the dot. The orientation of your vectors will be graded. The exact length of your vectors will not be
graded but the relative length of one to the other will be graded.
ANSWER:

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No elements selected

Exercise 31.18

A resistor with R = 320 Ω and an inductor are connected in series across an ac source that has voltage amplitude 500 V . The rate at which electrical energy
is dissipated in the resistor is 296 W .

Part A
What is the impedance Z of the circuit?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

Z =

Part B
What is the amplitude of the voltage across the inductor?

Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

VL =

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Part C
What is the power factor?
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:

cos ϕ =

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 0.0%.
You received 0 out of a possible total of 25 points.

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