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1 Styles of Referencing

The document outlines various referencing styles preferred by different academic disciplines at the University of Reading, including MHRA, OSCOLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, Oxford, and Vancouver. Each style has specific guidelines for citations, such as in-text formats and bibliography requirements, tailored to the needs of the respective fields. Students are advised to consult their course handbooks to determine the preferred referencing style for their courses.

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6 views5 pages

1 Styles of Referencing

The document outlines various referencing styles preferred by different academic disciplines at the University of Reading, including MHRA, OSCOLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, Oxford, and Vancouver. Each style has specific guidelines for citations, such as in-text formats and bibliography requirements, tailored to the needs of the respective fields. Students are advised to consult their course handbooks to determine the preferred referencing style for their courses.

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Styles of referencing

Particular referencing styles are preferred by particular academic


disciplines because they work better with the kind of texts that are most
commonly used in that discipline. At Reading, for instance, English
Literature and Film, Theatre and Television both prefer
the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) style because it is
good at dealing with repeated references to a literary text, but while
English Literature use the classic version of MHRA, Film, Theatre and
Television prefer the Author-Date version. The School of Law
prefers OSCOLA because it has rules for citing legal texts.
Other styles that are used at Reading include Harvard, Oxford, APA,
Chicago and Vancouver (numeric).
This page includes brief details of each style of referencing used by
different departments at Reading. You should always check your course
handbook to see which is their preferred style.
American Meteorological Society (AMS) style
The Department of Meteorology recommend using the AMS style for
citations.

APA referencing
APA referencing is a variant on Harvard style. Most of the conventions are
the same, with brief author-date citations in brackets in the body of the
text and full citations in the reference list. It is usual to include a reference
list only rather than a bibliography in APA style. Citations for websites are
also slightly different, with no need to include a date accessed.
Example for website:
In-text: The National Autistic Society (2014)
In bibliography: The National Autistic Society (2014). Recognising
autism spectrum disorder. Retrieved from
http://www.autism.org.uk/working-with/health/information-for-general-
practitioners/recognising-autism-spectrum-disorder.aspx.

Chicago style
Chicago style referencing offers two options for citations: either to list
brief citations in the body of the text as in Harvard referencing, or to list
them in footnotes as in Oxford referencing. So if you are asked to use
Chicago style referencing, it is especially important to check which format

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your department wants you to use. You should be able to find more
information in your course or module handbook. If you cannot find
anything there, do ask your course tutor.

Harvard referencing
Also known as 'author-date' style. In Harvard style the in-text citation can
be in brackets in the body of the text or in footnotes, and uses the
author's surname and the date of publication, with the page number if it is
a reference to a particular page. Full details are only listed in the
bibliography or reference list.
Note that because Harvard is a 'style' rather than a system or set of rules,
the preferred punctuation and formatting of the text may differ. Check for
any examples in your course handbook, and if they are not available, be
consistent.
Example for book:
In-text: (Shriver and Atkins, 1999)
In bibliography: Shriver, D.F. and Atkins, P.W. (1999). Inorganic
chemistry. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Example for website:
In-text: (National Autistic Society, 2014)
In bibliography: National Autistic Society (2014) Recognising autism
spectrum disorder, online at
http://www.autism.org.uk/working-with/health/information-for-general-
practitioners/recognising-autism-spectrum-disorder.aspx, accessed
23/07/14.

MHRA referencing for English Literature


MHRA referencing distinguishes between citations for primary texts (e.g.
novels, poems etc) and secondary texts (e.g. critical works, additional
information).
Most in-text citations are in footnotes. Full details (including editions and
translation details if appropriate) should be included in the footnotes for
the first mention of a text for both primary and secondary texts. After this,
a shortened version can be used, either in brackets in the body of the
text, or in footnotes. Whichever method you choose, be consistent.

2
Examples for primary and secondary texts:
In-text, first mention, primary text: (in footnote) Emily Dickinson, The
Complete Poems, ed. by Thomas H. Johnson (London: Faber, 1970) p.
172. All further references to this text are from this edition and are
given parenthetically in the essay.
In-text, following mentions, primary text: (in body of text) (Dickinson,
p.174) or (p.174)
In-text, first mention, secondary text: (in footnote) Brian
Vickers, Francis Bacon and Renaissance Prose (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1968) p. 49.
In-text, following mentions, secondary text: (in footnote) Vickers, p. 85.
In bibliography, primary and secondary texts: Emily Dickinson, The
Complete Poems, ed. by Thomas H. Johnson (London: Faber, 1970).

MHRA referencing for Film, Theatre and Television


Film, Theatre and Television prefers the Author-Date version of MHRA
referencing.
In-text citations are brief (including author, date and page number where
appropriate) and placed in brackets in the body of the text NOT in
footnotes. Full details (including editions and translation details if
appropriate) are listed in the Bibliography.
Book:
In-text: (Nieland 2012: 32)
In bibliography: Nieland, Justus. 2012. David Lynch (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press)
Journal article:
In-text: (Rushing 2008: 162)
In bibliography: Rushing, Robert A. 2008. 'Gentlemen prefer Hercules:
desire, identification, beefcake.' Camera Obscura, 69: 158-191
Chapter in edited collection:
In-text: (Hark 1992: 158)
In bibliography: Hark, Ina Rae. 1992. 'Animals or Romans: Looking at
masculinity in Spartacus' in Steven Cohan and Ina Rae Hark

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(eds). Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood
Cinema (London: Routledge)
Website:
In-text: (Beard 2011)
In bibliography: Beard, Mary. 2011. The Fall of the Roman Republic,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofromanrepublic_arti
cle_01.shtml> [accessed 20 June 2012].

OSCOLA referencing
OSCOLA stands for Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. It
is preferred by the School of Law at Reading, as it has rules for dealing
with the kind of sources that law students will frequently use, including
cases, statutes and command papers. In-text citations are placed in
footnotes, with a formal set of abbreviations for key sources, e.g. AC for
Appeal Cases. Punctuation is kept at a minimum, and there are specific
rules for dealing with subsequent mentions.
If you are studying Law, you will be given guidelines on how the School
expects you to use OSCOLA, and it is important to follow these.
Example for book:
In-text: (in footnote) HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn,
Clarendon Press 1994) 135.
In bibliography: Hart HLA, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon
Press 1994).

Oxford referencing
In Oxford referencing, in-text citations are in footnotes. Full details should
be included in the footnotes for the first mention of a text. After this, a
shortened version can be used.
Example for book:
In-text, first mention: (in footnote) Jonathan Bell, The Liberal State on
Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years (New
York, 2004) p.3.
In-text, following mentions: (in footnote) Bell, The Liberal State on Trial,
p. 36.

4
In bibliography: Jonathan Bell, The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War
and American Politics in the Truman Years (New York, 2004).

Vancouver (numeric) referencing


In Vancouver referencing, which is a numeric referencing style, each
source is given a number which corresponds to the order in which it
appears in the text. If the same source is referred to again in the text, the
same number is used. The reference list comprises a single numbered list
of citations with full details. You may also include a separate bibliography,
alphabetically ordered by author, which lists works that you have used as
part of your research for your assignment but not cited in the text.
Example for journal article:
In-text: It has been noted that performance does not always match
expectations. (5)
In bibliography: 5. Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and
profitability: Property rights, control, and the performance of firms in
Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics 1999;42(1): 209-238.

 Last Updated: Sep 21, 2017 12:12 PM


 URL: https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references - University of
Reading.

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