A Unique Lesson Plan for Linear Algebra, MAT104

DAY Differential Calculus-I Topic Set Questions Marks

DAY-1 Matrices - 1A (1/2 set) 7
DAY-2 Determinants - 1B
DAY-3 Inverse Matrix and Rank - 1C
DAY-4 Rn and Cn Vectors - 2 (0.5 set) / (1 set) 7/14
DAY-5 A system of Linear Equations - 3 (0.5 set) 7
DAY-6 Vector Space -5A (1 set) 14
DAY-7 Linear Combination, Dependence and
Independence - 5B (1 set) 14
DAY-8 Generators, Basis and Dimension - 5C (01 set) 14
DAY-9 Linear Transformation -6A (01 set) 14
DAY-10 Matrix Representation of a linear (01 set) 14
Transformation - 6B
DAY-11 Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors - 7 (01 set) 14

gynv¤§` Bqvwmi Avj-Avgxb

weGmwm (Abvm©) (cÖ_g †kÖwY), GgGmwm (cÖ_g †kÖwY), MwYZ, AvBBGjwUGm 7.0
35Zg wewmGm (mvaviY wkÿv) K¨vWvi
cÖfvlK, MwYZ wefvM
miKvwi wZZzgxi K‡jR, XvKv|
‡hvMv‡hvM ïay †nvqvUmA¨vc g¨v‡mR: +8801714-44 68 47
 Chapter 1
1. If A and B are non- singular matrices
(𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 . Also (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴 and (𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1
2 −1 3 1 −1 1 2 3 4
2. Find the inverse of (i) A=[4 0 −1] (ii) A = [2 −1 0] (iii) A= (4 3 1)
3 3 2 1 −1 0 1 2 4
(𝑏 + 𝑐)2 𝑎2 𝑎2
3| cÖgvY Ki †h, | 𝑏 2 (𝑐 + 𝑎)2 𝑏 2 |=2𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
𝑐2 𝑐2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
4| †`LvI ‡h, †e‡Rvo µ‡gi cÖ‡Z¨K w¯‹D cÖwZmvg¨ wbY©vq‡Ki gvb k~b¨|
1 −2 3
5. hw` 𝐴 = [ 2 3 −1] nq Z‡e 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 913 =?
−3 1 2

(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 𝑐𝑎 𝑏𝑐
2
6. Evaluate | 𝑐𝑎 (𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎𝑏 |
𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑐 + 𝑎)2
7. (a) Define Hermitian matrix and Skew Hermitian matrix .
(b) Show that every square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a Hermitian matrix and a
skew Hermitian matrix.
1 −2 3
(c ) If 𝐴 = ( 2 3 −1) then find 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 9I3.
−3 1 2
8. (a) Show that every skew-symmetric determinant of even order is a perfect square.
1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3
1 𝑏 𝑏2 𝑏3
(b) Prove that | | = (𝑑 − 𝑐)(𝑑 − 𝑏)(𝑑 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑎).
1 𝑐 𝑐2 𝑐3
1 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑑3
9. (a) Show that (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 where A and B are non singular matrices.
0 −1 1 0
(b) Given that 𝐴 = ( ), 𝐵 = ( ), find 𝐴𝑛 , 𝐵 𝑛 , where n is any positive integer.
1 0 −1 1
Find also 𝐴−1 , 𝐵 −1 , and verify the formula (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1𝐴−1 .

3 3 3 3
1
(c) Prove that the matrix 𝐴 = 6 [ 3 −5 1 1 ] is orthogonal
3 1 1 −5
3 1 −5 1
1+𝑎 1 1 1
(c) Prove that | 1 1+𝑏 1 1 |= abcd (1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 )
1 1 1+𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
1 1 1 1+𝑑
(𝑏 + 𝑐)2 𝑎2 𝑎2
10.Prove that | 𝑏 2 (𝑐 + 𝑎)2 𝑏 2 | = 2abc(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)3
𝑐2 𝑐2 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
 𝑥+𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑∆
11. Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(3𝑥 + 2𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 2𝑐) where ∆ = | 𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑐 |
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥+𝑐
𝑥+𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 | =𝑥 3 (𝑥 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)
12. Show that | 𝑎
𝑏 𝑥+𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥+𝑑
Chapter 2
1. (a) cÖgvY Ki †h, ‖𝑢 + 𝑣‖ ≤ ‖𝑢‖ + ‖𝑣‖, ∀𝑢, 𝑣 𝜖 ℝ𝑛 .
(b) 𝑢 = (3 − 7𝑖, 2𝑖 − 1 + 𝑖) Ges 𝑣 = (4 − 𝑖, 11 + 2𝑖, 8 − 3𝑖) nq, Z‡e 𝑢𝑣 Ges ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ Gi gvb
†ei Ki|
2. a) Define norm in ℝ𝑛 and ℂ𝑛 . If 𝑢 = (2 + 𝑖, 3 − 2𝑖) and 𝑣 = (2 + 3𝑖, 1 − 𝑖) then find
(i) u. v (ii) v.u (iii) ‖𝑢‖ (iv) ‖𝑣‖
b) Prove that |𝑢. 𝑣| ≤ ‖𝑢‖ ‖𝑣‖ ∀ 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ ℝ𝑛 .
(b) If 𝑢 = (𝑖, 1 − 𝑖, 𝑖 − 3) and 𝑣 = (2,3 + 𝑖, −𝑖) then find 𝑢. 𝑣 and ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖
3. (a) State and prove Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.
(b) Explain Geometrically 𝐼𝑓 𝑢 = (3 − 2𝑖, 5𝑖, 1 + 3𝑖), 𝑣 = (5 + 2𝑖, 2 − 3𝑖, 7 + 4𝑖) then find
𝑢. 𝑣, 𝑣. 𝑢, ‖𝑣‖, ‖𝑣‖, ‖𝑢 − 𝑣‖ and ‖𝑣 − 𝑢‖ .
Chapter 3

1. a) For what values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the following system of linear equation has
(i) No solution (ii) more than one solution (iii) a unique solution. 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
2| wb‡¤œ GKNvZ wewkó mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui mgvavb Ki:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 6
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 14
3| cÖgvY Ki †h 𝑝, 𝑞 I 𝑟 Gi †h ‡Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨B wb¤œwjwLZ mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui GKK mgvavb we`¨gvb Ges mgvavb Ki:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑝
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑞
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝑟
4| 𝜆 Gi Giƒc gvb wbY©q Ki hvnvi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ GKNvZ wewkó mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui (i) mgvavb bvB (ii) GKvwaK mgvavb
_v‡K
(iii) GKK mgvavb _v‡K
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧=1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2

(a) Find the value of ƛ such that the equations

𝜆𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝜆 y + z = 1, x + y + 𝜆 z = 1 has unique solution.
 5. Determine the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 such that the following system of linear equations has
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
(i) no solution (ii) more than one 𝑠𝑜𝑙 (iii) a unique 𝑠𝑜𝑙 .
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
6. Solve the following system of linear equations
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 +4𝑥4 = 0
2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 +3𝑥4 = 0
4𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 +9𝑥4 = 0 Also comment on it.
𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 +7𝑥4 = 0}
7. Determine the values of𝝁such that the following system in unknowns x, y and z has
(i) a unique solution (ii) no solution
(iii) More than one solution:
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜇𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 𝜇 }
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1
8. Determine the values of 𝜆 such that the following system in unknowns x, y and z has
(i) a unique solution (ii) no solution
(iii) More than one solution:
𝜆𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 3 }
𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 2

9. wb‡¤œ GKNvZ wewkó mgxKiY †Rv‡Ui mgvavb Ki:

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 6
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 14
10. wb‡¤œ mgxKiY †RvU g¨vwUª· c×wZ‡Z mgvavb Ki:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4
11. 𝜆𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 1 mgxKiY gvjvi Rb¨ 𝜆 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki hv‡Z
mgxKiY gvjvi
(i) Abb¨ mgvavb we`¨gvb _v‡K (ii) †Kvb mgvavb we`¨gvb bv _v‡K
Chapter 5
1) a, Define vector spaces & subspaces with examples.
b.Write (5,6,0) as a linear combination of (−1, 2, 0). (3, 1, 2), (4, −1, 0) and (0, 1, −2)
2.(If V(F) be a vector space then show that:
(a) ∀𝑘 ∈ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 ∈ 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑘0 = 0
 (b) 𝑘𝑢 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = 0 or 𝑢 = 0, 𝑘 ∈ 𝐹 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢 ∈ 𝑉
3. Show that W is a subspace of a vector space V(F) if and only if 0 ∈ W or W≠ ɸ and ∀𝛼, 𝛽 ∈
𝐹, ∀𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑊 ⇒ 𝛼𝑢 + 𝛽𝑢 ∈ 𝑊
4.Which of the following are subspaces of ℝ3 ?
3
(i) S={(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ℝ |𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0}
3
(ii) 𝑇 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ∈ℝ |𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1}
5. (a) hw` 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 †f±i Gi †hvMvkªqx Awbf©ikxj nq, Z‡e †`LvI †h, 𝑢 + 𝑤, 𝑢 − 𝑣 − 𝑤 Ges 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 2𝑤
†f±i¸wj †hvMvkªqx Awbf©ikxj|
3 −1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
(b) hw` m¤¢e nq 𝑀 = ( ) ‡K 𝐴 = ( ),𝐵 = ( ) Ges 𝐶 = ( ) Gi †hvMvkÖqx
1 −2 0 1 −1 0 0 0
mgv‡ekiƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki|
6. (a) †`LvI †h, 𝑠 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 0): 𝑥, 𝑦𝜖ℝ} GKwU ℝ3 Gi DcRMZ|
7. hw` ‡Kv‡bv mmxg gvÎvi †f±i RMZ 𝑉(𝐹) Gi 𝑈 I 𝑊 `yÕwU DcRMZ nq Z‡e †`LvI †h,
𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝑈 + 𝑊 ) = 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑈 + 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑊 − 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝑈 ∩ 𝑊).
8.Show that each of the following subsets of space ℝ3 is a subspace of ℝ3 .
2 Let V be a vector of all n-square matrices over a real field ℝ. Show that W is a subspace of V
if W consists of all skew-symmetric matrices (𝑖, 𝑒𝐴𝑡 = −𝐴)
9. Show that W is a subspace of ℝ4 where
W = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 0)|𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ}.
10. Show that each of the following subsets of the vector space ℝ3 is a subspace of ℝ3
(i) 𝑊 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)|𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0}
(ii) 𝑊 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)|𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0}
(iii) 𝑊 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐)|𝑐 + 𝑎 = 0}

11. Prove that a subset W of a vector space V(F) is called a subspace of V(F) if and only if
(i) W is non-empty.
(ii) ∀ 𝑢,𝑣 𝜖 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊
(iii) ∀𝑘 𝜖𝐹 and ∀ 𝑢, 𝜖 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑘 𝑢 𝜖 𝑊.

12. Define linear combinations .Write the vector 𝑢 as a linear combinations of the vectors 𝑢1 ,
𝑢2 , 𝑢3 where 𝑢= (1,-2,5), 𝑢1 =(1,1,1), 𝑢2 = (1,2,3), 𝑢3 = (2,-1,1).
(b) if 𝑢,𝑣 and 𝑤 are linearly independent vectors then show that the vectors 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 3𝑤 ,
𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 𝑤 and 𝑣 + 𝑤 are linearly dependent .
13. (a) Write (5.6.0) as a linear combination of (−12, 0), (3, 1, 2), (4, −1,0) and (0, 1, −1)
(b) Determine whether each of the following sets are linearly dependent or linearly
independent:
 (i) {(0, 1, 0,1)(1, 2, 3, −1)(8, 4, 3, 2). (0, 3, 2, 0)}
(ii){(1, 3, 2). (1, −7, −8). (2, 1, −1)}
14. †hvMvkªqx mgv‡e‡ki msÁv `vI| †f±‡ii wbf©ikxjZv Ges Awbf©ikxjKZv D`vnibmn msÁvwqZ Ki|
15. D`vnibmn msÁvwqZ Ki: †f±i RMZ I †f±i DcRMZ
16. cÖgvY Ki †h,𝑉 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑) ∶ 𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0}Ges
𝑊 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑) ∶ 𝑎 = 𝑑, 𝑏 = 2𝑐} n‡jv ℝ4 Gi `ywU DcRMZ|
3 −1 1 1 1 1 1 −1
17. hw` m¤¢e nq 𝑀 = ( ) ‡K 𝐴 = ( ),𝐵 = ( ) Ges 𝐶 = ( ) Gi †hvMvkÖqx mgv‡ek
1 −2 0 1 −1 0 0 0
iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki|
Chapter 6

1 3 −2 0 2 0
1| [2 6 −5 −2 4 −3] g¨vwUª·wUi i¨vsK KZ?
8 0 5 10 0 15
2 6 0 8 4 18

2. (a) awi 𝑇: ℝ3 → ℝ3 GKwU wjwbqvi Avcv‡iUi hvnv wb¤œiƒ‡c msÁvwqZ 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥, 4𝑥 − 𝑦, 2𝑥 +
3𝑦 − 𝑧) ‡`LvI †h 𝑇 wecixZ †hvM¨|
3. (a) wb‡gœi †f±i¸‡jv †hvMvkªqx Awbf©ikxj wKbv hvPvB Ki| (i) (1, 2, 3), (1, 1, 1) Ges (2, 1, 2)
(ii)(1, −1, 3), (1, 4, 5) Ges
(2, −3, 7).
(b) awi 𝑉 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑): 𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0} Ges 𝑊 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑): 𝑎 = 𝑑, 𝑏 = 2𝑐} n‡jv ℝ4 Gi `ywU
DcRMZ (𝑖)𝑉,
(𝑖𝑖)𝑊, (iii) 𝑉 ∩ 𝑊 Ges (iv) 𝑉 + 𝑊 Gi wfwË I gvÎv wbY©q Ki|
4. i¨v¯‹ I bvwjwU Gi ms½v `vI| g‡b Kwi 𝑣(𝐹) GKwU mmxg gvÎi †f±i RMZ Ges 𝑇: 𝑣(𝐹) → 𝑢(𝐹) GKwU †hvMvkªqx
iæcvšÍi| Zvn‡j †`LvI †h, 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝐼𝑚𝑇) + 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑇) = 𝑑𝑖𝑚(𝑣(𝐹))

5. a) It S and T be the following subspaces of 𝑅 4 find the basis and dimension of S, T and 𝑆 ∩
𝑇.
𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡): 𝑦 + 𝑡 = 0}
𝑇 = {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡): 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 2𝑡}
3 3
b) let 𝑇: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be the linear operator
T (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧). Find Im T and ker T.

6.(a) Define vector space and subspace.

 (b) Prove that a subset W of a vector space V(F) is called a subspace of V(F) if and only if
(i) W=≠ 𝛷 (ii) ∀ 𝑢, 𝑣 𝜖 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑣 ∈ 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (iii) ∀ 𝑘 𝜖 𝐹 and ∀ 𝑢 ∈ 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑘𝑢 ∈ 𝑤.
(c ) Show that 𝑆 = {(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑) 𝜖 ℝ3 ∶ 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0} is a subspace
of ℝ4
7. (a) Examine linear dependence of the subset {(5, 0, 3), (2, −7, 8), (−11, 12, 1)} of ℝ3 .
( b) If vector u, v and w are linearly independent then prove the 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 3𝑤, 𝑢 + 3𝑣 − 𝑤 and
𝑣 + 𝑤 vector
are linearly dependent.
(b) Let T: ℝ3 → ℝ3 be the linear transformation defined by 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑦 +
𝑧, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧).
Find ImT and Ker T.

8. Show that the following mappings are linear: T: ℝ3 → ℝ3 be the linear operator defined by
T(x,y,z)= (x,y,o).
Chapter 7

1. a) eM©vKvi g¨vwUª· Gi AvB‡Mb gvb Ges AvB‡Mb †f±i Kv‡K e‡j ?

2 1 −1
𝐴 = (3 1 0 ) g¨vwUª·wUi Rb¨ †KBjx-n¨vwgëb Dccv‡`¨i mZ¨Zv hvPvB Ki|
1 0 2
2 2 3
b) Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = ( 1 −1 0)
−1 2 1
1 0 −2
2. Find all the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = ( 0 0 0 ) in
−2 0 4
field ℝ .
8 2 −2
3. Find the eigen values and associated eigenvectors of the following matrix 𝐴 = ( 3 3 −1)
24 8 −6

3 2 4
5. Find the eigen values and associated eigenvectors of the matrix 𝐴 = (2 0 2)
4 2 3
1 2 3
6. Verify the Cayley –Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = (2 −1 1) and using it find 𝐴−1
3 1 1
7. Find all the eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the following matrix.
1 1 2
𝐴 = [ 0 2 2]
−1 1 3
8. Verify the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix
 2 1 −1
A= [3 1 0 ] and using this find 𝐴−1
1 0 2

9. (a) State and prove Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

1 2
(b) Find inverse matrix of the matrix ( ) using Caley-Hamilton’s Theorem.
3 5
10.Find the eigen values and the associated eigen vectors of the following matrix :

8 2 −2
A=( 3 3 −1).
24 8 −6
11. a) Define Eigen values and eigen vectors of a linear operator, If T: V(F) → V(F) be a linear
operator, T is invertible and 𝜆 is an eigen value of it, then show that 𝜆−1 is an eigen value of T −1 .
2 1 −1
(b) Verify the Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = (3 1 0 )
1 0 2
1 −3 3
(c)Find eigen values and associated eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = (3 −5 3) in the field ℝ.
6 −6 4
Also find an invertible Matrix P such that 𝑝−1 𝐴𝑃 is diagonal.