EP-4036 Power System Design

Chapter (1)
Basic Design Principle

1. (a) It has been established from test result, that the ratio of total losses the output of
large machine very approximately as D -1/2 n -1/2. Where D, n are respectively diameter
and speed of the machine. Prove that if the temperature rise remains unaltered the
output of the large machine varies as ( D 5/2 L 1/2 n). Assume cooling coefficient
CαVa -1/2 where Va is the peripheral speed of the rotor. The effective heat dissipating
surface of the machine is proportional to geometric mean of end surfaces and the
cylindrical surface of the rotor.
QC
θ=
s
where,
θ = temperature rise
Q= losses
C = cooling coefficient
s = dissipating surface
(b) Derive the output equation of A.C , D.C machine
2. (a) What considerations should be taken into account in design of shaft rotating
electrical machine?
(b) Discuss the hysteresis loss in transformer. How this loss will be affected if:
(1) Only flux density is increased by 10%
(2)Only thickness of laminated sheet is increased by 10%
(3)Only frequency is increased by 10%
(4)Both frequency and thickness are increased by 10%.
(c) Define Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction.
(d) Define Biot Savart's Law.
 Chapter (2)
Magnetic Circuit

3. (a) Estimate the unbalanced magnetic pull for a 40kW, 400V, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 4
salient poles, diesel engine driven synchronous generator having the following design
data:
Area under each pole = 400 cm2
Normal Airgap length = 2.5 mm
Vertical Displacement of the rotor = 0.5 mm
Average flux density in the airgap = 0.7 T.
(b ) The normal airgap length of a 4 poles, 50 kW D.C generator is 5 mm. The area
under its each pole is 0.05 m2 ; the flux density under centre of pole and normal airgap
is 0.7 T. The rotor has a vertical displacement of 0.6 mm. Calculate the values of the
unbalanced magnetic pull acting downwards if
(i) the poles are centered 45° with the horizontal axis;
(ii) there are only two poles placed on the vertical axis;

4. (a) Calculate the maximum value of out of balance of magnetic pull (U.M.P) in a 4
poles, 50 kW D.C motor having eccentricity of 1mm in the normal airgap length of
5mm. The flux distribution under the poles arc is rectangular with a flux density of
0.8 T. The area of the poles arc is 0.03 m2 and if subtends on angle of 60°.
(b) A flat-faced armature type electromagnet had the following data:
Force = 300 kg
Voltage =6V
Stroke of the magnet = 0.8 mm
Flux density in the airgap = Bg = 1.18 T
Find the following:
(i) radius of the inner poles; and
(ii) mmf for the magnetic circuit, assuming the mmf for the iron parts is 20%
of that of the gap.
5. (a) Calculate the number of turns and area of poles face of the electromagnet to lift a
mass of 250 kg from a distance of 10 mm. Assume flux density in airgap as 1.2 tesla.
The mmf required for iron parts may be assumed as 20 % of airgap mmf and the
current in the exciting coil should not exceed 5 A.
(b) An electromagnet can lift a maximum load of 246 kg from a distance of 20 mm.
The area of pole face is 50 cm2. Calculate the flux density in the airgap in tesla.
Determine the mmf required for airgap, ampere turns for iron parts, total ampere turns
and the number of turns used in the electromagnet if maximum current in the coil is
limited to 8 A. Ampere turns for the iron parts may be assumed to be 25% to that of
arigap.

6.(a) An electromagnet coil has an internal diameter of 0.3m and external diameter of 0.4
m and its height is 0.2m. The outside cylindrical surface of that coil can dissipate
1000 W/m2 . Calculate the total mmf of the coil if the voltage applied across the coil
is 50 V. Assume the space factor to be 0.6 and the resistivity of wire to be 0.02
Ω/m/mm2.
(b) Iron masses up to 200 kg have to be lifted from a maximum distance of 4mm by a
plunger type electromagnet. The pole face area of the magnet is 40 cm2. Determine
the upper limit of the current required, if the electromagnet has 2500 turns. Given the
mmf required for the iron parts is 12 % that of airgap.

7.(a) A circular shaped electromagnet has inside and outside diameter of the coil 24 cm
and 40 cm respectively. Calculate the total number of ampere turns, if it has to lift a
mass of 200 kg from a distance of 1.5 cm, ampere turns for iron parts may be assumed
as 30% of the ampere turns for airgap, airgap flux density = 1.3 tesla. Find out the
cross sectional area of the conductor of the coil voltage across the coil is 240 V.
Determine also the number of turns if the current in the coil is limited to 6 A. ρ =
0.02 Ω/m/mm2.
(b) A circular lifting magnet has an inner circular poles of 0.4 m diameter. The outer
annular poles has an external diameter of 1.25 m and has a same area as the inner
pole. It is lifting steel stampings of negligible reluctance which may be assumed to be
separated from the poles of the magnet by an airgap of 2.5 mm. If the mean length of
 the flux path in the magnet is 1.5 m and the permeability of the magnet is 1200, find
the AT necessary of the exciting coil to produce a flux density of 0.9 Wb/m2 . Find
also the weight it can just lift.

8. An iron bar 500 mm long and circular in section with a diameter of 40mm is bent to
form a horse shoe magnet. Each limb is wound with exciting coil, carrying 200 turns
each. Find the exciting current to hold a weight of 100kg. Assume each contact to be
equivalent to airgap of 1mm length μr for the iron may be taken as 750. Reluctance of
the magnetic circuit throw the weight may be supposed to be 25% of the reluctance of
the magnet itself ( excluding gaps).

9. Design the winding of a lifting magnet to obtain the greatest mmf with the power
dissipation of 6 kW with a supply voltage of 100V. The gross winding space is
0.27×0.23 m2 and the coil has a 15 mm asbestos wrapping. The insulation between
turns is 1 mm and between layers is 2.5mm. The length of the mean turn is 2 m. The
resistivity of wire is 0.023 Ω/m/mm2. T as approximate value of space factor is 0.55.

Chapter 3
Mechanical Design

10.(a) What consideration should be taken into account factors in the design of shaft
rotating in the electrical machine? Determine the diameter of the shaft in centimeter
and twisting moment in Newton meters of a 600 D.C motor, if the output is 125 kW at
a speed of 750 rpm.
(b) Calculate the diameter of the shaft of a 500 V, D.C shunt motor if its output is 100
kW at 600 rpm.

11.(a) A 100 MW, 6.6 kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 0.88 power facto lagging, 4 poles alternator
has moment of inertia of the rotating parts 2.5 × 104 kg m2 . Calculate the inertia
constant of the alternator.
(b) A 10 MW, 3.3 kV, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 0.88 power factor, 4 poles alternator has a
moment of inertia of the rotating parts 2.5 × 104 kg m2 . Calculate the inertia constant
of the alternator.
 Chapter 4
Armature Winding

12. Determine the number of coil sides per slot, number of turns per coil and the
winding pitches for a 4 pole, 115 conductors simplex lap winding accommodated in
64 slots. The number of commutator segments is 192. Draw up the winding table and
find whether the winding is symmetrical or not.

13. Draw the developed diagram for a 4-pole, 16 slots, lap connected winding of dc
generator. Show clearly of the position of the pole, direction of rotation, the position
of the brushes and their polarity.

14.(a) Draw a developed diagram for a 4-pole, 15 slots, wave connected winding of dc
generator. Show clearly of the position of the pole, direction of rotation, the position
of the brushes and their polarity.
(b) Obtain the number of parallel paths and identical parts in a two layer, 48 slots, 8
poles dc machine having two coil sides per slot.

15. A 8-pole dc machine has 88 slots having two coil sides per slots. Determine the
number of taps and their arrangement, if two equalizer rings are to be provided.

16. Armature of a 6 pole dc machine has 54 slots and 6 coil sides per slot. It is lap
wound having 6 equalizer rings. Obtain the number of commutator segments and
winding pitches for full pitch coils. Give the arrangement of the equalizer rings and
comment on the symmetry of the winding.

17. Draw a winding table for a 4-pole, 12 slots lap connected dc generator. The
winding is of double layer typed with 4 coil sides per slot. Also provided the
equalizing connection.
 Chapter 5
D.C Machine

18. Show that the output of a dc machine with single turn coil is given by output
equation
3aEvq
P= kW
pN
19. Find suitable of diameter and length of armature core for a 100 kW, 250 V , 750 dc
generator. State the assumption made.

20. The diameter and length of the armature of a 1000 kW, 500 V, 300 rpm dc
generator is 1.40m and 0.35m respectively. Calculate the mean emf per conductor,
total flux and the number of conductors connected in series. Armature drop is 6.6 V at
full load and maximum flux density airgap is 1Wb/m2. Assume field form factor ( kf
) = 0.7.

21. Calculate the diameter and length of the armature for a 7.5kW, 4-pole, 1000rpm,
220 V shunt motor. Given full load efficiency = 0.83, maximum gap flux density =
0.9 telsa, specific electric loading = 30,000 ampere conductor per meter. Field form
factor = 0.7. Assume that the maximum efficiency occurs at full load and the field
current is 2.5% of rated current. The pole face is squared.

22.(a) The diameter and length of a 500 kW, 500V, 455 rpm, 6-pole dc generator
armature are 84 cm and 35 cm respectively. If it is lap wound with 660 conductors,
estimate the specific electric and magnetic loading.
(b) Find the main dimension and number of pole of a 50 HP, 230 V, 1400 rpm shunt
motor, so that square pole face is obtained. Bav in the gap is 0.5 T and the ampere
conductor per meter are 22000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.7. Assume the
efficiency of the machine as 90%.
23.(a) Calculate the resistance of a 6-pole, lap connected armature winding from the
following data:
number of slots = 150, conductors per slot = 8, mean length of turn = 2.5 m, cross-
section of each conductor = 10 mm× 2.5 mm, resistance of the conductor = 1/58 ohm
for one meter length and 1 mm2 cross-section
(b) Determine the airgap length of a dc machine from the following particular:
gross length of core = 120 mm, number of ventilating ducts = one of 10 mm with ,
slot pitch = 25mm, slot width = 10mm, carter's coefficient of ducts and slot = 0.33,
Gap density at pole center = 0.7 T, Field mmf per pole = 3900 A, mmf required for
iron parts of magnetic circuit = 800 AT.
(c) A dc generator is designed to give a terminal voltage of 220 V at no load and 230V
at full load. The total field ampere turns per pole are 6500 at no load and 8800 at full
load. Calculate the number of ampere turn per pole in series winding, assuming the
long shunt connection and same armature speed at full load as at no load neglect
voltage drop in armature and series field.

24. A field coil has an internal diameter of 28 cm and external diameter of 38 cm. It is
18 cm long. The outside surface dissipated 0.08 W/cm2 and the cooling effect of the
other surface may be neglected. The potential drop across the coil is 60 V. Calculate
the AT on the coil. Assume the space factor is 0.5, ρ= 2μΩ/cm2.

Chapter (6)
Transformer

25. Write down the comparison of the core type and shell type transformer.

26. Determine the dimension of core and yoke for a 200 kVA, 50 Hz single phase core
typed transformer. Cruciform core is used with distance between the adjacent limb =
1.6 times the width of the core laminations assume voltage per turn = 14 V, maximum
 flux density = 1.1 Wb/m2, window space factor = 0.32, current density = 3A/ mm2 and
stacking factor = 0.9.

27. Calculate the kVA output of a single phase transformer from the following:
core height
= 2.8
dis tan ce between core center ( D)
diameter of circumscribing circle(d )
= 0.56
dis tan ce between core centersD
net iron area ( At )
= 0.7
πd 2
area of circumscribing circle( )
4
Window space factor Kw = 0.27
Frequency f = 50 Hz
Core flux density Bm = 1.2 Wb/m2
Distance between core centers D = 40 cm = 400 mm
Current density σ = 2.3A/mm2

28. A 200 kVA, 6600/440 V, 50 Hz, 3 phase core typed transformer has the following
design data:
maximum flux density = 1.3 T, emf per turn = 10V, stacking factor = 0.9, window
space factor = 0.3, current density = 2.5 A/mm2, overall width = overall height , 3
stepped core is to be used. Calculate the overall dimensions and show them in a
sketch.

29. Calculate the core and window area of a 400 kVA, 50 Hz, single phase core typed
power transformer. The following data may be assumed:
ratio of weight of iron to weight of copper = 4, ratio of length of mean turn of copper
of length of mean flux path = 0.5, maximum flux density = 1.5 Wb/m2 , current
density = 2.2 A/mm2, density of copper = 8.9 × 10 -3, density of iron = 7.8× 10 3

kg/m3, copper space factor = 0.12.

30. Estimate the main dimensions, the turns in the two windings, the conductor sections
in a 25 kVA, 3300/400 V, 50 Hz, delta/star core type transformer with the following
data:
 stepped core for width area factor = 0.56, space factor for window = 0.25, volts per
turns = 3, current density = 2.46 A/mm2, maximum flux density = 1.3 Wb/m2 , height
width of window = 4.

By
TU(Maubin)
maubintumail@gmail.com
045-30106