Geometric Designs

Everything that surrounds us has shape, line, volume, surface area, curve, and some other aspects
of geometry. Geometry has influenced the way we live. As infants we are interested in toys with shapes,
patterns, and designs and now, whenever we do everyday tasks, we conform to geometric principles. Some
professions use geometry to do their jobs properly, such as construction, weaving and sewing, computer
imaging, art and aesthetics, and architectural designing.
Geometry affects us even in the most basic details of our lives. Whatever form we use it helps us to
understand specific phenomena and to uplift the quality of life.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Apply geometric concepts in describing and creating designs; and
2. Contribute to the enrichment of the Filipino culture and the arts using the concepts
RECOGNIZING AND ANALYZING GEOMETRIC SHAPES
Geometric shapes have fascinated many people throughout history in the field of art, science,
engineering, interior designing, and many other professions. Mathematicians have constructed ideal
representations of these shapes and developed methods in obtaining the measurements of lengths (one-
dimension), areas (two dimensions), and volume (three –dimensions).
Polygons
A polygon is a two-dimensional shape with straight sides. It can be classified according to the
number of its sides, such as a three-sided shape called triangle and a four sided shape called quadrilateral.
Others are pentagon, heptagon, hexagon, and so on
Polygon are either simple or complex. A simple polygon has only one boundary and never crosses
over itself while a complex polygon intersects

Polygons are either concave or convex. A convex polygon has no angles pointing inward. More
precisely, no internal angles can be more than 1800. If any internal angles are greater than 1800; otherwise
, it is concave.
 Polygons are either regular or irregular. If all angles are equal and all sides are equal, it is regular;
otherwise , it is irregular.

The interior angles of a polygon are the angles inside the shape. In general, for a polygon with n
sides, the sum of the internal angles is equal to (𝑛 − 2) × 1800 and if the polygon is regular, the
(𝑛−2)×1800
measurement of each angle is equal to . The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 3600. The
𝑛
interior and exterior angles of each vertex on a polygon add up to 1800.

SHAPE NUMBER OF SIDES SUM OF INTERNAL MEASUREMENT OF

ANGLES EACH ANGLE FOR
REGULAR POLYGON
Triangle 3 1800 600
Quadrilateral 4 3600 900
Pentagon 5 5400 1080
Hexagon 6 7200 1200
: : : :
: : : :
Any polygon n (n- 2) x 1800 (n-2) x 1800/n

Solids: width, depth and height.

A solid or form is the geometry of a three –dimensional space, the kind of space we live in. It is called
three-dimensional or 3D because there are three dimensions; width, depth, and height.
 Solids have properties, such as volume (think of how much water it could hold) and surface area
(think of the area you would have to paint).
There are two main types of solids, namely: polyhedral and non-polyhedral. A polyhedron is a solid
made of flat surfaces; each surface is a polygon, like the platonic solids, prisms, and pyramids. Non-
polyhedral are solids with curved surfaces, or a mix of curved and flat surfaces, such as spheres, cylinders,
cones, and torus.
Platonic solid is a convex polyhedron whose aces are all congruent convex regular polygons. None
of it faces intersect except at their edges, and it has the same number of faces that meet at each of its
vertices. There are five platonic solids, namely:

Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron

4 faces 6 faces 8 faces
4 vertices 8 vertices 6 vertices
6 edges 12 edges 12 edges

Dedecahedron Isosahedron
12 faces 20 faces
20 vertices 12 vertices
30 edges 30 edges
Euler’s Formula deals with shapes called polyhedral. It states that F + V –E = 2 where F is the
number of faces, V is the number of vertices or corners, and E is the number of edges. This formula
works only on solids that do not have any holes and do not intersect itself. It cannot also be made
up of two pieces stuck together, such as two cubes stuck together by one vertex. The Euler’s formula
works on the platonic solids.

POLYHEDRON FACES VERTICES EDGES F+V–E=2

Tetrahedron 4 4 6 4 + 4 -6 = 2
Cube 6 8 12 6 + 8 -12= 2
 Octahedron 8 6 12 8 + 6- 12= 2
Dodecagon 12 20 30 12 + 20 -30=2
Icosahedron 20 12 30 20 +12 -30 =2
Prism is a polyhedron whose sides are all flat. It has the same cross section all along its length, and its
shape is a polygon. Some examples of a prisms are as follows

All the prisms above are classified as regular prisms because the cross section of each is a regular polygon.
An irregular prism is one whose cross section is an irregular polygon.

Pyramid is a polyhedron made by connecting a base to an apex. There are many types of pyramids, and
they are named after the shape of their base, some of these are as follows:

Non-polyhedral

Sphere is a perfectly round object in a three-dimensional space. It is non-polyhedron

because the surface is completely round. It is perfectly symmetrical with no edges or
vertices. All points on the surface are the same distance from the center.
 Cylinder is a three-dimensional solid object bounded by a curved surface and two
parallel circles of equal size at the ends. The curved surface is formed by all the line
segments joining corresponding points of the two parallel circles. Because of its curved
surface, it is not a polyhedron.

Torus is a solid formed by revolving a small circle along a line made by another circle.
It has no edges or vertices and, therefore, it is not a polyhedron.

Cone is made by rotating a triangle. The triangle has to be a right-angled triangle, and
it gets rotated around one of its two short sides. The side it rotates around is the axis
of the cone. It has a flat base and has one curved side. Because of its curved surface, it
is not a polyhedron.

Transformations
Geometric transformation of shapes is a change of its size, orientation, or position following certain
techniques in mathematics. The original shape is called the object, and the new shape is called its image.
Many objects around us are said to be symmetrical, and this symmetry resulted from geometric
transformation. Some of the basic geometric transformations are as follows.

Translation is a transformation of an object Rotation is a transformation of an

Where every point of it moves a fixed distance object rotating about a given
And a given direction through a given angle.
Reflection is a transformation of an object Glide reflection is a composition of translation
Where every point of it and its image are of and reflection in a line parallel to the direction
Of the same distance from the line of of translation
Symmetry.

Dilation is a transformation of an object by resizing to either reduce it or enlarge it about a point with a
given factor. The value of factor determines whether the dilation is enlargement.

PATTERNS AND DIAGRAMS

Patterns are one aspect in geometry, which are usually found and utilized. These are patterns around us
at home, we see patterns on wallpapers, floor mats, bed sheets, window panes and pieces of furniture.

Symmetry

Symmetry is one idea by which man through the ages has tried to comprehend and create order, beauty,
and perfection.
-Herman Weyl

Symmetries are an integral part of nature and the arts of cultures worldwide. They can be found in
architecture, crafts, poetry, music, dance, chemistry, painting, physics, sculpture, biology, and
mathematics.
Rosette Patterns

A symmetry group is the collection of all symmetries of a plane figure. The symmetry groups have
all been one of two types:

Cyclic symmetry group has rotation symmetry only around a center point. If the rotation has n order,
the group is called Cn.

Dihedral symmetry group has rotation symmetry around a center point with reflection lines through
the center point. If the rotation has n order, there will be n reflection lines and the group is called Dn.

The cyclic and dihedral symmetry groups are known as rosette symmetry groups, and a pattern with
rosette symmetry is known as a rosette pattern. Rosette patterns have been used as architectural and
sculptural decorations of the new century.

Frieze Pattern

An infinite strip with a repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern, or sometimes a Crystallography
(IUC) border pattern or an infinite strip pattern. The term “frieze” is from architecture, where a frieze refers
to a decorative carving or pattern that runs horizontally just below a roofline or ceiling. Here are some
examples of frieze patterns.

The patterns repeat and extend infinitely in both directions.

A frieze group is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern; that is geometric transformation built
from rigid motions and reflections that preserve the pattern. This group contains translations and may
contain glide reflections, reflections along the long axis of the strip, reflections along the narrow axis of the
strip, and 1800 rotations. Many authors present the frieze groups in a different order. Using the
international Union (IUC) notation, the names of symmetry groups are listed
In the table below. These names all begin with “p” followed by three characters. The first is “m” if there is
a vertical reflection, and “I” if it has none. The second is “m” if there is horizontal reflection; “g” if there is
a glide reflection, otherwise, use “I”. The third is “2” if there is an 1800 rotation, and “I” if there is none.

Mathematician John H. Conway also created nicknames for each frieze group that relate to
footsteps.
Tessellation

A tessellation is defined as a pattern of shapes that covers a plane without any gaps or overlaps.
Tessellations can be found on pavements, patios, and wallpapers. The tiled surface of flooring and walls is
an example of tessellation where there are no tiles that overlap, and there are no gaps between shapes.
In most cases, tessellations are formed by repeated pattern; however, some utilize pictures or designs,
which in no way repeat.

Geometric transformation of polygon, such as translation, reflection, and rotation can be used to
create patterns. Some patterns that cover a plane constitute tessellations.
Examples

Tessellation of triangles

Tessellation of squares

Tessellation of Hexagons
Looking at these three samples of tessellations, you will notice that the squares can easily be lined up with
each other while the triangles and hexagons involve translations.

The vertex point is the point where the shapes come together. The sum of all the angles of each shape
that come together at vertex point is 3600.The shapes will overlap if the sum is greater than 3600 ,
otherwise, there will be gaps if the sum is less than 3600.

Naming tessellation can be done by looking at one vertex point. Looking around vertex point, start with a
shape with the least number of sides, and count the number of sides of each shape at each vertex point.
The name of tessellation then becomes these numbers. For example in the tessellation of triangles, the
number of sides is 3 and then are 6 shapes, therefore, it can be named as 3,3,3,3,3,3. For a square, it can
be labeled as 4,4,4,4 and for hexagon, we can call it 6,6,6.

Semi-regular tessellations can be formed using a variety of regular polygons and the arrangement of these
polygons at every vertex is identical.
Tessellations can be used to create art, puzzles, patterns, and designs. Some famous mathematicians and
artist based their works on the concept of tessellation. One of them was Maurits Cornelis Escher, a dutch
graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints.

Mindanao Designs, arts, and culture

Mindanao is the home of eighteen tribal groups which have made weaving their identity, culture, and way
of life. Some of their crafts are as follows:

The Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for their masterful weaving pattern ikat in abaca. One
of their most popular textiles is called dagmay. It is distinguished from other any tribal weaving by the
intricate figures and patterns depicting the folklores and religion of the tribe.

The Maranao are famous for their sophisticated weaving with designs and colors. Their textile weaving
involves traditional Southeast Asian back strap loom weaving using native decorative ornamentation. A
versatile garb malong is a hand-woven fabric with beautifully patterned designs. It can be worn by all Commented [WU1]:
genders and classes, with dominant hues of gold and purple. Malong made of high-quality silk or cotton
are intended for special occasions, and a yellow making is considered to be royal or high class.
The Yakan are indigenous Muslim tribe native to the tropical island of Basilan in Sulu Archipelago. Yakan
people are recognized for their remarkable Technicolor geometric weaves and distinctive face decorations
used in their traditional ceremonies. The Yakan are kind and loving people that embody a non-materialistic
culture and live in close-knit communities. Yakan weaving uses bright, bold, and often contrasting colors in
big symmetrical patterns. The inspiration for designs comes from island living and Islamic sacred geometry.

No other tribe in Davao is more recognized by their colorful clothing than the Bagobos. Whether they are
of the giangan, obo or tagabawa tribe, they are usually spotted wearing head kerchiefs especially during
celebrations or tribal festivities. These people also weave abaca cloths of earth tones and make baskets
that are trimmed with beads, fibers, and horse’s hair. They have ornate traditions in weaponry and some
other metal arts.
Work for the following: (to be submitted through picture)

1. Explore the 5 platonic solids: tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron.
Look for pattern and relationship between faces, vertices, and edges.

2. Make a portfolio of the different patterns and designs made by the local indigenous tribes.